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Trang SH, Joyner DE, Damron TA, Aboulafia AJ, Randall RL. Potential for functional redundancy in EGF and TGFalpha signaling in desmoid cells: a cDNA microarray analysis. Growth Factors 2010; 28:10-23. [PMID: 20092031 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903299387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes that replace or duplicate the function of other genes are considered functionally redundant. In this cDNA microarray study, using an Agilent microarray platform and GeneSifter analysis software, we evaluated (1) the degree of downstream transcriptional redundancy and (2) the level of genetic uniqueness apparent in desmoid tumor cells stimulated in vitro for 3 h or for 24 h with 100 ng/ml of exogenous recombinant human EGF (rhEGF) or with recombinant human transforming growth factor alpha (rhTGFalpha). Our intent was to identify genes costimulated, or genes unique to, desmoid cells stimulated in vitro with rhEGF and rhTGFalpha. This experimental approach demonstrated a 55% transcriptional redundancy in the number of desmoid genes significantly upregulated or downregulated following 3 h of stimulation with rhEGF or with rhTGFalpha, and a 65% transcriptional redundancy following 24 h of growth factor stimulation. Approximately 150 genes costimulated by rhEGF and rhTGFalpha were identified. This study suggests that EGF and TGFalpha retain some level of functional redundancy, possibly resulting from their divergence from a common ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia H Trang
- SARC Laboratory, Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Takeda J, Tabata H, Fukuda K, Yasugi S. Involvement of the signal transduction pathway mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor in the differentiation of chicken glandular stomach. Dev Growth Differ 2002; 44:501-8. [PMID: 12492508 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.2002.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the chicken proventriculus (glandular stomach), the initially undifferentiated epithelium differentiates into two distinct cell populations: the glandular epithelium, cells of which secrete embryonic chicken pepsinogen (ECPg), and luminal epithelial cells, which express the chicken spasmolytic polypeptide gene (cSP). Based on knowledge of the adult mouse stomach, the ligands of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) were expected to affect differentiation of the proventricular epithelium. When EGF was added to the medium in which proventriculi were cultured in vitro, gland formation was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner and the amount of ECPg mRNA decreased, whereas morphological differentiation of luminal epithelium was stimulated. Simultaneous treatment of the proventriculus with EGF and tyrphostin 47 resulted in the attenuation of the effect of EGF, suggesting that EGF, or other ligands of EGFR, may actually be involved in the normal course of development of the proventricular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Sedano HO, Moreira LC, de Souza RA, Moleri AB. Otodental syndrome: a case report and genetic considerations. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2001; 92:312-7. [PMID: 11552150 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old boy presented with otodental syndrome. His maxillary and mandibular incisors were within normal limits. The premolar/molar areas in all quadrants were occupied by markedly macrodontic teeth showing globular shape. The canines had a similar rounded shape. Two canines and 1 of the other abnormal teeth demonstrated areas of yellow hypoplastic enamel. Radiographs revealed that some of the abnormal teeth had bifurcated pulp chambers and pulp stones. Premolar tooth germs were absent. Audiometry demonstrated that the child had a marked bilateral sensorineural hearing loss for frequencies above 1000 Hz. No other members of the immediate family were clinically affected. The parents of the child were not aware of any similarly affected relatives. Suggestions with respect to possible genetic mechanisms and gene participation in the etiology of this syndrome are offered.
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Galis F, Metz JA. Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: on modularity and evolutionary conservation. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2001; 291:195-204. [PMID: 11479918 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phylotypic stage is the developmental stage at which vertebrates most resemble each other. In this study we test the plausibility of the hypotheses of Sander [1983, Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press] and Raff [1994, Early Life on Earth, Columbia University Press; 1996, The Shape of Life, University of Chicago Press] that the phylotypic stage is conserved due to the intense and global interactivity occurring during that stage. First, we test the prediction that the phylotypic stage is much more vulnerable than any other stage. A search of the teratological literature shows that disturbances at this stage lead to a much higher mortality than in other stages, in accordance with the prediction. Second, we test whether that vulnerability is indeed caused by the interactiveness and lack of modularity of the inductions or, alternatively, is caused by some particularly vulnerable process going on at that time. From the pattern of multiple induced anomalies we conclude that it is indeed the interactiveness that is the root cause of the vulnerability. Together these results support the hypotheses of Sander and Raff. We end by presenting an argument on why the absence of modularity in the inductive interactions may also be the root cause of the conservation of the much discussed temporal and spatial colinearity of the Hox genes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:195-204, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galis
- Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences (EEW), Section Theoretical Evolutionary Biology, Leiden University, Kaiserstraat 63, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nandagopal K, Terzaghi-Howe M, Niyogi SK. Receptor recognition by histidine 16 of human epidermal growth factor via hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor interactions. J Cell Biochem 1999; 72:16-24. [PMID: 10025663 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990101)72:1<16::aid-jcb3>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) and human transforming growth factor alpha (hTGFalpha) are prototypical of structurally related polypeptide mitogens which interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Several determinants of receptor recognition that specify function have been proposed on the basis of structural criteria. This study evaluates the role of one such candidate, H16 of hEGF, by site-specific mutagenesis. When assayed for receptor tyrosine kinase stimulation using (Glu4,Tyr1)n as the exogenous substrate in vitro, the relative agonist activities of position 16 mutants range from 14-263% of wild-type hEGF. The rank order of potency was found to correlate with the relative receptor binding affinities of the mutants, which range from 7-272% of wild-type, as determined by radioreceptor competition assays. The mitogenic activity of the H16 mutants is similar to that of wild-type hEGF as determined by clonogenic assays using rat tracheal epithelial cells. While the colony forming efficiencies do not reflect significant differences in growth rate or survival characteristics in the presence of the hEGF variants, it is reduced to 1.6% in control cultures which lack EGF in the medium. The results show that H16 of hEGF, although not essential for mitogenic activity, optimizes receptor recognition by hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor interactions and may share this feature with H18 of hTGFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nandagopal
- The University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831-8080, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Adamson
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla Cancer Research Center, California 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dimitrakopoulos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Semina EV, Reiter R, Leysens NJ, Alward WL, Small KW, Datson NA, Siegel-Bartelt J, Bierke-Nelson D, Bitoun P, Zabel BU, Carey JC, Murray JC. Cloning and characterization of a novel bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor gene, RIEG, involved in Rieger syndrome. Nat Genet 1996; 14:392-9. [PMID: 8944018 DOI: 10.1038/ng1296-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rieger syndrome (RIEG) is an autosomal-dominant human disorder that includes anomalies of the anterior chamber of the eye, dental hypoplasia and a protuberant umbilicus. We report the human cDNA and genomic characterization of a new homeobox gene, RIEG, causing this disorder. Six mutations in RIEG were found in individuals with the disorder. The cDNA sequence of Rieg, the murine homologue of RIEG, has also been isolated and shows strong homology with the human sequence. In mouse embryos Rieg mRNA localized in the periocular mesenchyme, maxillary and mandibular epithelia, and umbilicus, all consistent with RIEG abnormalities. The gene is also expressed in Rathke's pouch, vitelline vessels and the limb mesenchyme. RIEG characterization provides opportunities for understanding ocular, dental and umbilical development and the pleiotropic interactions of pituitary and limb morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Semina
- f1partment of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Slavkin
- Craniofacial Development Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2745, USA
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Abstract
As we celebrate this spectacular 50th anniversary, fluoridation continues to be the most effective public health strategy to reduce the disease burden of dental caries. Curiously, while H. Trendley Dean and his colleagues at the National Institutes of Health were investigating the effects of fluoride on tooth enamel in the mid-1930s, two young boys, one in London and the other in Chicago, were growing up to become the catalysts for another "biological revolution." These two very talented individuals, James Watson and Francis Crick, would later meet by accident at Cambridge and produce their seminal discovery published in April 1953 as a letter in Nature, a one-page article provoking an international scientific adventure to understand living organisms in terms of the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a universal genetic code and a rationale for the applications of recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) in fields as diverse as agriculture, energy, industry, and health. As we now reflect upon the triumphs from fluoridation and ponder the next 50 years and the complexities of craniofacial, oral, and dental diseases, it becomes increasingly evident that recombinant DNA technology coupled with health promotion, disease prevention, and public education offers the promise for remarkable advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutics in oral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Slavkin
- National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Makita Y, Masuno M, Imaizumi K, Yamashita S, Ohba S, Ito D, Kuroki Y. Rieger syndrome with de novo reciprocal translocation t(1;4) (q23.1;q25). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:19-21. [PMID: 7645592 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on a boy with Rieger syndrome, who had an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 4. The clinical manifestations of this patient were characterized by irregular shaped pupils with a prominent Schwalbe line and an umbilical hernia. On cytogenetic studies, he was found to have a de novo reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(1;4) (q23.1;q25), without visible deletion. His parents had normal chromosomes. A review of both cytogenetic and genetic linkage analyses with Rieger syndrome showed that chromosome 4q was involved. This and other previous reports suggested that the gene for Rieger syndrome is mapped to the 4q25-->4q26 segment adjoining the breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Makita
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Japan
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Abstract
This paper is a minireview of molecular biology experimental strategies for problems within craniofacial-oral-dental biology. Many of these strategies have already made remarkable contributions towards understanding the complex developmental processes associated with craniofacial biology. For example, the utilization of these strategies has resulted in the successful mapping of approximately 70 genes related to craniofacial anomalies (e.g., Pax, retinoic acid receptors, cadhedrins, aggrecan, cell adhesion molecules, substrate adhesion molecules, etc.), 30 genes related to dental tissue disorders (e.g., BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins; dentin phosphoproteins, dentin sialoglycoproteins, enamelins, amelogenins), 20 genes related to facial clefting defects (e.g., Hox genes, transforming growth factor alpha), and 3 genes related to craniosynostosis (e.g., Msx-2). This minireview highlights selected examples of scientific progress derived from the following experimental strategies: (i) molecular approaches to the organization of the mouse and human chromosomes, with the mapping of specific gene sequences linked to human diseases (e.g., amelogenesis imperfecta, Boston type craniosynostosis, Rieger's syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome); (ii) reverse genetic approaches for studies of gene function; (iii) homologous recombinations and the advances from "knock-out" transgenic mouse models for human craniofacial-oral-dental diseases; (iv) mutational analyses of congenital craniofacial-oral-dental dysmorphogenesis; (v) structural biology studies using computer-assisted molecular modeling for protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid and protein-inorganic interactions; (vi) computer modeling of genetic paradigms; and (vii) a cluster of newer methodologies including computer-assisted morphometry, new microinjection techniques, new cell membrane and intracellular dyes, and a number of new RNA and DNA viral constructs for the delivery of genes to enhance the resolution of cell fate maps, cell lineage studies and gene therapy approaches to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Slavkin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Lemus D, Cabello R, Lemus R, Soto M, Fuenzalida M. Detection of sugar residues in lizard tooth germs (Liolaemus gravenhorsti) using lectin histochemistry. J Morphol 1994; 222:327-335. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chai Y, Slavkin HC. BIOLOGY OF BONE INDUCTION AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Opitz JM, Gilbert SF. Developmental field theory and the molecular analysis of morphogenesis: A comment on Dr. Slavkin's observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Opitz JM, Mollica F, Sorge G, Milana G, Cimino G, Caltabiano M. Acrofacial dysostoses: review and report of a previously undescribed condition: the autosomal or X-linked dominant Catania form of acrofacial dysostosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 47:660-78. [PMID: 8266994 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The acrofacial dysostoses (AFDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders combining defects of craniofacial and limb development. The predominantly preaxial form is called Nager AFD, the predominantly postaxial form of AFD (POADS) is also known as the Genée-Wiedemann or Miller syndrome. The former appears to be about twice as common as the latter with well-documented autosomal dominant and recessive occurrences in both conditions. Only 1 AD occurrence of POADS is known, but 5 sets of sibs are suggestive of AR inheritance. Heterogeneity of apparently nonsyndromal AFD of both types is powerful support for the hypothesis that the AFDs are polytopic field defects arising during blastogenesis. Six other previously described forms of AFD include the AFD syndrome of Kelly et al. (AR), the Rodríguez or Madrid form of AFD (AR or XLR), the Reynolds or Idaho form of AFD (AD), the Arens or Tel Aviv type of AFD (AF?), the presumed AR AFD syndrome of Richieri-Costa et al., and the AD Patterson-Stevenson-Fontaine syndrome. Here we review the AFDs and report on a previously apparently undescribed autosomal or X-linked dominant form of AFD with mental retardation in a Sicilian mother and her 4 sons.
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