Predictors of milk cortisol in North American women

Breast size in lactating women and the content of macronutrients in human milk

INTRODUCTION

Although the primary function of a woman's breast is milk synthesis, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between breast size and human milk composition, showing equivocal results. This study aims to test if breast size during fully established lactation is related to energy density and content of macronutrients in human milk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mothers of healthy, born-on-term infants at stage III of lactogenesis (N = 137) provided breast milk samples. Milk composition was analyzed using midinfrared transmission spectroscopy. The breast size index was calculated by dividing the breast by the circumference below the breast.

RESULTS

Stepwise forward linear regression showed a negative association between breast size index and lactose concentration in breast milk (β = -.242, p = .003). The final model, which includes breast size index, feeding frequency, and maternal energy intake together explained around 13% of the variance in breast milk lactose content (R2 adj = .126, p < .001). No statistically significant relationship was found between breast size index and milk's energy density, protein, and fat content.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study that shows a negative relationship between breast size during fully established lactation and lactose concentration in milk in a large sample size. No relationship between other macronutrients and breast size indicates that large breast size is not necessary for adequate milk production; however, it may contribute to an altered lactose concentration.