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Pierpont EI, Berry SA, Lin AE, Lohr JL, Schimmenti LA, Dobyns WB. Mary Ella Mascia Pierpont: Geneticist, scientist, mentor, friend (1945-2020). Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:319-323. [PMID: 33241662 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Pierpont
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan A Berry
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie L Lohr
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Section of Adult Congenital and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Hu L, Chen L, Yang L, Ye Z, Huang W, Li X, Liu Q, Qiu J, Ding X. KCTD1 mutants in scalp‑ear‑nipple syndrome and AP‑2α P59A in Char syndrome reciprocally abrogate their interactions, but can regulate Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3895-3903. [PMID: 33000225 PMCID: PMC7533495 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium-channel tetramerization-domain-containing 1 (KCTD1) mutations are reported to result in scalp-ear-nipple syndrome. These mutations occur in the conserved broad-complex, tramtrack and bric a brac domain, which is associated with inhibited transcriptional activity. However, the mechanisms of KCTD1 mutants have not previously been elucidated; thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether KCTD1 mutants affect their interaction with transcription factor AP-2α and their regulation of the Wnt pathway. Results from the present study demonstrated that none of the ten KCTD1 mutants had an inhibitory effect on the transcriptional activity of AP-2α. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that certain mutants exhibited changeable localization compared with the nuclear localization of wild-type KCTD1, but no KCTD1 mutant interacted with AP-2α. Almost all KCTD1 mutants, except KCTD1 A30E and H33Q, exhibited differential inhibitory effects on regulating TOPFLASH luciferase reporter activity. In addition, the interaction region of KCTD1 to the PY motif (amino acids 59–62) in AP-2α was identified. KCTD1 exhibited no suppressive effects on the transcriptional activity of the AP-2α P59A mutant, resulting in Char syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defect and hand abnormalities, by altered protein cellular localization that abolished protein interactions. However, the P59A, P60A, P61R and 4A AP-2α mutants inhibited TOPFLASH reporter activity. Moreover, AP-2α and KCTD1 inhibited β-catenin expression levels and SW480 cell viability. The present study thus identified a putative mechanism of disease-related KCTD1 mutants and AP-2α mutants by disrupting their interaction with the wildtype proteins AP-2α and KCTD1 and influencing the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Zi Ye
- Yali High School of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Junlu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
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3
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Edward HL, D'Gama AM, Wojcik MH, Brownstein CA, Kenna MA, Grant PE, Majzoub JA, Agrawal PB. A novel missense mutation inTFAP2Bassociated with Char syndrome and central diabetes insipidus. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1299-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Edward
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
| | - Alissa M. D'Gama
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease ResearchBoston Children's Hospital Boston, MA United States
| | - Monica H. Wojcik
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease ResearchBoston Children's Hospital Boston, MA United States
| | - Catherine A. Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease ResearchBoston Children's Hospital Boston, MA United States
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication EnhancementBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
| | - P. Ellen Grant
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
| | - Joseph A. Majzoub
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Newborn MedicineDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsDepartment of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease ResearchBoston Children's Hospital Boston, MA United States
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4
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den Toom ML, Meiling AE, Thomas RE, Leegwater PAJ, Heuven HCM. Epidemiology, presentation and population genetics of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the Dutch Stabyhoun dog. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:105. [PMID: 27297070 PMCID: PMC4906750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs and is considered to be a complex, polygenic threshold trait for which a female sex predisposition has been described. Histological studies in dogs suggest that smooth muscle hypoplasia and asymmetry of the ductus tissue is the major cause of PDA. The Stabyhoun population is small and a predisposition for PDA has been suggested. The aims of this study were to describe the incidence, presentation from a clinical and histopathological perspective, and the population genetics of PDA in the Dutch Stabyhoun population. Results Forty-six cases were identified between 2000 and 2013. Between 2009 and 2012 the birth incidence of PDA in the Stabyhoun breed was 1.05 %. We estimated this to be 7–13 times higher than expected in the general dog population. Twelve of the 46 cases were part of a litter in which more than one sibling was affected. There was no sex predilection in our case cohort. Dogs diagnosed in adulthood showed severe cardiomegaly. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the reference population of Stabyhoun dogs was 31.4 % and the actual and effective numbers of founders were 14 and 6.5, respectively. The heritability of PDA was 0.51 (±0.09) for the reference population and 0.41 (±0.10) for the phenotyped population. Histopathology of sections of the PDA from two dogs showed findings similar to those described in other breeds although the smooth muscle of the ductus adjacent to the pulmonary artery appeared more hypoplastic than that in the ductus adjacent to the aorta. Conclusions The Stabyhoun breed shows a strong predisposition for PDA. Apart from the absence of a higher incidence in females, no other significant features distinguish PDA in Stabyhouns from the condition in other dog breeds. Heritability and the mean inbreeding coefficient are both very high making the Dutch Stabyhoun breed particularly suited to the study of inherited risk factors for PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein L den Toom
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Agnes E Meiling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel E Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3485, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri C M Heuven
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
The ductus arteriosus is a vital fetal structure designed to close shortly after birth. Although many physiologic and pharmacologic investigations have characterized the closure of this structure, genetic studies of persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus (patent ductus arteriosus, PDA) are relatively recent. Progress in the identification of specific genes associated with PDA is well behind that of many adult-onset diseases because of several reasons ranging from the lack of large biorepositories for this unique population to the belief that any genetic contribution to PDA is minimal. Viewing the PDA as a complex, developmentally influenced disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors has resulted in initial successes in some genetic studies. We will introduce several genetic approaches, which have been or are currently being applied to the study of PDA, that have been successful in identifying polymorphisms associated with adult diseases. Genetic investigations of PDA will be discussed with respect to heritability, in general, and to specific risk genes. Several animal models that have been used to study PDA-related genes will also be presented. Further advances in discovering genetic variation causing PDA will drive the more rational use of current therapies, and may help identify currently unknown targets for future therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Hajj
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Abstract
Patent arterial duct (PAD) is a congenital heart abnormality defined as persistent patency in term infants older than three months. Isolated PAD is found in around 1 in 2000 full term infants. A higher prevalence is found in preterm infants, especially those with low birth weight. The female to male ratio is 2:1. Most patients are asymptomatic when the duct is small. With a moderate-to-large duct, a characteristic continuous heart murmur (loudest in the left upper chest or infraclavicular area) is typical. The precordium may be hyperactive and peripheral pulses are bounding with a wide pulse pressure. Tachycardia, exertional dyspnoea, laboured breathing, fatigue or poor growth are common. Large shunts may lead to failure to thrive, recurrent infection of the upper respiratory tract and congestive heart failure. In the majority of cases of PAD there is no identifiable cause. Persistence of the duct is associated with chromosomal aberrations, asphyxia at birth, birth at high altitude and congenital rubella. Occasional cases are associated with specific genetic defects (trisomy 21 and 18, and the Rubinstein-Taybi and CHARGE syndromes). Familial occurrence of PAD is uncommon and the usual mechanism of inheritance is considered to be polygenic with a recurrence risk of 3%. Rare families with isolated PAD have been described in which the mode of inheritance appears to be dominant or recessive. Familial incidence of PAD has also been linked to Char syndrome, familial thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection associated with patent arterial duct, and familial patent arterial duct and bicuspid aortic valve associated with hand abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and confirmed with transthoracic echocardiography. Assessment of ductal blood flow can be made using colour flow mapping and pulsed wave Doppler. Antenatal diagnosis is not possible, as PAD is a normal structure during antenatal life. Conditions with signs and symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation secondary to a left-to-right shunt must be excluded. Coronary, systemic and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, peripheral pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation and collateral vessels must be differentiated from PAD on echocardiogram. In preterm infants with symptomatic heart failure secondary to PAD, treatment may be achieved by surgical ligation or with medical therapy blocking prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin or ibuprofen). Transcatheter closure of the duct is usually indicated in older children. PAD in preterm and low birth weight infants is associated with significant co-morbidity and mortality due to haemodynamic instability. Asymptomatic patients with a small duct have a normal vital prognosis but have a lifetime risk of endocarditis. Patients with moderate-to-large ducts with significant haemodynamic alterations may develop irreversible changes to pulmonary vascularity and pulmonary hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Cardiac Surgical Procedures
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/diagnosis
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/epidemiology
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/pathology
- Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/surgery
- Male
- Prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Forsey
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Ola A Elmasry
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Robin P Martin
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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7
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Murugan SJ, Parsons JM, Bennett C. A case of long QT syndrome associated with familial occurrence of persistent patency of the arterial duct. Cardiol Young 2005; 15:309-11. [PMID: 15865837 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951105000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe an occurrence of long QT syndrome in association with persistent patency of the arterial duct in members of a family. Patency of the arterial duct was diagnosed in family members of 4 successive generations. The index case had long QT syndrome associated with such a patent duct. Another patient had long QT syndrome, but associated with a ventricular septal defect. We postulate that there may be a common genetic mechanism for long QT syndrome and persistent patency of the arterial duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Jothi Murugan
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Clinical Genetics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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8
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Mani A, Radhakrishnan J, Farhi A, Carew KS, Warnes CA, Nelson-Williams C, Day RW, Pober B, State MW, Lifton RP. Syndromic patent ductus arteriosus: evidence for haploinsufficient TFAP2B mutations and identification of a linked sleep disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2975-9. [PMID: 15684060 PMCID: PMC549488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409852102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart disease that results when the ductus arteriosus, a muscular artery, fails to remodel and close after birth. A syndromic form of this disorder, Char syndrome, is caused by mutation in TFAP2B, the gene encoding a neural crest-derived transcription factor. Established features of the syndrome are PDA, facial dysmorphology, and fifth-finger clinodactyly. Disease-causing mutations are missense and are proposed to be dominant negative. Because only a small number of families have been reported, there is limited information on the spectrum of mutations and resulting phenotypes. We report the characterization of two kindreds (K144 and K145) with Char syndrome containing 22 and 5 affected members, respectively. Genotyping revealed linkage to TFAP2B in both families. Sequencing of TFAP2B demonstrated mutations in both kindreds that were not found among control chromosomes. Both mutations altered highly conserved bases in introns required for normal splicing as demonstrated by biochemical studies in mammalian cells. The abnormal splicing results in mRNAs containing frameshift mutations that are expected to be degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in haploinsufficiency; even if produced, the protein in K144 would lack DNA binding and dimerization motifs and would likely result in haploinsufficiency. Examination of these two kindreds for phenotypes that segregate with TFAP2B mutations identified several phenotypes not previously linked to Char syndrome. These include parasomnia and dental and occipital-bone abnormalities. The striking sleep disorder in these kindreds implicates TFAP2B-dependent functions in the normal regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mani
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Zhao F, Weismann CG, Satoda M, Pierpont MEM, Sweeney E, Thompson EM, Gelb BD. Novel TFAP2B mutations that cause Char syndrome provide a genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:695-703. [PMID: 11505339 PMCID: PMC1226056 DOI: 10.1086/323410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2001] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate further the role, in normal development and in disease pathogenesis, of TFAP2B, a transcription factor expressed in neuroectoderm, we studied eight patients with Char syndrome and their families. Four novel mutations were identified, three residing in the basic domain, which is responsible for DNA binding, and a fourth affecting a conserved PY motif in the transactivation domain. Functional analyses of the four mutants disclosed that two, R225C and R225S, failed to bind target sequence in vitro and that all four had dominant negative effects when expressed in eukaryotic cells. Our present findings, combined with data about two previously identified TFAP2B mutations, show that dominant negative effects consistently appear to be involved in the etiology of Char syndrome. Affected individuals in the family with the PY motif mutation, P62R, had a high prevalence of patent ductus arteriosus but had only mild abnormalities of facial features and no apparent hand anomalies, a phenotype different from that associated with the five basic domain mutations. This genotype-phenotype correlation supports the existence of TFAP2 coactivators that have tissue specificity and are important for ductal development but less critical for craniofacial and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Constance G. Weismann
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Masahiko Satoda
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary Ella M. Pierpont
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Thompson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Numerous syndromes affecting patients have phenotypes that include congenital heart defects (CHDs). These disorders have fascinated physicians for many years, raising questions about how seemingly disparate aspects of human development can be perturbed together in striking, but consistent, ways. Paralleling the major advances in human genetics during recent decades, we have come to understand that some of these syndromes arise from gross defects in chromosomal number, some from subtler alterations in genomic regions, and still others from point mutations in specific genes. These disorders, largely mendelian in nature, have provided researchers with the wherewithal to discover disease genes underlying CHD. Although some of these medical conditions are relatively rare, their solution has often provided insights that could be applied toward understanding the basis of nonsyndromic CHD. In this review, recent progress toward uncovering the molecular basis of several forms of syndromic CHD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gelb
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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11
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Zannolli R, Mostardini R, Matera M, Pucci L, Gelb BD, Morgese G. Char syndrome: an additional family with polythelia, a new finding. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 95:201-3. [PMID: 11102923 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001127)95:3<201::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a father and daughter with Char syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Both affected individuals had typical face, strabismus, and foot anomalies. The girl also had a patent ductus arteriosus. In addition, both patients had polythelia (supernumerary nipples), a finding not described before in the Char syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zannolli
- Department of Pediatrics, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bertola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Gelb BD, Zhang J, Sommer RJ, Wasserman JM, Reitman MJ, Willner JP. Familial patent ductus arteriosus and bicuspid aortic valve with hand anomalies: a novel heart-hand syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 87:175-9. [PMID: 10533032 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991119)87:2<175::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The association between cardiac and limb defects, particularly those affecting the hand, has been well documented by the delineation of several heart-hand syndromes. Based on observations with a three-generation family with seven affected individuals, we describe a novel heart-hand syndrome comprising patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, 5th metacarpal hypoplasia, and brachydactyly. The inheritance pattern was consistent with autosomal dominance, although X-linked dominance could not be excluded. Penetrance appeared to be complete, but there was variability of the cardiac and hand phenotypes. Because this new syndrome closely resembled Char syndrome (patent ductus arteriosus, 5th finger middle phalangeal hypoplasia, and minor facial anomalies), multipoint linkage analysis was performed using polymorphic DNA markers spanning the recently identified Char syndrome critical region at chromosomal bands 6p12-p21.1. This analysis formally excluded this 3-cM region, documenting that the two traits are not allelic. In sum, a novel heart-hand syndrome involving left ventricular outflow and aortic arch as well as an ulnar ray derivative has been identified. Because the hand anomalies can be subtle, thorough evaluation is suggested for families inheriting these cardiac defects as a mendelian trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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14
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Mah CS, Vaughan CJ, Basson CT. Advances in the molecular genetics of congenital structural heart disease. GENETIC TESTING 1999; 3:157-72. [PMID: 10464664 DOI: 10.1089/gte.1999.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic analyses have generated significant advances in our understanding of congenital heart disease. Techniques of genetic mapping with polymorphic microsatellites and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have provided informative tools for localization and identification of disease genes. Some cardiovascular diseases have proven to result from single gene defects. Others relate to more complex etiologies involving several genes and their interactions. Elucidation of the molecular genetic etiologies of congenital heart disease prompts consideration of DNA testing for cardiac disorders. Future integration of these diagnostic modalities with improved treatments may ultimately decrease morbidity and mortality from congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Hospital, NY 10021, USA
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15
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Satoda M, Pierpont ME, Diaz GA, Bornemeier RA, Gelb BD. Char syndrome, an inherited disorder with patent ductus arteriosus, maps to chromosome 6p12-p21. Circulation 1999; 99:3036-42. [PMID: 10368122 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.23.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a relatively common form of congenital heart disease. Although polygenic inheritance has been implicated, no specific gene defects causing PDA have been identified to date. Thus, a positional cloning strategy was undertaken to determine the gene responsible for the Char syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by PDA, facial dysmorphism, and hand anomalies. METHODS AND RESULTS A genome scan was performed with 46 members of 2 unrelated families in which the disease was fully penetrant but the phenotype differed. Significant linkage was achieved with several polymorphic DNA markers mapping to chromosome 6p12-p21 (maximal 2-point LOD score of 8.39 with D6S1638 at theta=0.00). Haplotype analysis identified recombinant events that defined the Char syndrome locus with high probability to a 3. 1-cM region between D6S459/D6S1632/D6S1541 and D6S1024. CONCLUSIONS A familial syndrome in which PDA is a common feature was mapped to a narrow region of chromosome 6p12-p21. Additional analysis with other families and polymorphic markers as well as evaluation of potential candidate genes should lead to the identification of the Char syndrome gene, which will provide insights into cardiogenesis as well as limb and craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoda
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Cody JD, Pierce JF, Brkanac Z, Plaetke R, Ghidoni PD, Kaye CI, Leach RJ. Preferential loss of the paternal alleles in the 18q- syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 69:280-6. [PMID: 9096757 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970331)69:3<280::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with the 18q- syndrome have variable deletions from the long arm of chromosome 18. They also exhibit a highly variable phenotype. To correlate genotype with phenotype accurately, extensive molecular and phenotypic analyses are needed on each affected individual. As a part of this analysis, we have determined the parental origin of the deleted chromosome in 34 individuals with the 18q- syndrome. We have found that 85% of the de novo deletions are paternal in origin. The percentage of fathers of individuals with paternally derived deletions who were > 30 years old was (not significantly) greater than that of the general population. The mothers of individuals with maternally derived deletions were near an average age for childbearing compared to the general population. Individuals with maternally derived terminal deletions had breakpoints as varied as those with paternally derived deletions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the reduced incidence of maternally derived deletions is not due to reduced viability, since individuals with large maternally derived deletions of chromosome 18q were found. We hypothesize that the prevalence of paternally derived deletions is due to an increased frequency of chromosome breakage in male germ cells. These results are consistent with results observed in other segmental aneusomies in which there is a high incidence of paternally derived deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Cody
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284, USA
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Becker TA, Van Amber R, Moller JH, Pierpont ME. Occurrence of cardiac malformations in relatives of children with transposition of the great arteries. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 66:28-32. [PMID: 8957507 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19961202)66:1<28::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiac malformation, representing 5-7% of all cardiac malformations. Previous estimates of the frequency of cardiac malformations in sibs of probands range from 0-1.7%. This study ascertained the frequency of congenital cardiac malformations in relatives of 271 probands with TGA, who were grouped according to the type of TGA present. These include dextro (d-TGA), levo (l-TGA), complex TGA, and asplenia with TGA. In the d-TGA cases there were 369 sibs, one of whom had a cardiac malformation (0.27%). There were 50 sibs in the l-TGA group, with one sib having a cardiac malformation (2.00%). Cardiac malformations were found in 2 of 143 (1.40%) sibs of the complex TGA index cases, and 1 of 50 (2.00%) sibs in the asplenia with TGA group. The overall recurrence risk of cardiac malformations in sibs of TGA probands was 0.82%. Cardiac malformations in parents of probands were found in 0.29% of d-TGA, 0% of l-TGA, 1.54% of complex TGA, and 0% of asplenia with TGA, giving an overall parental occurrence of 0.55%. This is the first study to provide information on the different types of TGA in evaluating sib occurrence. It provides necessary genetic counseling information for families of probands with TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Becker
- Ray & Hattie Anderson Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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