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Veile A, Christopher L, Azcorra H, Dickinson F, Kramer K, Varela‐Silva I. Differences in nutritional status between rural and urban Yucatec Maya children: The importance of early life conditions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9314705 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Early‐life conditions shape childhood growth and are affected by urbanization and the nutritional transition. To investigate how early‐life conditions (across the “first” and “second” 1000 days) are associated with rural and urban children's nutritional status, we analyzed anthropometric data from Maya children in Yucatan, Mexico. We collected weight, height and triceps skinfold measures, then computed body mass and fat mass indices (BMI/FMI), in a cross‐sectional sample of 6‐year‐olds (urban n = 72, rural n = 66). Demographic, socioeconomic and early‐life variables (birthweight/mode, rural/urban residence, household crowding) were collected by maternal interview. We statistically analyzed rural‐urban differences in demographic, socioeconomic, early‐life, and anthropometric variables, then created linear mixed models to evaluate associations between early‐life variables and child anthropometric outcomes. Two‐way interactions were tested between early‐life variables and child sex, and between early‐life variables and rural‐urban residence. Results showed that rural children were shorter‐statured, with lower overweight/obesity and cesarean delivery rates, compared to urban children. Household crowding was a negative predictor of anthropometric outcomes; the strongest effect was in boys and in urban children. Birthweight positively predicted anthropometric outcomes, especially weight/BMI. Birth mode was positively (not statistically) associated with any anthropometric outcome. Cesarean delivery was more common in boys than in girls, and predicted increased height in urban boys. In conclusion, urbanization and household crowding were the most powerful predictors of Maya 6‐year‐old anthropometry. The negative effects of crowding may disproportionately affect Maya boys versus girls and urban versus rural children. Early‐life conditions shape Maya children's nutritional status both in the “first” and “second” 1000 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Veile
- Department of Anthropology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | | | - Hugo Azcorra
- Centro de Investigaciones Silvio Zavala Universidad Modelo Mérida Mexico
| | - Federico Dickinson
- Departamento de Ecología Humana Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mérida Mexico
| | - Karen Kramer
- Department of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Inês Varela‐Silva
- Departamento de Ecología Humana Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mérida Mexico
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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de Jesus Sousa Lima T, Dos Prazeres TMP, Dos Santos Henrique R, da Rocha Queiroz D, Bezerra J, de Barros MVG, Dos Santos MAM. Inter-individual variability in children's physical growth and body composition: Findings of longitudinal ELOS-Pré study. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23697. [PMID: 34757666 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's physical growth (PG) and body composition (BC) can be influenced by birth weight and type of delivery. AIM To longitudinally analyze the dynamics of PG and BC of children from 5 to 9 years; to investigate the inter-individual differences according to age, sex, BW, and type of delivery across the following years of the study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 1236 children (597 boys) were evaluated at 5-years of age and followed annually until 9-years. PG and BC measurements were evaluated. Multilevel modeling was used. RESULTS Annual increments were observed (p < .001). Girls presented lower height and fat-free-mass but higher %BF (p < .001). Distinct trajectories between the sexes were observed for height (p < .001). Low-birth-weight children presented lower height, body mass, and fat-free-mass (p < .001), but the interaction between velocity of growth and BC was significant only in height (p < .05). Children born by had lower height, body mass, and %BF, and gained less body mass per year than those born by vaginal delivery (p < .05). Significant inter-individual differences were observed at 5-years of age and in their trajectories, except for fat-free-mass (p < .01). CONCLUSION There are differences in the dynamics of PG and BC, low-birth-weight and type of delivery influence the dynamics of PG during this interval of ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Bezerra
- School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Azcorra H, Bogin B, Dickinson F, Varela-Silva MI. Maternal Grandmothers' Household Residency, Children's Growth, and Body Composition Are Not Related in Urban Maya Families from Yucatan. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2021; 32:434-449. [PMID: 34061322 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-021-09402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes the influence of grandmothers' household residency on the presence of low height-for-age and excessive fat (FMI = fat mass [kg]/height [m2]), waist circumference, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds in a sample of 247 6- to 8-year-old urban Maya children from Yucatan, Mexico. Between September 2011 and January 2014, we obtained anthropometric and body composition data from children and mothers, as well as socioeconomic characteristics of participants and households. Grandmothers' place of residence was categorized as either in the same household as their grandchildren (n = 71) or in separate households (n = 176). Multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between grandmothers' residency and outcome variables. Models were adjusted for maternal anthropometric characteristics and the following socioeconomic variables: family size, location, maternal education, monthly family income, and household crowding. Models showed that the presence of grandmothers in their grandchildren's households was not associated with any of the outcome variables. In contrast, larger family size, overcrowding in the household, and lower family income predicted low height-for-age in children. Larger family size decreased the risk for being overweight based on the three parameters of body composition. Overcrowding in the household increased the risk for greater skinfolds thickness, while low family income increased the risk for higher fat mass index. The residency of grandmothers in their adult daughters' households is not significantly associated with the outcome variables in this sample of urban Maya families. Instead, maternal anthropometric characteristics and socioeconomic conditions of the family have a greater influence on the overall growth of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Azcorra
- Centro de Investigaciones Silvio Zavala, Universidad Modelo, Carretera a Cholul 200 metros periférico norte, Yucatán, C.P. 97310, Mérida, México.
| | - Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Federico Dickinson
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yucatán, Mérida, México
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Abreu JDMFD, Abreu SLLD, Bragança MLBM, Cavalcante LFP, França AKTDC, Ribeiro CCC, Lamy Filho F. Birth by cesarean delivery and central adiposity in adolescents from a birth cohort. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00033320. [PMID: 33503161 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00033320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between birth by cesarean section and central adiposity in adolescents in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. This was a cohort study that included 601 participants evaluated at birth and at 18-19 years. At birth we assessed type of delivery, maternal education, family income, maternal marital status, maternal body mass index before pregnancy, prenatal care, maternal smoking habit, gestational age at delivery and intrauterine growth restriction. In the adolescents, we evaluated central adiposity using the dual X-ray energy absorptiometry method. The indicators of central fat used were the trunk-to-total fat mass ratio (T/T), the android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio (A/G), the trunk-to-limb fat mass ratio (T/Lb), and the trunk-to-leg fat mass ratio (T/Lg). A theoretical model for the study of associations was developed using directed acyclic graphs, which allowed selecting the variables that required minimum adjustment for inclusion in the predictive model of exposure to cesarean delivery. The data were analyzed with marginal structural models weighted by the inverse of the probability of selection. A total of 38.6% of the adolescents studied were delivered by cesarean section. There was no significant difference in the central adiposity of adolescents delivered by cesarean section according to the indicators used: T/T ( coefficient = -0.003; 95%CI: -0.013; 0.007), A/G (coefficient = 0.001; 95%CI: -0.015; 0.018); T/Lb (coefficient = -0.016; 95%CI: -0.048; 0.016); T/Lg (coefficient = 0.014; 95%CI: -0.060; 0.030). In conclusion, there was no association between cesarean section delivery and greater central adiposity in the studied adolescents.
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Azcorra H, Varela-Silva MI, Dickinson F. Birth weight and body composition in 6-to-8 years old Maya children. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23542. [PMID: 33252165 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that fetal growth, indexed by birth weight (BW), induce metabolic adjustments in the fetus that will be reflected in differences in body composition in a sample of 6-to 8-years old urban Maya children from Yucatan, Mexico. METHODS We measured height (cm), weight (kg) and triceps skinfold (mm) in 260 children (boys: 132, girls: 128), and height (cm) and weight (kg) in their mothers. Body composition was estimated in children through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Outcome variables were fat free-mass index (FFMI = fat-free mass [kg]/height [m]2 ) and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass [kg]/height [m]2 ). The main independent variable was BW z-scores. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the association between BW z-scores and outcome variables measured during childhood. Separate analyses were done for boys and girls. Complementary models were run using outcomes as z-scores. Models were adjusted for location, children's and mothers' age, mother's body mass index and household overcrowding index. RESULTS BW in boys was positively associated with FFMI and FMI. FFMI increase 0.34 kg/m2 per 1-SD increase in BW and FMI increase 0.40 kg/m2 per 1-SD increase in BW. When outcomes were used as z-scores, FFMI increase 0.24 SD and FMI increase 0.18 SD per 1-SD increase in BW, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results are in contrast with previous findings that birth weight is more consistently associated with subsequent lean mass than with fat mass. Associations, detected only in boys, may be explained by sex differences in sensitivity to early life environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Azcorra
- Centro de Investigaciones Silvio Zavala, Universidad Modelo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Mendez-Dominguez N, Vazquez-Vazquez GG, Laviada-Molina HA, de Jesus Inurreta-Diaz M, Fajardo-Ruiz LS, Azcorra H. Cephalopelvic disproportion as primary diagnosis for cesarean section: Role of neonatal birthweight in relation to maternal height at a Hospital in Merida, Mexico. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23463. [PMID: 32662158 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between newborn and maternal characteristics and the risk for cesarean section (CS) due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) and non-CPD causes compared to vaginal deliveries (VD) in a sample of infants and mothers from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. METHODS The final sample consisted of 3453 single, live, and term infants born between January 2016 and May 2017 at the Maternal-Infant Hospital in Merida and their mothers (aged ≥19 years). The mode of delivery was established as the dependent variables: (a) VD, (b) CS due to CPD, and (c) non-CPD CS. Independent variables were maternal height and weight, the number of previous VD, newborn weight, and neonatal birthweight (BW) index/maternal height index. A multinomial regression model was used to analyze the association between newborn and maternal characteristics and outcome variable. RESULTS By mode of delivery, 2124 (62%) births corresponded to VD, 1042 (30%) to non-CPDCS, and 287 (8%) to CS due to CPD. Mothers who had CS due to CPD weighed more at the end of their pregnancy and were shorter. Maternal age and weight increased the risk for having CS due to CPD compared to VD and maternal height, and the number of previous VD reduces the risk for experiencing CS due to CPD compared to vaginal births. The relative risk ratio for higher neonatal BW/maternal height index was significant for CS due to CPD and non-CPD CS. CONCLUSION According to our results from a public hospital in Merida, Mexico, CPD is a result of the interrelation of maternal and fetal size, rather than an independent result of maternal height or BW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugo Azcorra
- Centro de Investigaciones Silvio Zavala, Universidad Modelo, Merida, Mexico
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Masukume G, Khashan AS, Morton SMB, Baker PN, Kenny LC, McCarthy FP. Caesarean section delivery and childhood obesity in a British longitudinal cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223856. [PMID: 31665164 PMCID: PMC6821069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies reported an association between Caesarean section (CS) birth and childhood obesity. However, there are several limitations in the current literature. These include an inability to distinguish between planned and emergency CS, small study sample sizes and not adjusting for pre-pregnancy body-mass-index (BMI). We examined the association between CS delivery and childhood obesity using the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). Methods Mother-infant pairs were recruited into the MCS. Use of sampling weights ensured the sample was representative of the population. The exposure was categorised as normal vaginal delivery (VD) [reference], assisted VD, planned CS and emergency CS. Childhood obesity prevalence, at age three, five, seven, eleven and fourteen years was calculated using the International Obesity Taskforce criteria. Mixed-effects linear regression models were fitted with associations adjusted for several potential confounders like maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education and infant macrosomia. Linear regression models were fitted evaluating body fat percentage (BF%), at age seven and fourteen years. Results Of the 18,116 infants, 3872 (21.4%) were delivered by CS; 9.2% by planned CS. Obesity prevalence was 5.4%, 5.7%, 6.5%, 7.1% and 7.6% at age three, five, seven, eleven and fourteen years respectively. The mixed-effects linear regression model showed no association between planned (adjusted mean difference = 0.00; [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10; 0.10], p-value = 0.97) or emergency CS (adjusted mean difference = 0.08; [95% CI -0.01; 0.17], p-value = 0.09) and child BMI. At age seven years, there was no association between planned CS and BF% (adjusted mean difference = 0.13; [95% CI -0.23; 0.49]); there was no association at age fourteen years. Conclusions Infants born by planned CS did not have a significantly higher BMI or BF% compared to those born by normal VD. This may suggest that the association, described in the literature, could be due to the indications/reasons for CS birth or residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwinyai Masukume
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ali S. Khashan
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
- School of Public Health, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan M. B. Morton
- Centre for Longitudinal Research–He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip N. Baker
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Rosenberg KR, Veile A. Introduction: The evolutionary and biocultural causes and consequences of rising cesarean birth rates. Am J Hum Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Veile
- Department of Anthropology; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Veile A, Valeggia C, Kramer KL. Cesarean birth and the growth of Yucatec Maya and Toba/Qom children. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23228. [PMID: 30815932 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cesarean delivery is often epidemiologically associated with childhood obesity. However, little attention is paid to post-birth modulatory environments, and most studies are conducted in settings where obesity arises for a number of reasons in addition to birth mode. We therefore assess population differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood growth using data from rural and peri-urban Latin American indigenous populations, and test predictions developed using life history theory. METHODS Child height and weight were measured monthly in 80 Yucatec Maya and 58 Toba/Qom children aged 1-48 months (2007-2014, 3812 observations). Random-effects linear mixed models were used to compare children's growth by population, sex, and birth mode, accounting for potential confounders. RESULTS Cesarean delivery rates were 47% (Toba/Qom) and 20% (Yucatec Maya). Childhood obesity and overweight rates were low in both populations. Cesarean-delivered children had significantly greater weight gain (but similar height grain) compared to vaginally-delivered children. By age 4, cesarean delivered Yucatec Maya girls and boys, and Toba/Qom boys (not girls), had significantly higher weight-for-age compared to vaginally-delivered children from their own sex and population. CONCLUSIONS This provides one of the first attempts to document differences in children's growth patterns according to mode of birth in modernizing indigenous populations. Cesarean delivery is associated with young children's growth patterns, even in the absence of many obesity-inducing factors. There are also population, age, and sex differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood weight trajectories that warrant future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Veile
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Claudia Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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