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Delton AW, Jaeggi AV, Lim J, Sznycer D, Gurven M, Robertson TE, Sugiyama LS, Cosmides L, Tooby J. Cognitive foundations for helping and harming others: Making welfare tradeoffs in industrialized and small-scale societies. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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2
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Devlin MJ, Eick GN, Snodgrass JJ. The utility of dried blood spot measurement of bone turnover markers in biological anthropology. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23816. [PMID: 36214251 PMCID: PMC9787861 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone is a dynamic organ under continual turnover influenced by life history stage, energy dynamics, diet, climate, and disease. Bone turnover data have enormous potential in biological anthropology for testing evolutionary and biocultural hypotheses, yet few studies have integrated these biomarkers. In the present article we systematically review the current availability, future viability, and applicability of measuring bone turnover markers (BTMs) in dried blood spot (DBS) samples obtained from finger prick whole blood. METHODS Our review considers clinical and public health relevance, biomarker stability in DBS, assay availability, and cost. We consider biomarkers of bone formation such as osteocalcin (bone matrix protein), PINP (N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen), and alkaline phosphatase (osteoblast enzyme), as well as biomarkers of bone resorption such as CTX (marker of collagen breakdown) and TRACP5b (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b; osteoclast enzyme). RESULTS Two BTMs have been validated for DBS: osteocalcin (formation) and TRACP5b (resorption). Prime candidates for future development are CTX and PINP, the formation and resorption markers used for clinical monitoring of response to osteoporosis treatment. CONCLUSION BTMs are a field-friendly technique for longitudinal monitoring of skeletal biology during growth, reproduction and aging, combining minimized risk to study participants with maximized ease of sample storage and transport. This combination allows new insights into the effects of energy availability, disease, and physical activity level on bone, and questions about bone gain and loss across life history and in response to environmental factors; these issues are important in human biology, paleoanthropology, bioarchaeology, and forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J. Devlin
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Geeta N. Eick
- Global Health Biomarker Laboratory, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
| | - J. Josh Snodgrass
- Global Health Biomarker Laboratory, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA,Center for Global HealthUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA,Invited Faculty, Global Station for Indigenous Studies & Cultural DiversityHokkaido UniversitySapparoHokkaidoJapan
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3
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Madimenos FC, Gildner TE, Eick GN, Sugiyama LS, Snodgrass JJ. Bringing the lab bench to the field: Point-of-care testing for enhancing health research and stakeholder engagement in rural/remote, indigenous, and resource-limited contexts. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23808. [PMID: 36166487 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) allows researchers and health-care providers to bring the lab bench to the field, providing essential health information that can be leveraged to improve health care, accessibility, and understanding across clinical and research settings. Gaps in health service access are most pronounced in what we term RIR settings-rural/remote regions, involving Indigenous peoples, and/or within resource-limited settings. In these contexts, morbidity and mortality from infectious and non-communicable diseases are disproportionately higher due to numerous geographic, economic, political, and sociohistorical factors. Human biologists and global health scholars are well-positioned to contribute on-the-ground-level insights that can serve to minimize global health inequities and POCT has the potential to augment such approaches. While the clinical benefits of POCT include increasing health service access by bringing testing, rapid diagnosis, and treatment to underserved communities with limited pathways to centralized laboratory testing, POCT also provides added benefits to both health-focused researchers and their participants. Through portable, minimally invasive devices, researchers can provide actionable health data to participants by coupling POCT with population-specific health education, discussing results and their implications, creating space for participants to voice concerns, and facilitating linkages to treatment. POCT can also strengthen human biology research by shedding light on questions of evolutionary and biocultural importance. Here, we expand on the epidemiological and research value, as well as practical and ethical challenges of POCT across stakeholders (i.e., participant, community, health researcher, and trainee). Finally, we emphasize the immense opportunities of POCT for fostering collaborative research and enhancing access to health delivery and information and, by extension, helping to mitigate persistent global health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia C Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College (CUNY), New York, USA.,New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA
| | - Theresa E Gildner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Geeta N Eick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - James J Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.,Center for Global Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.,Global Station for Indigenous Studies and Cultural Diversity, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Rogowska MD, Pena UNV, Binning N, Christians JK. Recovery of the maternal skeleton after lactation is impaired by advanced maternal age but not by reduced IGF availability in the mouse. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256906. [PMID: 34469481 PMCID: PMC8409645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactation results in substantial maternal bone loss that is recovered following weaning. However, the mechanisms underlying this recovery, and in particular the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), is not clear. Furthermore, there is little data regarding whether recovery is affected by advanced maternal age. Methods Using micro-computed tomography, we studied bone recovery following lactation in mice at 2, 5 and 7 months of age. We also investigated the effects of reduced IGF-I availability using mice lacking PAPP-A2, a protease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5). Results In 2 month old mice, lactation affected femoral trabecular and cortical bone, but only cortical bone showed recovery 3 weeks after weaning. This recovery was not affected by deletion of the Pappa2 gene. The amount of trabecular bone was reduced in 5 and 7 month old mice, and was not further reduced by lactation. However, the recovery of cortical bone was impaired at 5 and 7 months compared with at 2 months. Conclusions Recovery of the maternal skeleton after lactation is impaired in moderately-aged mice compared with younger mice. Our results may be relevant to the long-term effects of breastfeeding on the maternal skeleton in humans, particularly given the increasing median maternal age at childbearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Rogowska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Uriel N V Pena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nimrat Binning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Agarwal SC. What is normal bone health? A bioarchaeological perspective on meaningful measures and interpretations of bone strength, loss, and aging. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23647. [PMID: 34272787 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioarchaeological (the study of archeological human remains together with contextual and documentary evidence) offers a unique vantage point to examine variation in skeletal morphology related to influences such as activity, disease, and nutrition. The human skeleton is composed of a dynamic tissue that is forged by biocultural factors over the entire life course, providing a record of individual, and community history. Various aspects of adult bone health, particularly bone maintenance and loss and the associated skeletal disease osteoporosis, have been examined in numerous past populations. The anthropological study of bone loss has traditionally focused on the signature of postmenopausal aging, costs of reproduction, and fragility in females. The a priori expectation of normative sex-related bone loss/fragility in bioanthropological studies illustrates the wider gender-ideological bias that continues in research design and data analysis in the field. Contextualized data on bone maintenance and aging in the archeological record show that patterns of bone loss do not constitute predictable consequences of aging or biological sex. Instead, the critical examination of bioarchaeological data highlights the complex and changing processes that craft the human body over the life course, and calls for us to question the ideal or "normal" range of bone quantity and quality in the human skeleton, and to critically reflect on what measures are actually biologically and/or socially meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Agarwal
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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6
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Griffin JS, Dent SC, Berger SM. Pathways linking activity, adiposity, and inflammation to bone mineral density in women and men from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23583. [PMID: 33645876 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age, sedentary activity, central adiposity, and inflammation have all been independently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed how the effects of sedentary activity and central adiposity on BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck change across early to late adulthood and whether these relationships are mediated by inflammation. METHODS We analyzed data from 7135 women and men 20 years of age and older from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Anthropometrics, sedentary activity (min/day), serum CRP (mg/dl), and BMD (gm/cm2 measured by DXA scans) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Data were compared by age and sex groups and through causal mediation analysis. RESULTS The effect of waist circumference on BMD was significantly mediated by serum CRP at both skeletal sites in men and at the femoral neck in women. Sedentary activity did not have a direct relationship to BMD but was mediated by waist circumference in men. Least square means differed significantly by sex and age groups with a general age-related decline in BMD at both skeletal sites. CONCLUSIONS We found that central adiposity, independent of overall body size and composition as measured through BMI, has an inverse relationship with BMD that is mediated by serum CRP. In addition, the negative impact of increased sedentism acted through changes in central adiposity (waist circumference) but only in men. Although low bone density and osteoporosis are often considered degenerative diseases that primarily impact postmenopausal women, our findings show that sedentary activity and central adiposity impact bone density beginning in early adulthood in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Griffin
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sophia C Dent
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steph M Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Lee KMN, Rogers-LaVanne MP, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G, Clancy KBH. Bone density and frame size in adult women: Effects of body size, habitual use, and life history. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23502. [PMID: 32935454 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone mineral density (BMD) and frame size are important predictors of future bone health, with smaller frame size and lower BMD associated with higher risk of later fragility fractures. We test the effects of body size, habitual use, and life history on frame size and cortical BMD of the radius and tibia in sample of healthy adult premenopausal women. METHODS We used anthropometry and life history data from 123 women (age 18-46) from rural Poland. Standard techniques were used to measure height, weight, and body fat. Life history factors were recorded using surveys. Grip strength was measured as a proxy for habitual activity, wrist breadth for skeletal frame size. Cortical BMD was measured at the one-third distal point of the radius and mid-point of the tibia using quantitative ultrasound (reported as speed of sound, SoS). RESULTS Radial SoS was high (mean t-score 3.2 ± 1.6), but tibia SoS was average (mean t-score 0.35 ± 1.17). SoS was not associated with age, although wrist breadth was positively associated with age after adjusting for height. Radius SoS was not associated with measures of body size, habitual use, or life history factors. Wrist breadth was associated with body size (p < .05 for all), lean mass, and grip strength. Tibia SoS was associated with height. Life history factors were not associated with frame size or cortical SoS. CONCLUSIONS Habitual use and overall body size are more strongly associated with frame size and cortical SoS than life history factors in this sample of healthy adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M N Lee
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary P Rogers-LaVanne
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kathryn B H Clancy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Beckman Institute of Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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8
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Berger SM, Griffin JS, Dent SC. Phenotypes and pathways: Working toward an integrated skeletal biology in biological anthropology. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23450. [PMID: 32511865 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steph M Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob S Griffin
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sophia C Dent
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Dunsworth HM. Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:108-116. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Dunsworth
- Department of Sociology and AnthropologyUniversity of Rhode Island South Kingstown Rhode Island USA
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10
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Eick GN, Madimenos FC, Cepon‐Robins TJ, Devlin MJ, Kowal P, Sugiyama LS, Snodgrass JJ. Validation of an enzyme‐linked immunoassay assay for osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, in dried blood spots. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23394. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta N. Eick
- Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon
| | | | - Tara J. Cepon‐Robins
- Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Maureen J. Devlin
- Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Paul Kowal
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia
- Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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11
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Amir D, Valeggia C, Srinivasan M, Sugiyama LS, Dunham Y. Measuring subjective social status in children of diverse societies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226550. [PMID: 31860691 PMCID: PMC6924674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective Social Status (SSS) is a robust predictor of psychological and physiological outcomes, frequently measured as self-reported placement on the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Despite its importance, however, there are still open questions regarding how early into ontogeny SSS can be measured, and how well SSS measures can be extended to non-Western and small-scale populations. Here, we investigate the internal consistency of responses to the MacArthur ladder across four cultures by comparing responses to more explicit social comparison questions. We conduct these comparisons among children and adolescents, ages 4 to 18, in India, the United States, and Argentina, in addition to those in two indigenous communities of the Ecuadorean Amazon marked by differing degrees of market integration (total N = 363). We find that responses are consistent in all populations, except for the more remote forager-horticulturalist Ecuadorian community. We also find that, consistent with findings among American adolescents, SSS declines with age. We then assess the test-retest reliability of the MacArthur Scale across two time-points: a subset of Indian participants (N = 43) within one week, and a larger, second sample of Indian participants after one year (N = 665). We find that responses are highly correlated within one week (ρ = 0.47), and moderately correlated after one year (ρ = 0.32). These results suggest that responses to the MacArthur ladder are internally consistent and reliable among children across a range of diverse populations, though care must be taken in utilizing these measures among children of non-industrial, small-scale societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Amir
- Yale University, Department of Anthropology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Valeggia
- Yale University, Department of Anthropology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Srinivasan
- University of California, Department of Psychology, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Sugiyama
- University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Yarrow Dunham
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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12
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Madimenos FC, Liebert MA, Cepon‐Robins TJ, Urlacher SS, Josh Snodgrass J, Sugiyama LS, Stieglitz J. Disparities in bone density across contemporary Amazonian forager‐horticulturalists: Cross‐population comparison of the Tsimane and Shuar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:50-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia C. Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology Queens College (CUNY) Flushing New York
- New York Consortium on Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP) New York New York
| | - Melissa A. Liebert
- Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence S. Sugiyama
- Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene
- Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences University of Oregon Eugene Oregon
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole Toulouse France
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse Toulouse France
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13
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Stieglitz J, Trumble BC, Finch CE, Li D, Budoff MJ, Kaplan H, Gurven MD. Computed tomography shows high fracture prevalence among physically active forager-horticulturalists with high fertility. eLife 2019; 8:48607. [PMID: 31418688 PMCID: PMC6726459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern humans have more fragile skeletons than other hominins, which may result from physical inactivity. Here, we test whether reproductive effort also compromises bone strength, by measuring using computed tomography thoracic vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture prevalence among physically active Tsimane forager-horticulturalists. Earlier onset of reproduction and shorter interbirth intervals are associated with reduced BMD for women. Tsimane BMD is lower versus Americans, but only for women, contrary to simple predictions relying on inactivity to explain skeletal fragility. Minimal BMD differences exist between Tsimane and American men, suggesting that systemic factors other than fertility (e.g. diet) do not easily explain Tsimane women's lower BMD. Tsimane fracture prevalence is also higher versus Americans. Lower BMD increases Tsimane fracture risk, but only for women, suggesting a role of weak bone in women's fracture etiology. Our results highlight the role of sex-specific mechanisms underlying skeletal fragility that operate long before menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France.,Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | | | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dong Li
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, United States
| | - Michael D Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
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14
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Charifson MA, Trumble BC. Evolutionary origins of polycystic ovary syndrome: An environmental mismatch disorder. Evol Med Public Health 2019; 2019:50-63. [PMID: 31367382 PMCID: PMC6658700 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder and has important evolutionary implications for female reproduction and health. PCOS presents an interesting paradox, as it results in significant anovulation and potential sub-fecundity in industrialized populations, yet it has a surprisingly high prevalence and has a high heritability. In this review, we discuss an overview of PCOS, current diagnostic criteria, associated hormonal pathways and a review of proposed evolutionary hypotheses for the disorder. With a multifactorial etiology that includes ovarian function, metabolism, insulin signaling and multiple genetic risk alleles, PCOS is a complex disorder. We propose that PCOS is a mismatch between previously neutral genetic variants that evolved in physically active subsistence settings that have the potential to become harmful in sedentary industrialized environments. Sedentary obesogenic environments did not exist in ancestral times and exacerbate many of these pathways, resulting in the high prevalence and severity of PCOS today. Overall, the negative impacts of PCOS on reproductive success would likely have been minimal during most of human evolution and unlikely to generate strong selection. Future research and preventative measures should focus on these gene-environment interactions as a form of evolutionary mismatch, particularly in populations that are disproportionately affected by obesity and metabolic disorders. LAY SUMMARY The most severe form of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is likely a result of interactions between genetic predispositions for PCOS and modern obesogenic environments. PCOS would likely have been less severe ancestrally and the fitness reducing effects of PCOS seen today are likely a novel product of sedentary, urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia A Charifson
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, USA
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15
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Stieglitz J, Trumble BC, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Horticultural activity predicts later localized limb status in a contemporary pre-industrial population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:425-436. [PMID: 28345788 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modern humans may have gracile skeletons due to low physical activity levels and mechanical loading. Tests using pre-historic skeletons are limited by the inability to assess behavior directly, while modern industrialized societies possess few socio-ecological features typical of human evolutionary history. Among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists, we test whether greater activity levels and, thus, increased loading earlier in life are associated with greater later-life bone status and diminished age-related bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used quantitative ultrasonography to assess radial and tibial status among adults aged 20+ years (mean ± SD age = 49 ± 15; 52% female). We conducted systematic behavioral observations to assess earlier-life activity patterns (mean time lag between behavioural observation and ultrasound = 12 years). For a subset of participants, physical activity was again measured later in life, via accelerometry, to determine whether earlier-life time use is associated with later-life activity levels. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected during medical exams. RESULTS Structural decline with age is reduced for the tibia (female: -0.25 SDs/decade; male: 0.05 SDs/decade) versus radius (female: -0.56 SDs/decade; male: -0.20 SDs/decade), which is expected if greater loading mitigates bone loss. Time allocation to horticulture, but not hunting, positively predicts later-life radial status (βHorticulture = 0.48, p = 0.01), whereas tibial status is not significantly predicted by subsistence or sedentary leisure participation. DISCUSSION Patterns of activity- and age-related change in bone status indicate localized osteogenic responses to loading, and are generally consistent with the logic of bone functional adaptation. Nonmechanical factors related to subsistence lifestyle moderate the association between activity patterns and bone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, France.,Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
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16
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone mass reductions and heightened fracture risk; its global prevalence rates are projected to increase precipitously over the next few decades. Evolutionary and life-history perspectives have proven valuable for offering a different lens with which to consider the etiologies of common chronic diseases, and in this review, these approaches are applied to osteoporosis. Although there are many perspectives on human susceptibility to bone loss, this article explores the most prominent and empirically studied theories. Osteoporosis is considered within the context of theories on aging (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy, disposable soma) and mismatch theory. Female vulnerability is considered within a separate evolutionary framework and has been articulated as a trade-off between reproduction and skeletal health. Recent advancements in bone imaging techniques for skeletal and living human and nonhuman primate populations (i.e., CT scans, ultrasonometry) have facilitated huge strides in contextualizing osteoporosis within evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia C. Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
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Urlacher SS, Blackwell AD, Liebert MA, Madimenos FC, Cepon-Robins TJ, Gildner TE, Snodgrass JJ, Sugiyama LS. Physical growth of the shuar: Height, Weight, and BMI references for an indigenous amazonian population. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:16-30. [PMID: 26126793 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Information concerning physical growth among small-scale populations remains limited, yet such data are critical to local health efforts and to foster basic understandings of human life history and variation in childhood development. Using a large dataset and robust modeling methods, this study aims to describe growth from birth to adulthood among the indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador. METHODS Mixed-longitudinal measures of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from Shuar participants (n = 2,463; age: 0-29 years). Centile growth curves and tables were created for each anthropometric variable of interest using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). Pseudo-velocity and Lambda-Mu-Sigma curves were generated to further investigate Shuar patterns of growth and to facilitate comparison with United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention and multinational World Health Organization growth references. RESULTS The Shuar are small throughout life and exhibit complex patterns of growth that differ substantially from those of international references. Similar to other Amazonians, Shuar growth in weight compares more favorably to references than growth in height, resulting in BMI curves that approximate international medians. Several additional characteristics of Shuar development are noteworthy, including large observed variation in body size early in life, significant infant growth faltering, extended male growth into adulthood, and a markedly early female pubertal growth spurt in height. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic selection in response to local environmental factors may explain many of these patterns. CONCLUSIONS Providing a detailed reference of growth for the Shuar and other Amazonian populations, this study possesses direct clinical application and affords valuable insight into childhood health and the ecology of human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106.,Broom Center for Demography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106.,Center for Evolutionary Psychology, , University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
| | - Melissa A Liebert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403.,Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | | | - Tara J Cepon-Robins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403.,Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Theresa E Gildner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403.,Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403.,Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Lawrence S Sugiyama
- Broom Center for Demography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106.,Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403.,Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
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Stieglitz J, Beheim BA, Trumble BC, Madimenos FC, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Low mineral density of a weight-bearing bone among adult women in a high fertility population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 156:637-48. [PMID: 25488367 PMCID: PMC4368479 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of aging posit that greater reproductive effort causes somatic decline given a fundamental trade-off between investing energy in reproduction and repair. Few studies in high fertility human populations support this hypothesis, and problems of phenotypic correlation can obscure the expected trade-off between reproduction and somatic condition. This cross-sectional study investigates whether greater reproductive effort is associated with reduced calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) among female Tsimane forager-farmers of lowland Bolivia. We also investigate whether female Tsimane BMD values are lower than sex- and age-matched US reference values, despite the fact that Tsimane engage in higher physical activity levels that can increase mechanical loading. To measure calcaneal BMD, quantitative ultrasonography was performed on 130 women (mean ± SD age = 36.6 ± 15.7, range = 15-75) that were recruited regardless of past or current reproductive status. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected during routine medical exams. As predicted, higher parity, short inter-birth interval, and earlier age at first birth are associated with reduced BMD among Tsimane women after adjusting for potential confounders. Population-level differences are apparent prior to the onset of reproduction, and age-related decline in BMD is greater among Tsimane compared with American women. Greater cumulative reproductive burden may lower calcaneal BMD individually and jointly with other lifestyle and heritable factors. Fitness impacts of kin transfers in adulthood may determine the value of investments in bone remodeling, and thus affect selection on age-profiles of bone mineral loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 31015 Toulouse Cedex 6, FRANCE
| | - Bret A. Beheim
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Trumble
- Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 31015 Toulouse Cedex 6, FRANCE
| | - Michael Gurven
- Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Cepon-Robins TJ, Liebert MA, Gildner TE, Urlacher SS, Colehour AM, Snodgrass JJ, Madimenos FC, Sugiyama LS. Soil-transmitted helminth prevalence and infection intensity among geographically and economically distinct Shuar communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon. J Parasitol 2014; 100:598-607. [PMID: 24865410 DOI: 10.1645/13-383.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections can result in a variety of negative health outcomes (e.g., diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies). Market integration (MI; participation in market-based economies) has been suggested to alter levels of STH exposure due to associated changes in diet, sanitation, and behavior, but the effects are complicated and not well understood. Some effects of economic development result in decreased exposure to certain pathogens, and other factors can lead to higher pathogen exposure. With geographic location used as a proxy, the present study investigates the effects of economic development on parasite load among an indigenous population at multiple points along the spectrum of MI. This research has many implications for public health, including an increased understanding of how social and economic changes alter disease risk around the world and how changing parasite load affects other health outcomes (i.e., allergy, autoimmunity). Specifically, this study examines the prevalence of intestinal helminths among the Shuar, an indigenous group in the Morona-Santiago region of Ecuador, from 2 geographically/economically separated areas, with the following objectives: (1) report STH infection prevalence and intensity among Shuar; (2) explore STH infection prevalence and intensity as it relates to age distribution in the Shuar population; (3) compare STH infection patterns in geographically and economically separated Shuar communities at different levels of MI. Kato-Katz thick smears were made from fresh stool samples and examined to determine STH presence/intensity. Results indicate that 65% of the 211 participants were infected with at least 1 STH. Twenty-five percent of the sample had coinfections with at least 2 species of helminth. Infection was more common among juveniles (<15 yr) than adults. Infection prevalence and intensity was highest among more isolated communities with less market access. This study documents preliminary associations between STH infection and exposure to MI, with implications for public health research and interventions.
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Liebert MA, Snodgrass JJ, Madimenos FC, Cepon TJ, Blackwell AD, Sugiyama LS. Implications of market integration for cardiovascular and metabolic health among an indigenous Amazonian Ecuadorian population. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:228-42. [PMID: 23388068 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.759621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Market integration (MI), the suite of social and cultural changes that occur with economic development, has been associated with negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease; however, key questions remain about how this transition manifests at the local level. AIM The present paper investigates the effects of MI on health among Shuar, an indigenous lowland Ecuadorian population, with the goal of better understanding the mechanisms responsible for this health transition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study examines associations between measures of MI and several dimensions of cardiovascular and metabolic health (fasting glucose, lipids [LDL, HDL and total cholesterol; triglycerides] and blood pressure) among 348 adults. RESULTS Overall, Shuar males and females have relatively favourable cardiovascular and metabolic health. Shuar who live closer to town have higher total (p < 0.001) and HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001), while Shuar in more remote regions have higher diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.007). HDL cholesterol is positively associated with consumption of market foods (r = 0.140; p = 0.045) and ownership of consumer products (r = 0.184; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that MI among Shuar is not a uniformly negative process but instead produces complex cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Liebert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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