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Chen L, Jiang B, Tong Y, Guo J, Ren X, Zhou W, Lu J, Ding L. Laser waterless cleaning of residual organic solvents on the surface of polyurethane coatings. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5755-5764. [PMID: 37707193 DOI: 10.1364/ao.494810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Residual organic solvents have a great impact on the physical and mental health of equipment operators in industry and agriculture. Laser waterless cleaning technology of residual organic solvents on the surface of polyurethane coatings has great application prospects and is a good way to tackle the pollution problem. In this paper, the evolutionary behavior of a laser waterless cleaning mechanism and substrate surface state is analyzed. The influence law of laser energy density and scanning speed on the residual solvent cleaning effect was investigated. The optimal laser cleaning parameters were obtained by comprehensive evaluation of the substrate surface cleaning effect and microscopic morphology. The peak of solvent characteristics before and after laser cleaning was detected by Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the laser cleaning effect was better with the increase of energy density or the decrease of scanning speed in the substrate damage range, and the best laser cleaning parameters were laser energy density of 0.24J/c m 2 and scanning speed of 500 mm/s. A significant reduction of the peak of Raman spectroscopy was found, reflecting the excellent effect of laser waterless cleaning of residual organic solvents.
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Wang M, Phillips TD. Green-Engineered Barrier Creams with Montmorillonite-Chlorophyll Clays as Adsorbents for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:237. [PMID: 37251084 PMCID: PMC10214870 DOI: 10.3390/separations10040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermal exposures to hazardous environmental chemicals in water can significantly affect the morphology and integrity of skin structure, leading to enhanced and deeper penetration. Organic solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX), have been detected in humans following skin exposure. In this study, novel barrier cream formulations (EVB™) engineered with either montmorillonite (CM and SM) or chlorophyll-amended montmorillonite (CMCH and SMCH) clays were tested for their binding efficacy for BTX mixtures in water. The physicochemical properties of all sorbents and barrier creams were characterized and were shown to be suitable for topical application. In vitro adsorption results indicated that EVB-SMCH was the most effective and favorable barrier for BTX, as supported by the high binding percentage (29-59% at 0.05 g and 0.1 g), stable binding at equilibrium, low desorption rates, and high binding affinity. Pseudo-second-order and the Freundlich models best fit the adsorption kinetics and isotherms, and the adsorption was an exothermic reaction. Ecotoxicological models using L. minor and H. vulgaris that were submersed in aqueous culture media showed that the inclusion of 0.05% and 0.2% EVB-SMCH reduced BTX concentration. This result was further supported by the significant and dose-dependent increase in multiple growth endpoints, including plant frond number, surface area, chlorophyll content, growth rate, inhibition rate, and hydra morphology. The in vitro adsorption results and in vivo plant and animal models indicated that green-engineered EVB-SMCH can be used as an effective barrier to bind BTX mixtures and interrupt their diffusion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Timothy D. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Farfalla AA, Beseler C, Achutan C, Rautiainen R. Coexposure to Solvents and Noise as a Risk Factor for Hearing Loss in Agricultural Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:754-760. [PMID: 35703294 PMCID: PMC9426749 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study addressed the relationship of hearing loss and coexposure to solvents and noise among farmers and ranchers in central United States. METHODS The surveillance study included surveys to stratified random samples of operations in 2018 and 2020 (n = 34,146), requesting information on injuries, illnesses, exposures, and preventive measures. Responses (n = 7495) were analyzed using hierarchical multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for personal and work characteristics. RESULTS Nearly 60% of respondents exposed to both solvents and noise reported hearing loss. The exposures increased the adjusted odds of moderate/severe hearing loss as follows: solvents alone, (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-2.38), noise alone (OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 3.39-5.76), and coexposure to both noise and solvents (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 4.67-7.78). CONCLUSIONS Solvent exposure, along with noise, should be considered in hearing conservation programs among farmers and ranchers.
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Risk Factors for Brain Health in Agricultural Work: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063373. [PMID: 35329061 PMCID: PMC8954905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Certain exposures related to agricultural work have been associated with neurological disorders. To date, few studies have included brain health measurements to link specific risk factors with possible neural mechanisms. Moreover, a synthesis of agricultural risk factors associated with poorer brain health outcomes is missing. In this systematic review, we identified 106 articles using keywords related to agriculture, occupational exposure, and the brain. We identified seven major risk factors: non-specific factors that are associated with agricultural work itself, toluene, pesticides, heavy metal or dust exposure, work with farm animals, and nicotine exposure from plants. Of these, pesticides are the most highly studied. The majority of qualifying studies were epidemiological studies. Nigral striatal regions were the most well studied brain area impacted. Of the three human neuroimaging studies we found, two focused on functional networks and the third focused on gray matter. We identified two major directions for future studies that will help inform preventative strategies for brain health in vulnerable agricultural workers: (1) the effects of moderators such as type of work, sex, migrant status, race, and age; and (2) more comprehensive brain imaging studies, both observational and experimental, involving several imaging techniques.
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Roquelaure Y, Jégo S, Geoffroy-Perez B, Chazelle E, Descatha A, Evanoff B, Garlantézec R, Bodin J. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Male French Farmers and Agricultural Workers: Is It Only Associated With Physical Exposure? Saf Health Work 2020; 11:33-40. [PMID: 32206372 PMCID: PMC7078553 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exploratory study to investigate whether co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in French male farmers and agricultural workers. Methods Cross-sectional study of 711 men aged 30–65 years and working as either farmers or agricultural workers in 2009–2010 within a cohort covered by the French Agricultural Workers' and Farmers' Mutual Benefit Fund. CTS and exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Associations between CTS and personal/medical factors, exposure to physical wrist stressors, exposure to chemicals, and co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals were studied using multivariate logistic regression models. Results Forty-four men {5.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0–7.7]} reported that they had suffered from unilateral/bilateral CTS during the last 12 months. CTS was associated with age, current smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1 (1.0–4.5)], and exposure to physical wrist stressors [OR = 2.6 (1.1–5.9)]. An association was found between CTS and co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals [OR = 3.3 (0.8–14.3), p = 0.044] in comparison with the no-exposure group. Conclusions This exploratory study shows an association of CTS with exposure to biomechanical wrist stressors in male farmers and agricultural workers and suggests an association of CTS with co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals. Owing to the limitations of the study, this result must be confirmed by a prospective study with objective assessments of the outcome and exposure before drawing conclusions on the possible synergistic effects of mechanical stressors and chemicals on the impairment of the median nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Roquelaure
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Sylvaine Jégo
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Geoffroy-Perez
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Direction of Occupational Health, F-94415, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Emilie Chazelle
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Direction of Occupational Health, F-94415, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Alexis Descatha
- INSERM UMS 011, Population Based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit and University Versailles St-Quentin, F-78035, Versailles, France
| | - Bradley Evanoff
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, 63310, USA
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Bodin
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000, Angers, France
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Siegel M, Starks SE, Sanderson WT, Kamel F, Hoppin JA, Gerr F. Organic solvent exposure and depressive symptoms among licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:849-857. [PMID: 28702848 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although organic solvents are often used in agricultural operations, neurotoxic effects of solvent exposure have not been extensively studied among farmers. The current analysis examined associations between questionnaire-based metrics of organic solvent exposure and depressive symptoms among farmers. METHODS Results from 692 male Agricultural Health Study participants were analyzed. Solvent type and exposure duration were assessed by questionnaire. An "ever-use" variable and years of use categories were constructed for exposure to gasoline, paint/lacquer thinner, petroleum distillates, and any solvent. Depressive symptoms were ascertained with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); scores were analyzed separately as continuous (0-60) and dichotomous (<16 versus ≥16) variables. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted associations between measures of solvent exposure and CES-D score. RESULTS Forty-one percent of the sample reported some solvent exposure. The mean CES-D score was 6.5 (SD 6.4; median 5; range 0-44); 92% of the sample had a score below 16. After adjusting for covariates, statistically significant associations were observed between ever-use of any solvent, long duration of any solvent exposure, ever-use of gasoline, ever-use of petroleum distillates, and short duration of petroleum distillate exposure and continuous CES-D score (p < 0.05). Although nearly all associations were positive, fewer statistically significant associations were observed between metrics of solvent exposure and the dichotomized CES-D variable. CONCLUSIONS Solvent exposures were associated with depressive symptoms among farmers. Efforts to limit exposure to organic solvents may reduce the risk of depressive symptoms among farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Siegel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 111 Washington Avenue, Suite 213, Lexington, KY, 40536-0003, USA.
| | - Sarah E Starks
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Research Park, 140 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Wayne T Sanderson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 111 Washington Avenue, Suite 213, Lexington, KY, 40536-0003, USA
| | - Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Fred Gerr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Research Park, 140 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ. Potential health effects associated with dermal exposure to occupational chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:51-62. [PMID: 25574139 PMCID: PMC4270264 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of workers in the United States, spanning a variety of occupational industries and sectors, who are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin. Occupational skin exposures can result in numerous diseases that can adversely affect an individual's health and capacity to perform at work. In general, there are three types of chemical-skin interactions of concern: direct skin effects, immune-mediated skin effects, and systemic effects. While hundreds of chemicals (metals, epoxy and acrylic resins, rubber additives, and chemical intermediates) present in virtually every industry have been identified to cause direct and immune-mediated effects such as contact dermatitis or urticaria, less is known about the number and types of chemicals contributing to systemic effects. In an attempt to raise awareness, skin notation assignments communicate the potential for dermal absorption; however, there is a need for standardization among agencies to communicate an accurate description of occupational hazards. Studies have suggested that exposure to complex mixtures, excessive hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, high frequency of wet work, and environmental or other factors may enhance penetration and stimulate other biological responses altering the outcomes of dermal chemical exposure. Understanding the hazards of dermal exposure is essential for the proper implementation of protective measures to ensure worker safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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