1
|
Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a familial small supernumerary marker chromosome derived from the acrocentric chromosome 14/22. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:364-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
2
|
Juriaans AF, Kerkhof GF, Hokken-Koelega ACS. The Spectrum of the Prader-Willi-like Pheno- and Genotype: A Review of the Literature. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:1-18. [PMID: 34460908 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic syndrome, caused by the loss of expression of the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. Over the past years, many cases of patients with characteristics similar to PWS, but without a typical genetic aberration of the 15q11-q13 region, have been described. These patients are often labelled as Prader-Willi-like (PWL). PWL is an as-yet poorly defined syndrome, potentially affecting a significant number of children and adults. In the current clinical practice, patients labelled as PWL are mostly left without treatment options. Considering the similarities with PWS, children with PWL might benefit from the same care and treatment as children with PWS. This review gives more insight into the pheno- and genotype of PWL and includes 86 papers, containing 368 cases of patients with a PWL phenotype. We describe mutations and aberrations for consideration when suspicion of PWS remains after negative testing. The most common genetic diagnoses were Temple syndrome (formerly known as maternal uniparental disomy 14), Schaaf-Yang syndrome (truncating mutation in the MAGEL2 gene), 1p36 deletion, 2p deletion, 6q deletion, 6q duplication, 15q deletion, 15q duplication, 19p deletion, fragile X syndrome, and Xq duplication. We found that the most prevalent symptoms in the entire group were developmental delay/intellectual disability (76%), speech problems (64%), overweight/obesity (57%), hypotonia (56%), and psychobehavioral problems (53%). In addition, we propose a diagnostic approach to patients with a PWL phenotype for (pediatric) endocrinologists. PWL comprises a complex and diverse group of patients, which calls for multidisciplinary care with an individualized approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Juriaans
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerthe F Kerkhof
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindgren V, Cobian K, Bhat G. Temple syndrome resulting from uniparental disomy is undiagnosed by a methylation assay due to low-level mosaicism for trisomy 14. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1538-1543. [PMID: 33595182 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe a patient with Temple syndrome resulting from maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 who also has low-level mosaicism for trisomy 14. UPD was initially suspected when SNP microarray analysis detected a large region of homozygosity on chromosome 14 and the patient's clinical features were consistent with the phenotype of upd(14)mat. However, SNP arrays cannot prove UPD, as homozygosity may also result from identity by descent. Methylation assays diagnose imprinting disorders such as Prader-Willi, Angelman and Temple syndromes; they detect methylation defects that occur in imprinted loci, which have parent-of-origin-specific expression and have the advantage of making a diagnosis without parental samples. However, in this patient methylation analysis using endpoint PCR detected biparental inheritance. Therefore, sequencing analysis was performed and diagnosed upd(14)mat. Re-examination of the microarray suggested that the explanation for the discrepancy between the array and methylation testing was low-level mosaicism for trisomy 14 and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing detected a trisomic cell line. Thus, this patient's Temple syndrome is a result of a maternal M1 error, which gave a trisomic zygote, followed by loss of the paternal chromosome 14 in an early mitotic division to give maternal UPD with low-level mosaicism for trisomy 14. The methylation assay detected the paternal allele in the trisomic line. The diagnostic failure of the methylation assay in this patient highlights a significant shortcoming of methylation endpoint analysis, especially for Temple syndrome, and underscores the need to use other methods in cases with mosaicism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Lindgren
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Cobian
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gifty Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yakoreva M, Kahre T, Pajusalu S, Ilisson P, Žilina O, Tillmann V, Reimand T, Õunap K. A New Case of a Rare Combination of Temple Syndrome and Mosaic Trisomy 14 and a Literature Review. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:182-189. [PMID: 30181735 DOI: 10.1159/000489446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temple syndrome (TS14) is a relatively recently discovered imprinting disorder caused by abnormal expression of genes at the locus 14q32. The underlying cause of this syndrome is maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 (UPD(14)mat). Trisomy of chromosome 14 is one of the autosomal trisomies; in humans, it is only compatible with live birth in mosaic form. Although UPD(14)mat and mosaic trisomy 14 can arise from the same cellular mechanism, a combination of both has been currently reported only in 8 live-born cases. Hereby, we describe a patient in whom only UPD(14)mat-associated TS14 was primarily diagnosed. Due to the patient's atypical features (for TS14), additional analyses were performed and low-percent mosaic trisomy 14 was detected. It can be expected that the described combination of 2 etiologically related conditions is actually more prevalent. Additional chromosomal and molecular investigations are indicated for every patient with UPD(14)mat-associated TS14 with atypical clinical presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yakoreva
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kahre
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Ilisson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Žilina
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Reimand
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A severely short-statured girl with 47,XX, + 14/46,XX,upd(14)mat, mosaicism. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:377-381. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang S, Qin H, Wang J, OuYang L, Luo S, Fu C, Fan X, Su J, Chen R, Xie B, Hu X, Chen S, Shen Y. Maternal uniparental disomy 14 and mosaic trisomy 14 in a Chinese boy with moderate to severe intellectual disability. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:66. [PMID: 27559361 PMCID: PMC4995659 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both maternal uniparental disomy 14 (UPD(14)mat) and mosaic trisomy 14 are rare events in live individuals. A combination of the two events in one individual is rarely encountered. Only six live-born cases have so far been reported. Case presentation Here we reported a case of concomitant UPD(14)mat and mosaic trisomy 14 in a 10-year-old Chinese patient. Most clinical features of our patient were consistent with those previous reported for UPD(14)mat cases, which include prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulty, intellectual disability, truncal obesity, small hands and feet, short stature, and mild facial dysmorphism, but our patient showed more severe intellectual disability and no sign of precocious puberty. SNP array analysis revealed a mixture of chromosome 14 maternal isodisomy with heterodisomy and a low level trisomy mosaicism of whole chromsome 14 in blood and hyperpigmented skin samples, whereas only UPD(14)mat was detected in normal skin sample. Cytogenetic analysis identified one trisomy 14 cell in 100 metaphase of peripheral blood lymphocytes (47,XX, +14[1]/46,XX[99]). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first case of a patient with UPD(14)mat and mosaic trisomy 14 reported in a Chinese patient. The definitive genetic diagnosis is beneficial for genetic counseling and clinical management of our patient, and for improving our understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlations of concomitant UPD(14)mat and mosaic trisomy 14. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-016-0274-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhang
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Haisong Qin
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Luping OuYang
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Chunyun Fu
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Jiasun Su
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Rongyu Chen
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Bobo Xie
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ioannides Y, Lokulo-Sodipe K, Mackay DJG, Davies JH, Temple IK. Temple syndrome: improving the recognition of an underdiagnosed chromosome 14 imprinting disorder: an analysis of 51 published cases. J Med Genet 2014; 51:495-501. [PMID: 24891339 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 14 harbours an imprinted locus at 14q32. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14, paternal deletions and loss of methylation at the intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) result in a human phenotype of low birth weight, hypotonia, early puberty and markedly short adult stature. The analysis of the world literature of 51 cases identifies the key features that will enhance diagnosis and potentially improve treatment. We found a median birth weight SD score (SDS) of -1.88 and median adult final height of -2.04 SDS. Hypotonia and motor delay were reported in 93% and 83% of cases, respectively. Early puberty was reported in 86% of cases with the mean age of menarche at 10 years and 2 months of age. Small hands and feet were reported frequently (87% and 96%, respectively). Premature birth was common (30%) and feeding difficulties frequently reported (n = 22). There was evidence of mildly reduced intellectual ability (measured IQ 75-95). Obesity was reported in 49% of cases, and three patients developed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two patients were reported to have recurrent hypoglycaemia, and one of these patients was subsequently demonstrated to be growth hormone deficient and started replacement therapy. We propose the use of the name 'Temple syndrome' for this condition and suggest that improved diagnosis and long-term monitoring, especially of growth and cardiovascular risk factors, is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Ioannides
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Human Genetics and Genomics Medicine group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kemi Lokulo-Sodipe
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Human Genetics and Genomics Medicine group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Human Genetics and Genomics Medicine group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Human Genetics and Genomics Medicine group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - I Karen Temple
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Human Genetics and Genomics Medicine group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kotzot D. Growth parameters in maternal uniparental disomy 7 and 14. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:1143-9. [PMID: 17203278 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth retardation has been reported in most cases of maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 7 and 14, but has never been evaluated in a systematic approach. In this study, an analysis is presented of the auxological data from the literature at birth and on the occasion of the last evaluation of 34 cases with maternal UPD 7 (21 heterodisomy, 13 isodisomy) and 29 cases with maternal UPD 14 (22 heterodisomy, 7 isodisomy). For maternal UPD 7, statistical analysis revealed that length and weight at birth as well as on the occasion of the last evaluation were strongly below average (-2.94 SD and -2.62 SD, and -3.39 SD and -3.11 SD, respectively), whereas at both evaluations occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC) was only slightly below the average (-1.00 SD and -0.85 SD). For maternal UPD 14 at birth, growth retardation is rather concordant for length, weight, and OFC (-2.78 SD, -2.84 SD, and -1.69 SD). Later in life body mass index (BMI) is above average (1.06 SD) and continuously increasing before and after puberty (-0.58 SD and 2.07 SD). CONCLUSION Growth retardation and relative macrocephaly are of prenatal onset and still present in adults with maternal UPD 7. For patients with maternal UPD 14, growth curves for height, BMI and OFC differ strongly. Genomic imprinting might be a major causative factor, but it seems to function differently for maternal UPD 7 and maternal UPD 14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Schoepfstr. 41, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tzoufi M, Kanioglou C, Dasoula A, Asproudis I, Tsatsoulis A, Sismani C, Patsalis PC, Georgiou I, Syrrou M. Mosaic trisomy r(14) associated with epilepsy and mental retardation. J Child Neurol 2007; 22:869-73. [PMID: 17715281 DOI: 10.1177/0883073807304196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with moderate mental retardation, benign clinical course of epilepsy, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient has a mosaic karyotype with 2 cell lines: 1 with a ring chromosome 14 [r(14)], and 1 with an apparently duplicated r(14) chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Tzoufi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitter D, Buiting K, von Eggeling F, Kuechler A, Liehr T, Mau-Holzmann UA, Prott EC, Wieczorek D, Gillessen-Kaesbach G. Is there a higher incidence of maternal uniparental disomy 14 [upd(14)mat]? Detection of 10 new patients by methylation-specific PCR. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2039-49. [PMID: 16906536 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14 [upd(14)mat] is associated with a characteristic phenotype including pre- and postnatal growth retardation, muscular hypotonia, feeding problems, motor delay, small hands and feet, precocious puberty and truncal obesity. Patients with upd(14)mat show features overlapping with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and are probably underdiagnosed. Maternal upd(14) is frequently described in carriers of a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 14, but is also found in patients with a normal karyotype. Based on the above mentioned criteria we have identified six patients with upd(14)mat including two patients with a normal karyotype, one patient with a de novo Robertsonian translocation (14;21), one patient with a familial Robertsonian translocation (13;14) and two patients with a marker chromosome. In addition, we analyzed a cohort of 33 patients with low birth weight, feeding difficulties and consecutive obesity in whom PWS had been excluded by methylation analysis of SNRPN. In four of these patients (12%) we detected upd(14)mat. For rapid testing of upd(14)mat we analyzed the methylation status of the imprinted MEG3 locus. In conclusion, we recommend considering upd(14)mat in patients with low birth weight, growth retardation, neonatal feeding problems, muscular hypotonia, motor delay, precocious puberty and truncal obesity as well as in patients with a PWS like phenotype presenting with low birth weight, feeding difficulties and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mitter
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kotzot D, Utermann G. Uniparental disomy (UPD) other than 15: Phenotypes and bibliography updated. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:287-305. [PMID: 15957160 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) describes the inheritance of a pair of chromosomes from only one parent. The concept was introduced in Medical Genetics by Engel (1980); Am J Med Genet 6:137-143. Aside UPD 15, which is the most frequent one, up to now (February 2005) 197 cases with whole chromosome maternal UPD other than 15 (124 X heterodisomy, 59 X isodisomy, and 14 cases without information of the mode of UPD) and 68 cases with whole chromosome paternal UPD other than 15 (13 X heterdisomy, 53 X isodisomy, and 2 cases without information of the mode of UPD) have been reported. In this review we discuss briefly the problems associated with UPD and provide a comprehensive clinical summary with a bibliography for each UPD other than 15 as a guide for genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kotzot D. Maternal uniparental disomy 14 dissection of the phenotype with respect to rare autosomal recessively inherited traits, trisomy mosaicism, and genomic imprinting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 47:251-60. [PMID: 15337470 DOI: 10.1016/j.anngen.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 (upd(14)mat) is characterized by pre and postnatal growth retardation, early onset of puberty, joint laxity, motor delay, and minor dysmorphic features of the face, hands, and feet. Based on a clinical analysis of 24 cases extracted from the literature the phenotype of upd(14)mat was dissected with respect to each symptom's most likely primary causative: trisomy mosaicism, rare autosomal recessively inherited traits, and the impact of known imprinted genes located on chromosome 14q32. As a result, primary factors are confined placental mosaicism for prenatal growth retardation and one or more imprinted genes, which contribute to the reduced final height by accelerated skeletal maturation. As a secondary effect the latter might also cause early onset of puberty. Other secondary effects might be postnatal adaptation problems associated with neurological deficits such as muscular hypotonia due to premature delivery and reduced birthweight and most dysmorphic features as a consequence of subtle skeletal abnormalities and muscular hypotonia. Considering the rarity of traits such as cleft palate, trisomy mosaicism in the fetus is more likely causative than homozygosity of autosomal recessively inherited mutations. Totally, the variable phenotype of upd(14)mat is mainly the consequence of trisomy mosaicism and genomic imprinting. Rare traits might be due to homozygosity of autosomal recessively inherited mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schoepfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|