1
|
Toso A, Schifano S, Oxborough C, McGrath K, Spindler L, Castro A, Evangelista L, Filipe V, Gonçalves MJ, Marques A, Mendes da Silva I, Santos R, Valente MJ, McCleery I, Alexander M. Beyond faith: Biomolecular evidence for changing urban economies in multi-faith medieval Portugal. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:208-222. [PMID: 34110625 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the Middle Ages, Portugal witnessed unprecedented socioeconomic and religious changes under transitioning religious political rule. The implications of changing ruling powers for urban food systems and individual diets in medieval Portugal is poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the dietary impact of the Islamic and Christian conquests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiocarbon dating, peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) and stable isotope analysis (δ13 C, δ15 N) of animal (n = 59) and human skeletal remains (n = 205) from Muslim and Christian burials were used to characterize the diet of a large historical sample from Portugal. A Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (BSIMM) was used to estimate the contribution of marine protein to human diet. RESULTS Early medieval (8-12th century), preconquest urban Muslim populations had mean (±1SD) values of -18.8 ± 0.4 ‰ for δ13 C 10.4 ± 1 ‰ for δ15 N, indicating a predominantly terrestrial diet, while late medieval (12-14th century) postconquest Muslim and Christian populations showed a greater reliance on marine resources with mean (±1SD) values of -17.9 ± 1.3‰ for δ13 C and 11.1 ± 1.1‰ for δ15 N. BSIMM estimation supported a significant increase in the contribution of marine resources to human diet. DISCUSSION The results provide the first biomolecular evidence for a dietary revolution that is not evidenced in contemporaneous historical accounts. We find that society transitioned from a largely agro-pastoral economy under Islamic rule to one characterized by a new focus on marine resources under later Christian rule. This economic change led to the naissance of the marine economy that went on to characterize the early-modern period in Portugal and its global expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Toso
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.,Department of Prehistory & ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simona Schifano
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Krista McGrath
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.,Department of Prehistory & ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luke Spindler
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anabela Castro
- Departamento de Antropologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Uniarq - Centro de Arqueologia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucy Evangelista
- Era Arqueologia SA Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,University of Algarve, Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Faro, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Filipe
- Cota 80.86.Lda, Lisbon, Portugal.,IAP, Instituto de Arqueologia e Paleociência, FCSH, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Antonio Marques
- CAL - Centro de Arqueologia de Lisboa, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Maria João Valente
- FCHS, CEAACP - Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Iona McCleery
- School of History/Institute for Medieval Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81). Sci Rep 2017; 7:15941. [PMID: 29162904 PMCID: PMC5698413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
E-M183 (E-M81) is the most frequent paternal lineage in North Africa and thus it must be considered to explore past historical and demographical processes. Here, by using whole Y chromosome sequences from 32 North African individuals, we have identified five new branches within E-M183. The validation of these variants in more than 200 North African samples, from which we also have information of 13 Y-STRs, has revealed a strong resemblance among E-M183 Y-STR haplotypes that pointed to a rapid expansion of this haplogroup. Moreover, for the first time, by using both SNP and STR data, we have provided updated estimates of the times-to-the-most-recent-common-ancestor (TMRCA) for E-M183, which evidenced an extremely recent origin of this haplogroup (2,000-3,000 ya). Our results also showed a lack of population structure within the E-M183 branch, which could be explained by the recent and rapid expansion of this haplogroup. In spite of a reduction in STR heterozygosity towards the West, which would point to an origin in the Near East, ancient DNA evidence together with our TMRCA estimates point to a local origin of E-M183 in NW Africa.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones RJ, Tay GK, Mawart A, Alsafar H. Y-Chromosome haplotypes reveal relationships between populations of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and South Asia. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:738-746. [PMID: 28948851 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1384508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is positioned at the crossroads of human migration out of Africa and through to Asia and Europe. AIM To compare the degree of genetic diversity of the Arabian UAE population with populations in other countries from the Middle East, South Asia and North Africa. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven Y-STR were analysed in 217 individuals. Y-STR haplotypes from this study were compared to population data stored in YHRD, using MDS and AMOVA. RESULTS Two hundred and twelve haplotypes were observed in the 217 individuals studied. Although the reduction in Y-STR loci from 27 to 17 resulted in a decrease in discriminatory power, comparisons of populations were possible. The UAE population clustered closer with other populations of the Middle East. The South Asian and North African populations were separated by Middle Eastern populations in between both clusters. CONCLUSION This is the first study to report the diversity of a population of the Arabian Peninsula using 27 Y-STR. MDS plots show that Middle Eastern populations are positioned in the centre, with African, Asian and European populations around the Arab population cluster. The findings of this study are consistent with this region being at the epicentre of human migration between continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Jones
- a School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology , University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia
| | - Guan K Tay
- b School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia.,c School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , WA , Australia.,d Center for Biotechnology , Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Aurélie Mawart
- d Center for Biotechnology , Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- d Center for Biotechnology , Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates.,e Faculty of Biomedical Engineering , Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marchi N, Hegay T, Mennecier P, Georges M, Laurent R, Whitten M, Endicott P, Aldashev A, Dorzhu C, Nasyrova F, Chichlo B, Ségurel L, Heyer E. Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:627-640. [PMID: 28158897 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex-specific genetic structures have been previously documented worldwide in humans, even though causal factors have not always clearly been identified. In this study, we investigated the impact of ethnicity, geography and social organization on the sex-specific genetic structure in Inner Asia. Furthermore, we explored the process of ethnogenesis in multiple ethnic groups. METHODS We sampled DNA in Central and Northern Asia from 39 populations of Indo-Iranian and Turkic-Mongolic native speakers. We focused on genetic data of the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. First, we compared the frequencies of haplogroups to South European and East Asian populations. Then, we investigated the genetic differentiation for eight Y-STRs and the HVS1 region, and tested for the effect of geography and ethnicity on such patterns. Finally, we reconstructed the male demographic history, inferred split times and effective population sizes of different ethnic groups. RESULTS Based on the haplogroup data, we observed that the Indo-Iranian- and Turkic-Mongolic-speaking populations have distinct genetic backgrounds. However, each population showed consistent mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups patterns. As expected in patrilocal populations, we found that the Y-STRs were more structured than the HVS1. While ethnicity strongly influenced the genetic diversity on the Y chromosome, geography better explained that of the mtDNA. Furthermore, when looking at various ethnic groups, we systematically found a genetic split time older than historical records, suggesting a cultural rather than biological process of ethnogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that, in Inner Asia, specific cultural behaviors, especially patrilineality and patrilocality, leave a detectable signature on the sex-specific genetic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marchi
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Philippe Mennecier
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Georges
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Romain Laurent
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Mark Whitten
- MPRG on Comparative Population Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Endicott
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Almaz Aldashev
- Institute molecular biology and medicine, Bishkek, 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Firuza Nasyrova
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, TAS, Dushanbe, 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Boris Chichlo
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Laure Ségurel
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nogueiro I, Teixeira JC, Amorim A, Gusmão L, Alvarez L. Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history. Front Genet 2015; 6:12. [PMID: 25699075 PMCID: PMC4313780 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The first documents mentioning Jewish people in Iberia are from the Visigothic period. It was also in this period that the first documented anti-Judaic persecution took place. Other episodes of persecution would happen again and again during the long troubled history of the Jewish people in Iberia and culminated with the Decrees of Expulsion and the establishment of the Inquisition: some Jews converted to Catholicism while others resisted and were forcedly baptized, becoming the first Iberian Crypto-Jews. In the 18th century the official discrimination and persecution carried out by the Inquisition ended and several Jewish communities emerged in Portugal. From a populational genetics point of view, the worldwide Diaspora of contemporary Jewish communities has been intensely studied. Nevertheless, very little information is available concerning Sephardic and Iberian Crypto-Jewish descendants. Data from the Iberian Peninsula, the original geographic source of Sephardic Jews, is limited to two populations in Portugal, Belmonte, and Bragança district, and the Chueta community from Mallorca. Belmonte was the first Jewish community studied for uniparental markers. The construction of a reference model for the history of the Portuguese Jewish communities, in which the genetic and classical historical data interplay dynamically, is still ongoing. Recently an enlarged sample covering a wide region in the Northeast Portugal was undertaken, allowing the genetic profiling of male and female lineages. A Jewish specific shared female lineage (HV0b) was detected between the community of Belmonte and Bragança. In contrast to what was previously described as a hallmark of the Portuguese Jews, an unexpectedly high polymorphism of lineages was found in Bragança, showing a surprising resistance to the erosion of genetic diversity typical of small-sized isolate populations, as well as signs of admixture with the Portuguese host population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Nogueiro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigaç ao e Inovaç ao em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - João C Teixeira
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany
| | - António Amorim
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigaç ao e Inovaç ao em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigaç ao e Inovaç ao em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, State University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigaç ao e Inovaç ao em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Regueiro M, Garcia-Bertrand R, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Álvarez J, Herrera RJ. From Arabia to Iberia: A Y chromosome perspective. Gene 2015; 564:141-52. [PMID: 25701402 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At different times during recent human evolution, northern Africa has served as a conduit for migrations from the Arabian Peninsula. Although previous researchers have investigated the possibility of the Strait of Gibraltar as a pathway of migration from North Africa to Iberia, we now revisit this issue and theorize that although the Strait of Gibraltar, at the west end of this corridor, has acted as a barrier for human dispersal into Southwest Europe, it has not provided an absolute seal to gene flow. To test this hypothesis, here we use the spatial frequency distributions, STR diversity and expansion time estimates of Y chromosome haplogroups J1-P58 and E-M81 to investigate the genetic imprints left by the Arabian and Berber expansions into the Iberian Peninsula, respectively. The data generated indicate that Arabian and Berber genetic markers are detected in Iberia. We present evidence that suggest that Iberia has received gene flow from Northwest Africa during and prior to the Islamic colonization of 711A.D. It is interesting that the highest frequencies of Arabia and Berber markers are not found in southern Spain, where Islam remained the longest and was culturally most influential, but in Northwest Iberia, specifically Galicia. We propose that Moriscos' relocations to the north during the Reconquista, the migration of cryptic Muslims seeking refuge in a more lenient society and/or more geographic extensive pre-Islamic incursions may explain the higher frequencies and older time estimates of mutations in the north of the Peninsula. These scenarios are congruent with the higher diversities of some diagnostic makers observed in Northwest Iberia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Regueiro
- Biology Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | | | - Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid
- Laboratoire de Genetique, Immunologie et Pathologies Humaines, Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Universite el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Joseph Álvarez
- Biology Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Rene J Herrera
- Biology Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marques SL, Goios A, Rocha AM, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Gusmão L, Alves C, Alvarez L. Portuguese mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity-An update and a phylogenetic revision. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 15:27-32. [PMID: 25457629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years a large amount of mitochondrial population data for forensic purposes has been produced. Current efforts are focused at increasing the number of studied populations while generating updated genetic information of forensic quality. However, complete mitochondrial control region sequences are still scarce for most populations and even more so for complete mitochondrial genomes. In the case of Portugal, previous population genetics studies have already revealed the general portrait of HVS-I and HVS-II mitochondrial diversity, becoming now important to update and expand the mitochondrial region analysed. Accordingly, a total of 292 complete control region sequences from continental Portugal were obtained, under a stringent experimental design to ensure the quality of data through double sequencing of each target region. Furthermore, H-specific coding region SNPs were examined to detail haplogroup classification and complete mitogenomes were obtained for all sequences belonging to haplogroups U4 and U5. In general, a typical Western European haplogroup composition was found in mainland Portugal, associated to high level of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Within the country, no signs of substructure were detected. The typing of extra coding region SNPs has provided the refinement or confirmation of the previous classification obtained with EMMA tool in 96% of the cases. Finally, it was also possible to enlarge haplogroup U phylogeny with 28 new U4 and U5 mitogenomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia L Marques
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Goios
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Rocha
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Prata
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Alves
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|