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Chen S, Wang S. Assessment of comprehensive PAH index in roasted Tan lamb by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with hyperspectral imaging. J Food Sci 2024; 89:4791-4805. [PMID: 39037347 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Thermally processed meat may contain harmful compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study constructed, for the first time, the comprehensive PAH index (CPI) concentration (phenanthrene [26.47%], acenaphthene [21.83%], pyrene [18.64%], fluoranthene [17.11%], fluorene [8.49%], and anthracene [7.46%]). A visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral image (HSI) system was employed to detect CPI in 150 roasted Tan lamb samples. Furthermore, two-dimensional correlation spectra were used to identify spectral features and reveal the order of chemical bond changes under the characteristic peaks at 579-737-631-449 nm. The results indicated that competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-multiple linear regression quantitative prediction model worked the best with calibration set coefficient of determination of 0.9161, calibration set coefficient of root mean square error of 2.3426 µg/kg, R-squared prediction of 0.8469, and root mean square error of prediction of 2.4119 µg/kg. Finally, PAH content distributions were visualized using the best prediction model. This study aimed to propose a feasible method for CPI in roasted Tan lamb detection based on Vis-NIR HSI coupled with multivariate analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichun Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Songlei Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Zhou L, Wu B, Tang M, Li G, Chan W, Song L, Wang J, Zhu L, Lin L, Lian Y. Association between exposure to metalworking fluid aerosols, occupational noise and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1495. [PMID: 38835007 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high public health burden yet little is known about the relationship between metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols, occupational noise and CKD. We aimed to explore the relationship between occupational MWF aerosols, occupational noise and CKD. METHODS A total of 2,738 machinists were sampled from three machining companies in Wuxi, China, in 2022. We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 5524 to collect individual samples for MWF aerosols exposure, and the Chinese national standard (GBZ/T 189.8-2007) method to test individual occupational noise exposure. The diagnostic criteria for CKD were urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) of ≥ 30 mg/g and reduced renal function (eGFR < 60 mL.min- 1. 1.73 m- 2) lasting longer than 3 months. Smooth curve fitting was conducted to analyze the associations of MWF aerosols and occupational noise with CKD. A segmented regression model was used to analyze the threshold effects. RESULTS Workers exposed to MWF aerosols (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-3.41) and occupational noise (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.06-2.96) had higher prevalence of CKD than nonexposed workers. A nonlinear and positive association was found between increasing MWF aerosols and occupational noise dose and the risk of CKD. When daily cumulative exposure dose of MWF aerosols exceeded 8.03 mg/m3, the OR was 1.24 (95%CI: 1.03-1.58), and when occupational noise exceeded 87.22 dB(A), the OR was 1.16 (95%CI: 1.04-1.20). In the interactive analysis between MWF aerosols and occupational noise, the workers exposed to both MWF aerosols (cumulative exposure ≥ 8.03 mg/m3-day) and occupational noise (LEX,8 h ≥ 87.22 dB(A)) had an increased prevalence of CKD (OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.48-4.96). MWF aerosols and occupational noise had a positive interaction in prevalence of CKD. CONCLUSIONS Occupational MWF aerosols and noise were positively and nonlinearly associated with CKD, and cumulative MWF aerosols and noise exposure showed a positive interaction with CKD. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing kidney function of workers exposed to MWF aerosols and occupational noise. Prospective and longitudinal cohort studies are necessary to elucidate the causality of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Beining Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Minzhu Tang
- Wuxi Eighth People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Geyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Weiling Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lejia Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yulong Lian
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Se Yuan Road, No. 9, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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Colbeth HL, Chen KT, Picciotto S, Costello S, Eisen EA. Exposure to Metalworking Fluids and Cancer Incidence in the United Auto Workers-General Motors Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:171-181. [PMID: 36305635 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, investigators have reported increased risks of specific cancers associated with exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs). In this report we broadly examine the incidence of 14 types of cancer, with a focus on digestive, respiratory, and hormonal cancers, in the United Auto Workers-General Motors (UAW-GM) cohort, a cohort of workers exposed to MWFs (1973-2015). The cohort included 39,132 workers followed for cancer incidence. Cox models yielded estimates of adjusted hazard ratios, with categorical variables for lagged cumulative exposure to 3 types of MWF (straight, soluble, and synthetic). We fitted penalized splines to examine the shape of the exposure-response relationships. There were 7,809 incident cancer cases of interest. Oil-based straight and soluble MWFs were each modestly associated with all cancers combined. Exposure-response patterns were consistent with prior reports from this cohort, and results for splined exposures generally reflected their categorically modeled counterparts. We found significantly increased incidence of stomach and kidney cancer with higher levels of straight MWF exposure and increased rectal and prostate cancer with increasing water-based synthetic MWF exposure. Only non-Hodgkin lymphoma and prostate cancer were associated with soluble MWF. All results for colon and lung cancers were null. Our results provide updated evidence for associations between MWF exposure and incidence of several types of cancer.
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Elser H, Chen KT, Arteaga D, Reimer R, Picciotto S, Costello S, Eisen EA. Metalworking Fluid Exposure and Stroke Mortality Among US Autoworkers. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1040-1049. [PMID: 35029630 PMCID: PMC9393063 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although air pollution is an important risk factor for stroke, few studies have considered the impact of workplace exposure to particulate matter (PM). We examined implications of exposure to PM composed of metalworking fluids (MWFs) for stroke mortality in the United Autoworkers-General Motors cohort. Cox proportional hazards models with age as the timescale were used to estimate the association of cumulative straight, soluble, and synthetic MWF exposure with stroke mortality, controlling for sex, race, plant, calendar year, and hire year. Among 38,553 autoworkers followed during 1941-1995, we identified 114 ischemic stroke deaths and 113 hemorrhagic stroke deaths. Overall stroke mortality risk was increased among workers in the middle exposure category for straight MWF (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 1.98) and workers in the highest exposure category for synthetic MWF (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.16) compared with workers who had no direct exposure. Ischemic stroke mortality risk was increased among workers in the highest exposure categories for straight MWF (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.83, 2.52) and synthetic MWF (HR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.39, 4.50). We observed no clear relationship between MWF exposure and hemorrhagic stroke mortality. Our results support a potentially important role for occupational PM exposures in stroke mortality and indicate the need for further studies of PM exposure and stroke in varied occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Elser
- Correspondence to Dr. Holly Elser, Department of Neurology, 3 Gates, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (e-mail: )
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Josse PR, Koutros S, Tardon A, Rothman N, Silverman DT, Friesen MC. Adapting Decision Rules to Estimate Occupational Metalworking Fluid Exposure in a Case-Control Study of Bladder Cancer in Spain. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:392-401. [PMID: 34625802 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We adapted previously developed decision rules from the New England Bladder Cancer Study (NEBCS) to assign occupational exposure to straight, soluble, and synthetic metalworking fluids (MWFs) to participants of the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study (SBCS). METHODS The SBCS and NEBCS are case-control studies that used the same lifetime occupational history and job module questionnaires. We adapted published decision rules from the NEBCS that linked questionnaire responses to estimates of the probability (<5, ≥5 to <50, ≥50 to <100, and 100%), frequency (in h week-1), and intensity (in mg m-3) of exposure to each of the three broad classes of MWFs to assign exposure to 10 182 reported jobs in the SBCS. The decision rules used the participant's module responses to MWF questions wherever possible. We then used these SBCS module responses to calculate job-, industry-, and time-specific patterns in the prevalence and frequency of MWF exposure. These estimates replaced the NEBCS-specific estimates in decision rules applied to jobs without MWF module responses. Intensity estimates were predicted using a previously developed statistical model that used the decade, industry (three categories), operation (grinding versus machining), and MWF type extracted from the SBCS questionnaire responses. We also developed new decision rules to assess mineral oil exposure from non-machining sources (possibly exposed versus not exposed). The decision rules for MWF and mineral oil identified questionnaire response patterns that required job-by-job expert review. RESULTS To assign MWF exposure, we applied decision rules that incorporated participant's responses and job group patterns for 99% of the jobs and conducted expert review of the remaining 1% (145) jobs. Overall, 14% of the jobs were assessed as having ≥5% probability of exposure to at least one of the three MWFs. Probability of exposure of ≥50% to soluble, straight, and synthetic MWFs was identified in 2.5, 1.7, and 0.5% of the jobs, respectively. To assign mineral oil from non-machining sources, we used module responses for 49% of jobs, a job-exposure matrix for 41% of jobs, and expert review for the remaining 10%. We identified 24% of jobs as possibly exposed to mineral oil from non-machining sources. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that we could adapt existing decision rules to assess exposure in a new population by deriving population-specific job group patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra R Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Department of preventive medicine, University of Oviedo, Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA and CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shrestha D, Picciotto S, LaValley MP, Liu S, Hammond SK, Weiner DE, Eisen EA, Applebaum KM. End-stage renal disease and metalworking fluid exposure. Occup Environ Med 2021; 79:24-31. [PMID: 34210793 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), little attention has been directed to how occupational exposures may contribute to risk. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between metalworking fluids (MWF) and ESRD in a cohort of 36 703 male autoworkers. METHODS We accounted for competing risk of death, using the subdistribution hazard approach to estimate subhazard ratios (sHRs) and 95% CIs in models with cubic splines for cumulative exposure to MWF (straight, soluble or synthetic). RESULTS Based on 501 ESRD cases and 13 434 deaths, we did not observe an association between MWF and ESRD overall. We observed modest associations between MWF and ESRD classification of glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy. For glomerulonephritis, the 60th percentile of straight MWF was associated with an 18% increased subhazard (sHR=1.18, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.41). For diabetic nephropathy, the subhazard increased 28% at the 60th percentile of soluble MWF (sHR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.64). Differences by race suggest that black males may have higher disease rates following MWF exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to straight and soluble MWF may be related to ESRD classification, though this relationship should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shrestha
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sally Picciotto
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael P LaValley
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel E Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katie M Applebaum
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Izano MA, Sofrygin OA, Picciotto S, Bradshaw PT, Eisen EA. Metalworking Fluids and Colon Cancer Risk: Longitudinal Targeted Minimum Loss-based Estimation. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e035. [PMID: 33778333 PMCID: PMC7952104 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are a class of complex mixtures of chemicals and oils, including several known carcinogens that may pose a cancer hazard to millions of workers. Reports on the relation between MWFs and incident colon cancer have been mixed. METHODS We investigated the relation between exposure to straight, soluble, and synthetic MWFs and the incidence of colon cancer in a cohort of automobile manufacturing industry workers, adjusting for time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure to reduce healthy worker survivor bias. We used longitudinal targeted minimum loss-based estimation (TMLE) to estimate the difference in the cumulative incidence of colon cancer comparing counterfactual outcomes if always exposed above to always exposed below an exposure cutoff while at work. Exposure concentration cutoffs were selected a priori at the 90th percentile of total particulate matter for each fluid type: 0.034, 0.400, and 0.003 for straight, soluble, and synthetic MWFs, respectively. RESULTS The estimated 25-year risk differences were 3.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7, 7.0) for straight, 1.3% (95% CI = -2.3, 4.8) for soluble, and 0.2% (95% CI = -3.3, 3.7) for synthetic MWFs, respectively. The corresponding risk ratios were 2.39 (1.12, 5.08), 1.43 (0.67, 3.04), and 1.08 (0.51, 2.30) for straight, soluble, and synthetic MWFs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By controlling for time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure, a key feature of occupational cohorts, we were able to provide evidence for a causal effect of straight MWF exposure on colon cancer risk that was not found using standard analytical techniques in previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Izano
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Oleg A. Sofrygin
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Sally Picciotto
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Ellen A. Eisen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Garcia E, Bradshaw PT, Eisen EA. Breast Cancer Incidence and Exposure to Metalworking Fluid in a Cohort of Female Autoworkers. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:539-547. [PMID: 29020170 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosed among women, and environmental studies have produced few leads on modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. Following an Institute of Medicine recommendation for occupational studies of women highly exposed to potential breast cancer risk factors, we took advantage of an existing cohort of 4,503 female autoworkers in Michigan exposed to metalworking fluid (MWF), complex mixtures of oils and chemicals widely used in metal manufacturing worldwide. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate hazard ratios for incident breast cancer (follow-up, 1985-2013) and cumulative exposure (20-year lag) to straight mineral oils (a known human carcinogen) and water-based soluble and synthetic MWF. Because the state cancer registry began decades after the cohort was defined, we restricted our analyses to subcohorts of women hired closer to the start of follow-up. Among those hired after 1969, the hazard ratio associated with a 1 interquartile-range increase in straight MWF exposure was 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.23). In separate analyses of premenopausal breast cancer, defined by age at diagnosis, the hazard ratio was elevated for exposure to synthetic MWF (chemical lubricants with no oil content), possibly suggesting a different mechanism in the younger women with breast cancer. This study adds to the limited literature regarding quantitative chemical exposures and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garcia
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Epidemiology Division, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Development of a New Method for Analysis of Oil Mists. HEALTH SCOPE 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shrestha D, Liu S, Hammond SK, LaValley MP, Weiner DE, Eisen EA, Applebaum KM. Risk of renal cell carcinoma following exposure to metalworking fluids among autoworkers. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:656-62. [PMID: 27484955 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metalworking fluids (MWF), used to cool and lubricate metal in occupational settings, are linked to several cancers but data on kidney cancer are limited. We examine how MWF influence the rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large prospective study. METHODS A cohort of Michigan autoworkers consisting of 33 421 individuals was followed from 1985 to 2009. The cohort was linked to the Michigan Cancer Registry to identify new cases of RCC. We analysed RCC in relation to cumulative exposure to each specific type of MWF (straight, soluble and synthetic) and all 3 types pooled into a single MWF variable, with a 15-year lag. Cox proportional hazards regression with splines were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for age, gender, race, calendar year, year hired, time since hire, plant and other MWF types. RESULTS There were 135 incident cases. A linear increase in the log-HR was observed for RCC with increasing cumulative exposure to each MWF type and total MWF exposure. At the mean of total MWF exposure (18.80 mg/m(3)-year), the estimated HR was 1.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.19). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a dose-dependent association between MWF exposure and RCC. The influence of components of oil-based and water-based MWF needs further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shrestha
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sa Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael P LaValley
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katie M Applebaum
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
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Ryan KR, Cesta MF, Herbert R, Brix A, Cora M, Witt K, Kissling G, Morgan DL. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of inhaled metalworking fluids in rats and mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:385-405. [PMID: 27343050 DOI: 10.1177/0748233716653912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex formulations designed for effective lubricating, cooling, and cleaning tools and parts during machining operations. Adverse health effects such as respiratory symptoms, dermatitis, and cancer have been reported in workers exposed to MWFs. Several constituents of MWFs have been implicated in toxicity and have been removed from the formulations over the years. However, animal studies with newer MWFs demonstrate that they continue to pose a health risk. This investigation examines the hypothesis that unrecognized health hazards exist in currently marketed MWF formulations that are presumed to be safe based on hazard assessments of individual ingredients. In vivo 13-week inhalation studies were designed to characterize and compare the potential toxicity of four MWFs: Trim VX, Cimstar 3800, Trim SC210, and Syntilo 1023. Male and female Wistar Han rats or Fischer 344N/Tac rats and B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to MWFs via whole-body inhalation at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/m3 for 13 weeks, after which, survival, body and organ weights, hematology and clinical chemistry, histopathology, and genotoxicity were assessed following exposure. Although high concentrations were used, survival was not affected and toxicity was primarily within the respiratory tract of male and female rats and mice. Minor variances in toxicity were attributed to differences among species as well as in the chemical components of each MWF. Pulmonary fibrosis was present only in rats and mice exposed to Trim VX. These data confirm that newer MWFs have the potential to cause respiratory toxicity in workers who are repeatedly exposed via inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Ryan
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Herbert
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- 2 Experimental Pathology Labs Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Cora
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristine Witt
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace Kissling
- 3 Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Costello S, Neophytou AM, Brown DM, Noth EM, Hammond SK, Cullen MR, Eisen EA. Incident Ischemic Heart Disease After Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Accounting for 2 Forms of Survivor Bias. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:861-8. [PMID: 27033425 PMCID: PMC4851988 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the heart disease risks associated with occupational, rather than traffic-related, exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5). We examined long-term exposure to PM2.5 in cohorts of aluminum smelters and fabrication workers in the United States who were followed for incident ischemic heart disease from 1998 to 2012, and we addressed 2 forms of survivor bias. Left truncation bias was addressed by restricting analyses to the subcohort hired after the start of follow up. Healthy worker survivor bias, which is characterized by time-varying confounding that is affected by prior exposure, was documented only in the smelters and required the use of marginal structural Cox models. When comparing always-exposed participants above the 10th percentile of annual exposure with those below, the hazard ratios were 1.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.52) and 3.95 (95% CI: 0.87, 18.00) in the full and restricted subcohorts of smelter workers, respectively. In the fabrication stratum, hazard ratios based on conditional Cox models were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.37) per 1 mg/m(3)-year in the full and restricted subcohorts, respectively. Long-term exposure to occupational PM2.5 was associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease among aluminum manufacturing workers, particularly in smelters, after adjustment for survivor bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- Correspondence to Dr. Sadie Costello, Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 (e-mail: )
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Sponholtz TR, Sandler DP, Parks CG, Applebaum KM. Occupational exposures and chronic kidney disease: Possible associations with endotoxin and ultrafine particles. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:1-11. [PMID: 26572099 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high public health burden yet there is limited research on occupational factors, which are examined in this retrospective case-control study. METHODS Newly diagnosed cases of CKD (n = 547) and controls (n = 508) from North Carolina provided detailed work histories in telephone interviews. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS There was heterogeneity in the association of CKD and agricultural work, with crop production associated with increased risk and work with livestock associated with decreased risk. Work with cutting/cooling/lubricating oils was associated with a reduced risk. CKD risk was increased for working in dusty conditions. CONCLUSIONS CKD risk was reduced in subjects with occupational exposures previously reported to involve endotoxin exposure. Further, exposure to dusty conditions was consistently associated with increased risk of glomerulonephritis across industry, suggesting that research on CKD and ultrafine particulates is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R. Sponholtz
- Department of Epidemiology; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park North Carolina
| | - Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park North Carolina
| | - Katie M. Applebaum
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Milken Institute School of Public Health; George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
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14
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Whiteside SA, Razvi H, Dave S, Reid G, Burton JP. The microbiome of the urinary tract--a role beyond infection. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:81-90. [PMID: 25600098 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urologists rarely need to consider bacteria beyond their role in infectious disease. However, emerging evidence shows that the microorganisms inhabiting many sites of the body, including the urinary tract--which has long been assumed sterile in healthy individuals--might have a role in maintaining urinary health. Studies of the urinary microbiota have identified remarkable differences between healthy populations and those with urologic diseases. Microorganisms at sites distal to the kidney, bladder and urethra are likely to have a profound effect on urologic health, both positive and negative, owing to their metabolic output and other contributions. Connections between the gut microbiota and renal stone formation have already been discovered. In addition, bacteria are also used in the prevention of bladder cancer recurrence. In the future, urologists will need to consider possible influences of the microbiome in diagnosis and treatment of certain urological conditions. New insights might provide an opportunity to predict the risk of developing certain urological diseases and could enable the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Whiteside
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Hassan Razvi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sumit Dave
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Jeremy P Burton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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15
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Costello S, Picciotto S, Rehkopf DH, Eisen EA. Social disparities in heart disease risk and survivor bias among autoworkers: an examination based on survival models and g-estimation. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:138-44. [PMID: 25415971 PMCID: PMC4316942 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine gender and racial disparities in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality related to metalworking fluid exposures and in the healthy worker survivor effect. METHODS A cohort of white and black men and women autoworkers in the USA was followed from 1941 to 1995 with quantitative exposure to respirable particulate matter from water-based metalworking fluids. Separate analyses used proportional hazards models and g-estimation. RESULTS The HR for IHD among black men was 3.29 (95% CI 1.49 to 7.31) in the highest category of cumulative synthetic fluid exposure. The HR for IHD among white women exposed to soluble fluid reached 2.44 (95% CI 0.96 to 6.22). However, no increased risk was observed among white men until we corrected for the healthy worker survivor effect. Results from g-estimation indicate that if white male cases exposed to soluble or synthetic fluid had been unexposed to that fluid type, then 1.59 and 1.20 years of life would have been saved on average, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We leveraged the strengths of two different analytic approaches to examine the IHD risks of metalworking fluids. All workers may have the same aetiological risk; however, black and female workers may experience more IHD from water-based metalworking fluid exposure because of a steeper exposure-response or weaker healthy worker survivor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sally Picciotto
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David H Rehkopf
- Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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16
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Wagner M, Bolm-Audorff U, Hegewald J, Fishta A, Schlattmann P, Schmitt J, Seidler A. Occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and risk of larynx cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:226-33. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Liao LM, Hofmann JN, Kamangar F, Strickland PT, Ji BT, Yang G, Li HL, Rothman N, Zheng W, Chow WH, Gao YT, Shu XO. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of gastric cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2014; 5:140-144. [PMID: 25379133 PMCID: PMC4214261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are byproducts of incomplete combustion of organic materials. Sources include tobacco smoke, charbroiled meat, and air pollution. Indirect evidence suggests that PAHs may be associated with carcinogenesis, but the association with gastric cancer is unclear. METHODS Using a nested case-control study design, we examined prediagnostic urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a PAH metabolite, in 153 gastric cancer cases and 306 matched controls within the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for potential risk factors was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS Urinary 1-OHPG concentrations were slightly higher among cases than controls, with medians of 0.29 μmol/mol Cr (interquartile range, 0.16-0.48) and 0.24 μmol/mol Cr (interquartile range, 0.12-0.45), respectively. Increasing concentrations of 1-OHPG appeared to be associated with elevated risk of gastric cancer, but not within the highest category of 1-OHPG (Q4 vs Q1: OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.8-2.5). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that higher concentrations of 1-OHPG are related to gastric cancer risk, but no clear dose-response relationship was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul T Strickland
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gong Yang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Hong-Lan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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Colt JS, Friesen MC, Stewart PA, Donguk P, Johnson A, Schwenn M, Karagas MR, Armenti K, Waddell R, Verrill C, Ward MH, Beane Freeman LE, Moore LE, Koutros S, Baris D, Silverman DT. A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men. Occup Environ Med 2014; 71:667-74. [PMID: 25201311 PMCID: PMC4690539 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metalworking has been associated with an excess risk of bladder cancer in over 20 studies. Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are suspected as the responsible exposure, but epidemiological data are limited. We investigated this association among men in the New England Bladder Cancer Study using state-of-the-art, quantitative exposure assessment methods. METHODS Cases (n=895) and population controls (n=1031) provided occupational histories during personal interviews. For selected jobs, exposure-oriented modules were administered to collect information on use of three MWF types: (1) straight (mineral oil, additives), (2) soluble (mineral oil, water, additives) and (3) synthetic (water, organics, additives) or semisynthetic (hybrid of soluble and synthetic). We computed ORs and 95% CIs relating bladder cancer risk to a variety of exposure metrics, adjusting for smoking and other factors. Non-metalworkers who had held jobs with possible exposure to mineral oil were analysed separately. RESULTS Bladder cancer risk was elevated among men who reported using straight MWFs (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8); risk increased monotonically with increasing cumulative exposure (p=0.041). Use of soluble MWFs was associated with a 50% increased risk (95% CI 0.96 to 2.5). ORs were non-significantly elevated for synthetic/semisynthetic MWFs based on a small number of exposed men. Non-metalworkers holding jobs with possible exposure to mineral oil had a 40% increased risk (95% CI 1.1 to 1.8). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to straight MWFs was associated with a significantly increased bladder cancer risk, as was employment in non-metalworking jobs with possible exposure to mineral oil. These findings strengthen prior evidence for mineral oil as a bladder carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S. Colt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melissa C. Friesen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia A. Stewart
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, VA
| | - Park Donguk
- Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Karla Armenti
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH
| | | | | | - Mary H. Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lee E. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Friesen MC, Park DU, Colt JS, Baris D, Schwenn M, Karagas MR, Armenti KR, Johnson A, Silverman DT, Stewart PA. Developing estimates of frequency and intensity of exposure to three types of metalworking fluids in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:915-27. [PMID: 25060071 PMCID: PMC4112469 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systematic, transparent, and data-driven approach was developed to estimate frequency and intensity of exposure to straight, soluble, and synthetic/semi-synthetic metalworking fluids (MWFs) within a case-control study of bladder cancer in New England. METHODS We assessed frequency using individual-level information from job-specific questionnaires wherever possible, then derived and applied job group-level patterns to likely exposed jobs with less information. Intensity estimates were calculated using a statistical model developed from measurements and determinants extracted from the published literature. RESULTS For jobs with probabilities of exposure≥0.5, median frequencies were 8-10 hr/week, depending on MWF type. Median intensities for these jobs were 2.5, 2.1, and 1.0 mg/m3 for soluble, straight, and synthetic/semi-synthetic MWFs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared to case-by-case assessment, these data-driven decision rules are transparent and reproducible and may result in less biased estimates. These rules can also aid future exposure assessments of MWFs in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Dong-Uk Park
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169, Donsungdong, Jongroku, Seoul, Korea, 110-791
| | - Joanne S Colt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | | | | | - Karla R. Armenti
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Public Health Statistics and Informatics, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Patricia A Stewart
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS Room 8005, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, 6045 N 27. St, Arlington, VA 22207
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20
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Colt JS, Friesen MC, Stewart PA, Donguk P, Johnson A, Schwenn M, Karagas MR, Armenti K, Waddell R, Verrill C, Ward MH, Beane Freeman LE, Moore LE, Koutros S, Baris D, Silverman DT. 0084 A Case-Control Study of Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids and Bladder Cancer Risk among Men. Occup Environ Med 2014; 71 Suppl 1:A71. [PMID: 25018457 PMCID: PMC4116153 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102362.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metalworking has been associated with bladder cancer risk in many studies. Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are suspected as the putative exposure, but epidemiologic data are limited. Based on state-of-the-art, quantitative exposure assessment, we examined MWF exposure and bladder cancer risk in the New England Bladder Cancer Study. METHOD Male cases (n = 895) and population controls (n = 1031) provided occupational histories and information on use of each of three MWF types: (1) straight (mineral oil, additives), (2) soluble (mineral oil, water, additives), and (3) synthetic (water, organics, additives) or semi-synthetic (soluble/synthetic hybrid), in response to exposure-oriented modules administered during personal interviews. We estimated the probability, frequency, and intensity of exposure to each MWF type and, if probability exceeded 50%, cumulative exposure. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for smoking and other risk factors. RESULTS Risk was increased for men reporting use of straight MWFs (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.8), with a significant trend with increasing cumulative exposure (p = 0.024). Use of soluble MWFs conferred a 50% elevated risk (95% CI=0.96-2.5). ORs were nonsignificantly elevated for synthetic MWFs, based on small numbers. Men who were never metalworkers, but held jobs with possible exposure to mineral oil, had a 40% increased risk (95% CI=1.1-1.8). CONCLUSIONS In the most comprehensive assessment of MWF exposure in a bladder cancer case-control study, exposure to straight MWFs significantly increased bladder cancer risk, as did employment in non-metalworking jobs with possible mineral oil exposure. Our results strengthen prior evidence for mineral oil as a bladder carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S. Colt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melissa C. Friesen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia A. Stewart
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, VA
| | - Park Donguk
- Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Karla Armenti
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH
| | | | | | - Mary H. Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lee E. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Park DU, Colt JS, Baris D, Schwenn M, Karagas MR, Armenti KR, Johnson A, Silverman DT, Stewart PA. Estimation of the probability of exposure to machining fluids in a population-based case-control study. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:757-70. [PMID: 25256317 PMCID: PMC4359797 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.918984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe an approach for estimating the probability that study subjects were exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs) in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer. Study subject reports on the frequency of machining and use of specific MWFs (straight, soluble, and synthetic/semi-synthetic) were used to estimate exposure probability when available. Those reports also were used to develop estimates for job groups, which were then applied to jobs without MWF reports. Estimates using both cases and controls and controls only were developed. The prevalence of machining varied substantially across job groups (0.1->0.9%), with the greatest percentage of jobs that machined being reported by machinists and tool and die workers. Reports of straight and soluble MWF use were fairly consistent across job groups (generally 50-70%). Synthetic MWF use was lower (13-45%). There was little difference in reports by cases and controls vs. controls only. Approximately, 1% of the entire study population was assessed as definitely exposed to straight or soluble fluids in contrast to 0.2% definitely exposed to synthetic/semi-synthetics. A comparison between the reported use of the MWFs and U.S. production levels found high correlations (r generally >0.7). Overall, the method described here is likely to have provided a systematic and reliable ranking that better reflects the variability of exposure to three types of MWFs than approaches applied in the past. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resources: a list of keywords in the occupational histories that were used to link study subjects to the metalworking fluids (MWFs) modules; recommendations from the literature on selection of MWFs based on type of machining operation, the metal being machined and decade; popular additives to MWFs; the number and proportion of controls who reported various MWF responses by job group; the number and proportion of controls assigned to the MWF types by job group and exposure category; and the distribution of cases and controls assigned various levels of probability by MWF type.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Uk Park
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive Room 6E608 MSC 9771 Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169, Donsungdong, Jongroku, Seoul, Korea, 110-791
| | - Joanne S. Colt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive Room 6E608 MSC 9771 Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive Room 6E608 MSC 9771 Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Karla R. Armenti
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Public Health Statistics and Informatics, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive Room 6E608 MSC 9771 Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Patricia A Stewart
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive Room 6E608 MSC 9771 Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, 6045 N 27th. St, Arlington, VA 22207
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Friesen MC, Betenia N, Costello S, Eisen EA. Metalworking fluid exposure and cancer risk in a retrospective cohort of female autoworkers. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1075-82. [PMID: 22562220 PMCID: PMC3370111 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metalworking fluids (MWFs) have been associated with cancer of several sites, but the risks have been primarily examined in men or in studies that adjusted for gender in analyses. To evaluate whether risks were similar in women, we report cancer mortality risk among 4,825 female autoworkers within the united autoworkers-general motors autoworkers cohort. METHODS Standardized mortality rates (SMRs) were calculated based on Michigan death rates (1980-2004). Internal comparisons (1941-2004) were examined using Cox regression for straight, soluble, and synthetic MWFs, and their corresponding oil- and water-based fractions. RESULTS MWF exposure levels in the female cohort were generally less than two-third the MWF levels in the male cohort. Female autoworkers had an excess of cancer from all sites (SMR, 1.10; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.98-1.22) and lung cancer (SMR, 2.08; 95 % CI, 1.71-2.52). Colon cancer risk increased with straight (mineral oil) MWF exposure (exposure > median; hazard ratio = 3.1; 95 % CI, 1.2-8.0). A protective effect was observed for ovarian cancer with the soluble MWFs and water-based MWF metrics. Although bladder, rectal, and laryngeal cancers and malignant melanoma have been associated with straight MWF exposure and pancreatic cancer with synthetic MWF in men, there were too few deaths in this female subcohort to examine exposure-response relations for these sites. Results were null for lung and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support an association between colon cancer and straight MWFs, but we found limited evidence of risk for other tumor sites at the lower exposure levels experienced by the female autoworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, North Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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