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Kovaleva NV. Homologous Robertsonian Translocations: Spectrum, Sex Ratios, and Reproductive Risks. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Paz-Y-Miño C, Guevara-Aguirre J, Paz-Y-Miño A, Velarde F, Armendáriz-Castillo I, Yumiceba V, Hernández JM, García JL, Leone PE. Ring chromosome 15 - cytogenetics and mapping arrays: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:340. [PMID: 30442194 PMCID: PMC6238305 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ring chromosome 15 has been associated in previous studies with different clinical characteristic such as cardiac problems, digit and musculoskeletal abnormalities, and mental and motor problems among others. Only 97 clinical cases of ring chromosome 15 syndrome have been reported since 1966 and a common phenotype for these patients has not been established. CASE PRESENTATION The present case report describes a 15-month-old girl from the Amazon region of Ecuador, of Mestizo ancestry, who after cytogenetic tests showed a 46,XX,r(15) karyotype in more than 70% of metaphases observed. Her parents were healthy and non-related. The pregnancy was complicated and was positive for intrauterine growth retardation. Her birth weight was 1950 g, her length was 43.5 cm, and she had a head circumference of 29.3. In addition to postnatal growth delay, she had scant frontal hair, small eyes, hypertelorism, low-set of ears, flattened nasal bridge, anteverted nostrils, down-turned mouth, three café au lait spots, and delayed dentition. CONCLUSIONS Despite the frequency of some phenotypes expressed in the different clinical cases reviewed and the present case, a common phenotype for patients with ring 15 could not be determined and it is restricted to the region of the chromosome lost during the ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Paz-Y-Miño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Reproduction, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ariane Paz-Y-Miño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador.,Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francesca Velarde
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Isaac Armendáriz-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Yumiceba
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jesús María Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis García
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-SACYL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paola E Leone
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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Cinar C, Beyazyurek C, Ekmekci CG, Aslan C, Kahraman S. Sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis reveals normal sperm cells for 14;14 homologous male Robertsonian translocation carrier. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:289.e5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Taibjee SM, Bennett DC, Moss C. Abnormal pigmentation in hypomelanosis of Ito and pigmentary mosaicism: the role of pigmentary genes. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:269-82. [PMID: 15327534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that hypomelanosis of Ito and related disorders such as linear and whorled naevoid hypermelanosis are due to mosaicism for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities. This group of disorders is better termed 'pigmentary mosaicism'. In this review we explain how disparate chromosomal abnormalities might manifest as a common pigmentary phenotype. In particular, we provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that the chromosomal abnormalities reported in these disorders specifically disrupt expression or function of pigmentary genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Taibjee
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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Kovaleva NV, Shaffer LG. Under-ascertainment of mosaic carriers of balanced homologous acrocentric translocations and isochromosomes. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 121A:180-7. [PMID: 12910502 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acrocentric rearrangements are the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans. Carriers of homologous acrocentric rearrangements (Robertsonian translocations (ROBs) between homologous chromosomes and isochromosomes) are at very high risk of having multiple spontaneous abortions and chromosomally abnormal offspring. Parents of fetuses and children with unbalanced homologous acrocentric rearrangements are rarely found to be carriers or mosaic for the same rearrangement. Even though recurrent miscarriages may indicate a carrier parent, carriers are rarely identified. Comparison of non-chromosome 21 homologous rearrangements to rea(21q21q) culled from the literature revealed a 7-fold decrease in the number of mosaic cases among the parents of non-rea(21q21q) offspring. This under-ascertainment in parents may be due to low level mosaicism confined to the gonads, a true biological difference between chromosome 21 rearrangements and other homologous acrocentric rearrangements, or simply to the lack of rigorous clinical investigation of the parental karyotypes to uncover mosaicism. We recommend that polymorphic marker analysis be applied to apparently de novo acrocentric rearrangements to distinguish those resulting from biparental postzygotic formation from those resulting from meiotic formation; the latter of which may indicate a potential carrier parent. Parental chromosomal constitutions could then be screened in a large number of cells and in more than one tissue type to identify mosaicism. Identification of mosaicism allows for accurate genetic counseling and discussion of reproductive options. However, given that mosaicism may be restricted to the gonads, prenatal testing is likely to be desired by the family whether or not mosaicism is found.
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Kotzot D. Complex and segmental uniparental disomy (UPD): review and lessons from rare chromosomal complements. J Med Genet 2001; 38:497-507. [PMID: 11483637 PMCID: PMC1734925 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.8.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review all cases with segmental and/or complex uniparental disomy (UPD), to study aetiology and mechanisms of formation, and to draw conclusions. DESIGN Searching published reports in Medline. RESULTS The survey found at least nine cases with segmental UPD and a normal karyotype, 22 cases with UPD of a whole chromosome and a simple or a non-homologous Robertsonian translocation, eight cases with UPD and two isochromosomes, one of the short arm and one of the long arm of a non-acrocentric chromosome, 39 cases with UPD and an isochromosome of the long arm of two homologous acrocentric chromosomes, one case of UPD and an isochromosome 8 associated with a homozygous del(8)(p23.3pter), and 21 cases with UPD of a whole or parts of a chromosome associated with a complex karyotype. Segmental UPD is formed by somatic recombination (isodisomy) or by trisomy rescue. In the latter mechanism, a meiosis I error is associated with meiotic recombination and an additional somatic exchange between two non-uniparental chromatids. Subsequently, the chromatid that originated from the disomic gamete is lost (iso- and heterodisomy). In cases of UPD associated with one isochromosome of the short arm and one isochromosome of the long arm of a non-acrocentric chromosome and in cases of UPD associated with a true isochromosome of an acrocentric chromosome, mitotic complementation is assumed. This term describes the formation by misdivision at the centromere during an early mitosis of a monosomic zygote. In cases of UPD associated with an additional marker chromosome, either mitotic formation of the marker chromosome in a trisomic zygote or fertilisation of a gamete with a marker chromosome formed in meiosis by a disomic gamete or by a normal gamete and subsequent duplication are possible. CONCLUSIONS Research in the field of segmental and/or complex UPD may help to explain undiagnosed non-Mendelian disorders, to recognise hotspots for meiotic and mitotic recombinations, and to show that chromosomal segregation is more complex than previously thought. It may also be helpful to map autosomal recessively inherited genes, genes/regions of genomic imprinting, and dysmorphic phenotypes. Last but not least it would improve genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kotzot
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 32, D-81675 München, Germany.
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Abstract
Ring chromosomes 21 that contain two copies of the Down syndrome critical region (DCR1), thereby contributing to trisomic dosage, have not been fully characterized by routine cytogenetic methods in the past. We therefore employed the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, using a battery of chromosome 21 probes and conclude that the ring resulted from a centromere to centromere and long arm to long arm fusion that contains alpha-satellite DNA and two copies of the D21S65 locus, but lacks beta-satellite DNA and telomeric DNA. Consequently, we suggest that the origin of the ring may be due to the misdivision of the centromere following the duplication of the long arm, forming a monocentric isochromosome followed by breakage in a region distal to the D21S65 locus and proximal to the telomeric sequences followed by reunion of the broken ends resulting in a monocentric ring. Different ring configurations or fragments were not detected, suggesting that the ring chromosome was highly stable. Apparently, the presence of two copies of Down syndrome loci within the ring chromosome, along with one copy on the normal homologue, caused the clinical consequences of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Conte
- Division of Genetics, Long Island College Hospital, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11201, USA
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Saitoh S, Mutirangura A, Kuwano A, Ledbetter DH, Niikawa N. Isochromosome 15q of maternal origin in two Prader-Willi syndrome patients previously diagnosed erroneously as cytogenetic deletions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 50:64-7. [PMID: 7909198 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since our previous report on two Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patients with t(15q;15q) (Niikawa and Ishikiriyama; Hum Genet 69:22-27, 1985) was erroneous, we report here new data and a corrected interpretation. Reexamination of the parental origin of their t(15q;15q) using polymorphic DNA markers that are mapped to various regions of 15q documented no molecular deletions at the 15q11-q13 region in either patient. Both patients were homozygous at all loci examined and their haplotypes on 15q coincided with one of those in their respective mothers. These results indicate that the presumed t(15q;15q) in each patient was actually an isochromosome 15q producing maternal uniparental disomy, consistent with genomic imprinting at the PWS locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saitoh
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Sybert VP, Pagon RA, Donlan M, Bradley CM. Pigmentary abnormalities and mosaicism for chromosomal aberration: association with clinical features similar to hypomelanosis of Ito. J Pediatr 1990; 116:581-6. [PMID: 2319405 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen patients with hypopigmentation of the skin characteristic of hypomelanosis of Ito, and with developmental disabilities or structural malformations, or both, were examined at our center. Eight were found to have abnormal karyotypes in lymphocytes, fibroblasts, or both. No single clinical feature was predictive of chromosome imbalance in this group of patients. Cytogenetic findings included a balanced de novo X-autosome translocation; ring 10; 45,X/46,X,+ring; mosaic del 13q11 (fibroblasts); mosaic triploidy (fibroblasts); mosaic tetrasomy 12p (fibroblasts); mosaic apparently balanced 15;22 translocation (peripheral blood); and mosaic trisomy 18 (peripheral blood). Hypomelanosis of Ito is characterized by swirly hypopigmentation or depigmentation of the skin with or without other malformations. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked dominant inheritance have been suggested but not confirmed. Chromosomal aneuploidy has also been reported. We believe that hypomelanosis of Ito is an etiologically heterogeneous physical finding, and recommend karyotyping of multiple tissues of all patients with abnormal cutaneous pigmentation associated with developmental delay or structural malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Sybert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105
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10
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Nyhan WL, Mascarello J, Barshop B, Doroski D, Hirschhorn K. Duplication of 16q and deletion of 15q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 34:183-6. [PMID: 2816995 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320340210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A patient with distal arthrogryposis, congenital dislocations of the hips, a prominent forehead, epicanthal folds, thin lips, and a poorly defined philtrum was found to have a deletion of 15q and a duplication of 16q. Her mother, maternal grandmother, and great grandmother had a balanced t(15q-, 16q+). The gene for adenine phosphoribosyl transferase was assignable to the 16q22----16qter area that was duplicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Nyhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0609
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11
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Wong C, Kazazian HH, Stetten G, Earnshaw WC, Van Keuren ML, Antonarakis SE. Molecular mechanism in the formation of a human ring chromosome 21. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:1914-8. [PMID: 2648387 PMCID: PMC286815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the structural rearrangements of a chromosome 21 that led to the de novo formation of a human ring chromosome 21 [r(21)]. Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the DNA regions flanking the ring junction provide evidence for a long arm to long arm fusion in formation of the r(21). In addition, the centromere and proximal long arm region of a maternal chromosome 21 are duplicated in the r(21). Therefore, the mechanism in formation of the r(21) was complex involving two sequential chromosomal rearrangements. (i) Duplication of the centromere and long arm of one maternal chromosome 21 occurred forming a rearranged intermediate. (ii) Chromosomal breaks in both the proximal and telomeric long arm regions on opposite arms of this rearranged chromosome occurred with subsequent reunion producing the r(21).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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12
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Therman E, Susman B, Denniston C. The nonrandom participation of human acrocentric chromosomes in Robertsonian translocations. Ann Hum Genet 1989; 53:49-65. [PMID: 2658738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1989.tb01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the origin of human Robertsonian translocations (RT) and the causes of the nonrandom participation of the different acrocentrics in them. Satellite associations have been analysed in 966 cells from 8 persons, and 1266 RT with ascertainment have been collected from the literature. The observation that the chromosomes preferentially taking part in satellite associations vary between individuals is confirmed. However, since a preferred chromosome appears to associate at random with the others, this phenomenon should not add to the nonrandomness of the RT. Most RT presumably arise through adjacent chromatid exchanges corresponding to mitotic chiasmata, in the pericentric regions of the acrocentrics. Our working hypothesis is that there is a basic exchange rate between any two acrocentrics. The surplus of t(14q21q) is presumed to depend on these two chromosomes having a homologous pericentric region. The 10-20 times higher incidence of t(13q14q) as compared with other RT is best explained by crossing-over between homologous, but relatively inverted, segments in these chromosomes. Of the 246 RT ascertained through repeated abortions or infertility, 56 were found through the latter. Of these, chromosome 14 was involved in 51. The infertility may be caused by a small deletion of 14q, as is often the case in 15q in Prader-Willi syndrome. In all RT ascertained through 21 or 13 trisomy, respectively, the relevant chromosome is one of the participants. Our data thus do not give any support to the idea of interchromosomal effects exerted by RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Therman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Butler MG, Fogo AB, Fuchs DA, Collins FS, Dev VG, Phillips JA. Two patients with ring chromosome 15 syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1988; 29:149-54. [PMID: 3278612 PMCID: PMC5083070 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320290119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on 2 patients (3 1/2 year-old-male and 6-year-old female) with the ring 15 chromosome syndrome and speech delays and review 25 cases from the literature. The main characteristics of this syndrome include growth retardation (100%), variable mental retardation (95%), microcephaly (88%), hypertelorism (46%), and triangular facies (42%). Other frequent findings include delayed bone age (75%), brachydactyly (44%), speech delay (39%), frontal bossing (36%), anomalous ears (30%), café-au-lait spots (30%), cryptorchidism (30%), and cardiac abnormalities (30%). The average age at diagnosis was 8.1 years. The average maternal and paternal age at the time of birth was 28 and 31 years, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Murdock RL, Wurster-Hill DH. Non-reciprocal translocation (5;15), isodicentric (15) and Prader-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1986; 25:61-9. [PMID: 3799724 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320250108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A non-reciprocal translocation (5;15) and an isodicentric (15) resulting in trisomy 15pter----15q1?3 and monosomy 5qter [46,XY,-5,-15,+der(5)t(5;15) (5pter----5q35::15q13----15qter),+idic(15) (pter----q1?3::q1?3----pter)] was found in a 28-year-old profoundly retarded male resident of a state institution. Early developmental history and childhood and adult physical findings resembled those of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patients. The parents' unbanded chromosomes were normal. Blood groups of parents and propositus were uninformative with regard to identifying gene deletions or duplications.
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Neri G, Serra A, Campana M, Tedeschi B. Reproductive risks for translocation carriers: cytogenetic study and analysis of pregnancy outcome in 58 families. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1983; 16:535-61. [PMID: 6660248 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320160412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on studies of the reproductive risks for heterozygous carriers of chromosome translocations. Pregnancy outcome, breakpoints, mode of segregation of the translocated chromosomes, and resulting chromosome imbalance were analyzed in 58 families (46 with reciprocal and 12 with Robertsonian translocations) ascertained for birth of a malformed child, recurrent spontaneous abortion, or hypogonadism. These families include a total of 122 informative sibships. The analysis of the data, after correction for ascertainment bias, showed that the incidence of spontaneous abortion is nearly 50% in reciprocal and between 20 and 25% in Robertsonian translocation families ascertained for malformed child or recurrent abortion. The risk of malformed infants with unbalanced genome is approximately 6% among the liveborn offspring of reciprocal translocation carriers and 23% among the liveborn offspring of carrier mothers of t(14q21q). The distribution of the breakpoints on the chromosomes involved in reciprocal translocations ascertained through a malformed child is nonrandom, with an excess on chromosomes 5, 9, 13, and 15. The study of chromosome imbalance, expressed as gain or loss of a portion of genetic information relative to the total haploid autosome length (percent HAL), shows that among the common types of disjunction-segregation leading to unbalanced gametes, adjacent 1 seems to be the one producing on the average the least level of genome imbalance. This explains why it is the most frequently observed type of segregation giving rise to gametes from which subjects with a chromosome imbalance compatible with life can be generated.
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