1
|
Whitman MC, Gilette NM, Bell JL, Kim SA, Tischfield M, Engle EC. TWIST1, a gene associated with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, regulates extraocular muscle organization in mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 490:126-133. [PMID: 35944701 PMCID: PMC9765759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of function mutations in TWIST1 cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, which is characterized by craniosynostosis, facial asymmetry, ptosis, strabismus, and distinctive ear appearance. Individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have high rates of strabismus and ptosis, but the underlying pathology is unknown. Some individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis have been noted to have absence of individual extraocular muscles or abnormal insertions of the extraocular muscles on the globe. Using conditional knock-out alleles for Twist1 in cranial mesenchyme, we test the hypothesis that Twist1 is required for extraocular muscle organization and position, attachment to the globe, and/or innervation by the cranial nerves. We examined the extraocular muscles in conditional Twist1 knock-out animals using Twist2-cre and Pdgfrb-cre drivers. Both are expressed in cranial mesoderm and neural crest. Conditional inactivation of Twist1 using these drivers leads to disorganized extraocular muscles that cannot be reliably identified as specific muscles. Tendons do not form normally at the insertion and origin of these dysplastic muscles. Knock-out of Twist1 expression in tendon precursors, using scleraxis-cre, however, does not alter EOM organization. Furthermore, developing motor neurons, which do not express Twist1, display abnormal axonal trajectories in the orbit in the presence of dysplastic extraocular muscles. Strabismus in individuals with TWIST1 mutations may therefore be caused by abnormalities in extraocular muscle development and secondary abnormalities in innervation and tendon formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole M Gilette
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seoyoung A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Max Tischfield
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rizell S, Karlsson P, Ransjö M, Westerlund A, Yehia Z, Kölby L. Lateral and Frontal Cephalometric Measurements in a Cohort With Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:838-846. [PMID: 33153317 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620969292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Descriptions of the craniofacial morphology in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) are primarily based on case reports or visual assessments of affected families. The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric measurements of the craniofacial skeleton in a cohort of individuals with SCS and age- and sex-matched individuals without craniofacial anomalies. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PATIENTS Eight girls and 4 boys with SCS (age range, 7.0-19.2 years). METHODS Cephalometric measurements were performed using lateral and frontal cephalograms. RESULTS Most of the individuals with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome exhibited lower values for SNA, SNB, s-n and s-ar, while their NSL/NL, NSL/ML, NL/ML, and n-s-ba values were higher than the respective mean reference values for healthy individuals. In comparison with age- and sex-matched individuals without craniofacial anomalies, the individuals with SCS showed higher values for the maxillary and mandibular angular measurements, as well as for the menton midline angle. CONCLUSIONS This sample of 12 unrelated individuals with SCS is the largest collected to date for cephalometric measurements. We found that the syndrome is associated with bimaxillary retrognathism, posterior maxillary and mandibular inclination, neutral sagittal relation as well as a tendency toward an open vertical skeletal relation, a short and flattened skull base, and facial asymmetry, as compared to individuals without the syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rizell
- Clinic of Orthodontics, Gothenburg, Public Dental Service, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Peter Karlsson
- Fjärås Public Dental Service Clinic, 3572Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Maria Ransjö
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, 3570University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Westerlund
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, 3570University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zakaria Yehia
- Fridhemsplan Public Dental Service Clinic, 7674Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Kölby
- The Sahlgrenska Academy, 3570University of Gothenburg and Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juvenile Moyamoya and Craniosynostosis in a Child with Deletion 1p32p31: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum of 1p32p31 Deletion Syndrome and a Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091998. [PMID: 28926972 PMCID: PMC5618647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya angiopathy (MA) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder characterised by the progressive occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Its aetiology is uncertain, but a genetic background seems likely, given the high MA familial rate. To investigate the aetiology of craniosynostosis and juvenile moyamoya in a 14-year-old male patient, we performed an array-comparative genomic hybridisation revealing a de novo interstitial deletion of 8.5 Mb in chromosome region 1p32p31. The deletion involved 34 protein coding genes, including NF1A, whose haploinsufficiency is indicated as being mainly responsible for the 1p32-p31 chromosome deletion syndrome phenotype (OMIM 613735). Our patient also has a deleted FOXD3 of the FOX gene family of transcription factors, which plays an important role in neural crest cell growth and differentiation. As the murine FOXD3−/− model shows craniofacial anomalies and abnormal common carotid artery morphology, it can be hypothesised that FOXD3 is involved in the pathogenesis of the craniofacial and vascular defects observed in our patient. In support of our assumption, we found in the literature another patient with a syndromic form of MA who had a deletion involving another FOX gene (FOXC1). In addition to describing the clinical history of our patient, we have reviewed all of the available literature concerning other patients with a 1p32p31 deletion, including cases from the Decipher database, and we have also reviewed the genetic disorders associated with MA, which is a useful guide for the diagnosis of syndromic form of MA.
Collapse
|
4
|
di Rocco F, Benoit A, Vigneron J, Segura PB, Klein O, Collet C, Arnaud E. Y-craniosynostosis by premature fusion of the metopic and coronal sutures: a new nosological entity or a variety of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:306-10. [PMID: 25808521 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New forms and varieties of craniosynostoses are continuously identified due to the current increased interest of clinicians and genetists especially since the introduction of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH) techniques in the diagnostic setting of patients with craniofacial anomalies. METHODS In this report, we describe the case of an infant who associated the early fusion of the metopic and both the coronal sutures. The interaction of the early fusion of the anterior group of the main cranial sutures gave the infant a particular clinical phenotypes with a Y configuration of the frontal bone and a globally reduced size of the skull. Such a deformity was observed in utero and was subsequently confirmed by the postnatal imaging of the head. RESULTS This phenotype was never described previously in antenatal period to our knowledge. The array-CGH showed a heterozygous 9.0 Mb deletion in the chromosomal region 7p21.1p21.3 encompassing approximately 25 other genes, spanning from THSD7A to TWIST1/FERD3L. CONCLUSION This case further illustrates the variability of the clinical spectrum of craniofacial disorders associated with TWIST1 abnormalities. It is important to note that the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome caused by microdeletion is generally characterized by a mental disability. However, of interest, the postoperative psychomotor development of the child considered hereby was within the normal limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico di Rocco
- Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre de Référence National Dysostoses Crâniofaciales, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Zechi-Ceide RM, Rodrigues MG, Jehee FS, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Passos-Bueno MR, Guion-Almeida ML. Saethre-Chotzen phenotype with learning disability and hyper IgE phenotype in a patient due to complex chromosomal rearrangement involving chromosomes 3 and 7. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1680-5. [PMID: 22628249 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe on a Brazilian girl with coronal synostosis, facial asymmetry, ptosis, brachydactyly, significant learning difficulties, recurrent scalp infections with marked hair loss, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E. Standard lymphocyte karyotype showed a small additional segment in 7p21[46,XX,add(7)(p21)]. Deletion of the TWIST1 gene, detected by Multiplex Ligation Probe-dependent Amplification (MPLA) and array-CGH, was consistent with phenotype of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Array CGH also showed deletion of four other genes at 7p21.1 (SNX13, PRPS1L1, HD9C9, and FERD3L) and the deletion of six genes (CACNA2D2, C3orf18, HEMK1, CISH, MAPKAPK3, and DOCK3) at 3p21.31. Our case reinforces FERD3L as candidate gene for intellectual disability and suggested that genes located in 3p21.3 can be related to hyper IgE phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Maria Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRCA-USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Skeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders with Anterior Segment Manifestations. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Stoler JM, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB. The frequency of palatal anomalies in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008; 46:280-4. [PMID: 19642760 DOI: 10.1597/08-088.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (SCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with widespread phenotypic variability. Cardinal features include coronal synostosis, blepharoptosis, and limb abnormalities. Cleft palate can also occur, but there are few reports on its frequency. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of palatal anomalies in this population. DESIGN We retrospectively reviewed the records of 51 patients with SCS seen at Children's Hospital Boston over the past 30 years. Palatal findings in our patients were compared with those in the literature. To illustrate the phenotypic variability in SCS, we describe an unusual infant who presented for evaluation of cleft palate and blepharoptosis. Her father had only blepharoptosis; this was the clue to the diagnosis, which was confirmed by finding a deletion in the TWIST gene. RESULTS In our patients, high-arched palate was noted in 43%, bifid uvula in 10%, and cleft palate in 6%. These figures differed slightly from the combined percentages in published reports: 24% with high-arched palate, 2% with bifid uvula, and 5% with cleft palate. CONCLUSIONS Palatal anomalies are relatively common in SCS. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with cleft palate, particularly in the presence of blepharoptosis, nasal deviation, and limb abnormalities in the patient or in family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hosptial, Boston, Massachusets, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Epstein LG, Jalali A, Chary AN, Khan S, Ross J, Coppinger J, Carlson K, Charrow J, Burton B, Zimmerman D, Curran J, Kim F, Nguyen P, Burrowes D, Angle B, Stack C, Shaffer L, Kessler JA, Bassuk AG. Neuroimaging findings in children with rare or novel de novo chromosomal anomalies. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2008; 82:200-10. [PMID: 18302267 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo constitutional chromosomal anomalies provide important insights into the genetic loci responsible for congenital neurological disorders. However, most phenotypic descriptions of patients with rare chromosomal abnormalities are published as individual case reports or small group studies, making genotype-phenotype correlations unclear. Moreover, many clinical genetic reports do not include neuroimaging. METHODS We conducted a retrospective case series study of all children who had genetic testing done at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois between 1985 and 2006. The case series was selected from a database containing all chromosomal testing results, clinical data, and neuroimaging. Clinical examination results were assigned by board certified geneticists and/or neurologists and neuroimages were reviewed by both a neurologist or neuroradiologist and a blinded neurologist. RESULTS Of the 28,108 children in the series, we identified 34 children with novel or apparently novel de novo chromosomal abnormalities. Several of the cases represent potentially new genetic loci for neurological malformations and novel syndromic conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the utility of large clinical databases in assessing genotype-phenotype correlations and mapping loci for congenital neurological disorders. We describe a case-series strategy to analyze existing databases to reveal new genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Epstein
- Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bacon W, Tschill P, Grollemund B, Matern O, Rinkenbach R, Sauvage P, Kaufmann I, Bousquet P, Brandt C, Perrin-Schmitt F. [Genetic origin of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. TWIST, a candidate gene? Research protocol]. L' ORTHODONTIE FRANCAISE 2007; 78:249-255. [PMID: 18082115 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr:2007028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Non syndromic cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most frequent human malformation. CLP is of complex inheritance and at least twenty contributing chromosomal regions have been identified by linkage studies. On the other hand, mutations in several genes such as TWIST and FGFR2 result in syndromic cranio-facial abnormalities of highly variable range. It is our hypothesis that some mutations at TWIST might contribute to CLP in absence of other dysmorphic features. Thus, DNA biopsies of patients with non syndromic CLP are collected and prepared to search for allelic variations or mutations at TWIST. This study should contribute to improve the classification of facial malformations relative to gene, to help to a better understanding of the inheritance pattern of this pathology, to help to genetic counselling for some cases aiming at the prevention of genetic disease. This project is based on a close cooperation between the Orthodontic Department, the Paediatric Surgery Department and the Center for Clinical Investigation (University Hospital in Strasbourg), in a joint project with an academic research laboratory, expert in molecular biology and genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bacon
- CSERD, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Université Louis Pasteur et Hôpitaux Universitaires 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seto ML, Hing AV, Chang J, Hu M, Kapp-Simon KA, Patel PK, Burton BK, Kane AA, Smyth MD, Hopper R, Ellenbogen RG, Stevenson K, Speltz ML, Cunningham ML. Isolated sagittal and coronal craniosynostosis associated with TWIST box mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:678-86. [PMID: 17343269 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, affects 1 in 2,500 live births. Isolated single-suture fusion is most prevalent, with sagittal synostosis occurring in 1/5,000 live births. The etiology of isolated (nonsyndromic) single-suture craniosynostosis is largely unknown. In syndromic craniosynostosis, there is a highly nonrandom pattern of causative autosomal dominant mutations involving TWIST1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Prior to our study, there were no published TWIST1 mutations in the anti-osteogenic C-terminus, recently coined the TWIST Box, which binds and inhibits RUNX2 transactivation. RUNX2 is the principal master switch for osteogenesis. We performed mutational analysis on 164 infants with isolated, single-suture craniosynostosis for mutations in TWIST1, the IgIIIa exon of FGFR1, the IgIIIa and IgIIIc exons of FGFR2, and the Pro250Arg site of FGFR3. We identified two patients with novel TWIST Box mutations: one with isolated sagittal synostosis and one with isolated coronal synostosis. Kress et al. [2006] reported a TWIST Box "nondisease-causing polymorphism" in a patient with isolated sagittal synostosis. However, compelling evidence suggests that their and our sequence alterations are pathogenic: (1) a mouse with a mutation of the same residue as our sagittal synostosis patient developed sagittal synostosis, (2) mutation of the same residue precluded TWIST1 interaction with RUNX2, (3) each mutation involved nonconservative amino acid substitutions in highly conserved residues across species, and (4) control chromosomes lacked TWIST Box sequence alterations. We suggest that genetic testing of patients with isolated sagittal or coronal synostosis should include TWIST1 mutational analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L Seto
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Congenital colobomata of the eye are important causes of childhood visual impairment and blindness. Ocular coloboma can be seen in isolation and in an impressive number of multisystem syndromes, where the eye phenotype is often seen in association with severe neurological or craniofacial anomalies or other systemic developmental defects. Several studies have shown that, in addition to inheritance, environmental influences may be causative factors. Through work to identify genes underlying inherited coloboma, significant inroads are being made into understanding the molecular events controlling closure of the optic fissure. In general, severity of disease can be linked to the temporal expression of the gene, but this is modified by factors such as tissue specificity of gene expression and genetic redundancy.
Collapse
|