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Rothemund H, Greenberg CR, Dawson AJ. Mosaic supernumerary marker chromosome identified as a der(3) by FISH. Clin Genet 1998; 54:526-7. [PMID: 9894801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb03775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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2
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Uehara S, Niinuma T, Senoo M, Okamura K, Yajima A. Scanning electron microscopy of fragmentary marker chromosomes observed by light microscopy. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1996; 179:131-9. [PMID: 8875769 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.179.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To study the fine structure of fragmentary marker chromosomes, we performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on samples isolated from two carriers (Case 1: 46, XY/47, XY, +mar/48, XY, +mar, +mar; Case 2: 47, XY, +mar). In both cases, light microscopic observation revealed that marker chromosomes lacked a centromere and were fragmented in appearance. However, SEM observation of the metaphasic cells in both cases showed three variations. One variation was a structure that seemed to be metacentric, another was a structure that seemed to be submetacentric, and the remaining one was essentially fragmentary. However, neither the usual chromatid nor centromere formations were observed in the metacentric-like and submetacentric-like structures, even when both cases were observed by SEM. Moreover, the marker chromosomes of the boy of Case I, who suffered from various clinical troubles, included a greater population of metacentric-like or submetacentric-like structures than of essentially fragmentary structures. The marker chromosomes of the fetus of Case 2, who suffered from no clinical problems, included a much greater population of essentially fragmentary structures than metacentric-like or submetacentric like structures. Therefore, SEM observation of fragmentary marker chromosomes that are visible on light microscopy might be used to define specific structures. Moreover, SEM observation might provide clinical criteria relating to the pathogenesis of fragmentary marker chromosomes found on light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uehara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Abstract
DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) is a DNA-specific probe which forms a fluorescent complex by attaching in the minor grove of A-T rich sequences of DNA. It also forms nonfluorescent intercalative complexes with double-stranded nucleic acids. The physicochemical properties of the dye and its complexes with nucleic acids and history of the development of this dye as a biological stain are described. The application of DAPI as a DNA-specific probe for flow cytometry, chromosome staining, DNA visualization and quantitation in histochemistry and biochemistry is reviewed. The mechanisms of DAPI-nucleic acid complex formation including minor groove binding, intercalation and condensation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kapuscinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University, Poland
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- T Webb
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Maternity Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham
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5
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Verschraegen-Spae MR, van Roy N, de Perdigo A, de Paepe A, Speleman F. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of marker chromosomes found at prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 1993; 13:385-94. [PMID: 8341637 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970130511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The nature and origin of two de novo small marker chromosomes found at prenatal diagnosis were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome centromere-specific probes and chromosome-specific plasmid libraries. One marker was found in a mosaic state and was shown to be an i(18p). The second marker was characterized as an inv dup(22). We conclude that molecular cytogenetic analysis contributes to the identification of marker chromosomes and therefore facilitates genetic counselling and decision-making for the parents.
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6
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Crolla JA, Dennis NR, Jacobs PA. A non-isotopic in situ hybridisation study of the chromosomal origin of 15 supernumerary marker chromosomes in man. J Med Genet 1992; 29:699-703. [PMID: 1433228 PMCID: PMC1016126 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.10.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen patients presenting with mosaic or non-mosaic karyotypes containing a distamycin-DAPI negative de novo or familial supernumerary marker chromosome were studied with non-isotopic in situ hybridisation using a library of alphoid centromere specific and satellite II/III probes. The in situ hybridisation studies showed that seven markers were derived from satellited autosomes (three chromosome 13/21, two chromosome 14, two chromosome 22), six from non-satellited autosomes (two chromosome 4, one chromosome 12, one chromosome 16, two chromosome 19), and one from the Y chromosome. One non-mosaic marker was negative for all the alphoid and satellite II/III probes used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Crolla
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock, Wiltshire
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7
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Stetten G, Blakemore KJ, Courter AM, Coss CA, Jabs EW. Prenatal identification of small mosaic markers of different chromosomal origins. Prenat Diagn 1992; 12:83-91. [PMID: 1372733 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization using a series of alphoid DNA probes has demonstrated the origin of two small accessory mosaic marker chromosomes ascertained from 1079 amniocenteses. These markers appeared to be de novo, derived from acrocentric chromosomes, and identical by traditional cytogenetic staining (G, Q, C, AgNOR, Hoechst-distamycin). Molecular characterization showed that one marker had originated from chromosome 14, the other from chromosome 22. Clinical outcome in both cases was normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stetten
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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8
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Park VM, Gustashaw KM, Bilenker RM, Golden WL. Diagnosis of tetrasomy 18p using in situ hybridization of a DNA probe to metaphase chromosomes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 41:180-3. [PMID: 1785630 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320410209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We identified an isochromosome of 18p [47,XY, +i(18p)] conclusively by in situ hybridization of an 18p-specific probe (B74; D18S3) to metaphase chromosomes of an affected patient. Clinical findings included mental retardation, microcephaly, and an atrial septal defect. Although there is similarity to patients previously described with tetrasomy 18p, it is impossible to rule out a low frequency of misdiagnoses in karyotypes determined solely by standard cytogenetic analyses. We expect the ability to conclusively identify an i(18p) to lead to the delineation of tetrasomy 18p as a distinct clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Cheung SW, Crane JP, Beaver H. Correlation between phenotypic expression of de novo marker chromosomes and genomic organization using replicational banding. Prenat Diagn 1990; 10:717-24. [PMID: 2284273 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that actively expressed genes are primarily located in early replicating bands. This hypothesis is supported by cytogenetic and pregnancy outcome data from four consecutive cases of prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Two fetuses with major anomalies had large early replicating bands, while the marker in a third phenotypically normal fetus was late replicating. In the fourth case, a ring marker chromosome had only a small early replicating region. Pregnancy termination was elected. While no structural malformations were apparent, potential intellectual function in this case remains unresolved. An understanding of the relationship between genomic organization and chromosome banding is critical in counseling for prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Replicational banding is particularly helpful in recognizing genes that may be actively expressed and result in developmental abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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10
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Waters JJ, Ferguson-Smith ME, Carter N, Alexander JL, Hodgson SV. Prenatal diagnosis of a double bisatellited marker with an unusual copy number ratio. Prenat Diagn 1990; 10:677-81. [PMID: 2274493 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis, by amniocentesis, revealed mosaicism with respect to a bisatellited, apparently dicentric, DA/DAPI positive, de novo marker. The following cell lines were observed in decreasing order of frequency: 46,XX greater than 48,XX,+mar,+mar much greater than 47,XX,+mar. The pregnancy was terminated and post-mortem examination revealed an apparently normal fetus. Cytogenetic studies of fetal and placental tissues revealed approximately the same level of mosaicism together with the unusual copy number ratio seen in the amniotic fluid cultures. Non-disjunction at the first post-zygotic mitotic division giving rise to a mosaic: 46,XX/48,XX,+mar,+mar followed by subsequent mitotic instability of the marker could account for the unusual copy number ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Waters
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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11
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Herens C, Pierquin G, Verloes A, Schaaps JP, Frederic J. Mosaicism of 46,XX/47,XX,+9/47,XX,+?mar in the same amniotic fluid with apparent loss of one cell line after delivery. Prenat Diagn 1989; 9:373-5. [PMID: 2726702 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970090513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 46,XX;47,XX,+9;47,XX,+?mar karyotype was detected in an amniotic fluid cell culture and confirmed in a subsequent fetal blood sample from a 40-year-old woman. After termination of the pregnancy, none of the 186 mitoses obtained from a second blood sample was trisomic for chromosome 9 (p less than 0.001). Selection against cells containing trisomy 9 is postulated to explain the disappearance of the lymphocyte clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herens
- Human Genetic Department, Liège State University, Belgium
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12
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Sakiyama T, Noguchi Y, Shimizu H, Kitagawa T, Nakagome Y. A patient with an extra psu dic(15) chromosome. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1987; 29:768-71. [PMID: 3144140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1987.tb00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Sachs ES, Van Hemel JO, Den Hollander JC, Jahoda MG. Marker chromosomes in a series of 10,000 prenatal diagnoses. Cytogenetic and follow-up studies. Prenat Diagn 1987; 7:81-9. [PMID: 2437554 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a series of 10,000 prenatal diagnoses 15 marker chromosomes were detected in our centre. Six of these were familial whilst nine had originated de novo. They were analysed with various staining methods. DA-DAPI staining was positive in nine out of 12 pregnancies. Six pregnancies were continued. Five normal children were born, one ended in intrauterine fetal death of a normal fetus at 37 weeks. Nine pregnancies were terminated, showing six normal fetuses, one familial cat-eye syndrome, one fetus with Down syndrome caused by additional trisomy 21 and one fetus with cystic kidneys resp. It is concluded that it seems safe to continue the pregnancy in cases of familial marker, identical to that of one parent, whilst a de novo DA-DAPI positive marker seems to present a low risk for fetal anomalies.
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15
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Miny P, Basaran S, Kuwertz E, Holzgreve W, Pawlowitzki IH. Inv dup (15): prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow-up. Prenat Diagn 1986; 6:303-6. [PMID: 3748995 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A de novo inv dup (15) was diagnosed at amniocentesis. No physical abnormalities were detected after birth. The boy developed severe mental and motor retardation, which became obvious at 16 months of age.
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16
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Abstract
The nature and the origin of a supernumerary marker chromosome in a mentally retarded boy were determined by various staining techniques on metaphase chromosomes and by GBG high resolution technique. The karyotype was found to be 47,XY, + inv dup(15) (pter----q13: :q13----pter) and the supernumerary chromosome was of maternal origin.
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