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Sánchez-Guijo A, Neunzig J, Gerber A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Schuppe HC, Traupe H, Bernhardt R, Wudy SA. Role of steroid sulfatase in steroid homeostasis and characterization of the sulfated steroid pathway: Evidence from steroid sulfatase deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:142-153. [PMID: 27531568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of steroid sulfatase (STS) activity in the circulating levels of both sulfated and unconjugated steroids is only partially known. In addition, the sulfated steroid pathway, a parallel pathway to the one for unconjugated steroids, which uses the same enzymes, has never been characterized in detail before. Patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD) are unable to enzymatically convert sulfated steroids into their unconjugated forms, and are a good model to elucidate how STS affects steroid biosynthesis and to study the metabolism of sulfated steroids. We quantified unconjugated and sulfated steroids in STSD serum, and compared these results with data obtained from serum of healthy controls. Most sulfated steroids were increased in STSD. However, androstenediol-3-sulfate and epiandrosterone sulfate showed similar levels in both groups, and the concentrations of androsterone sulfate were notably lower. Hydroxylated forms of DHEAS and of pregnenolone sulfate were found to be increased in STSD, suggesting a mechanism to improve the excretion of sulfated steroids. STSD testosterone concentrations were normal, but cholesterol and DHEA were significantly decreased. Additionally, serum bile acids were three-fold higher in STSD. Correlations between concentrations of steroids in each group indicate that 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone-3-sulfate in men is mainly biosynthesized from the precursor pregnenolone sulfate and androstenediol-3-sulfate from DHEAS. These findings confirm the coexistence of two steroidogenic pathways: one for unconjugated steroids and another one for sulfated steroids. Each pathway is responsible for the synthesis of specific steroids. The equal levels of testosterone, and the reduced level of unconjugated precursors in STSD, support that testosterone is primarily synthesized from sulfated steroids. In consequence, testosterone synthesis in STSD relies on an enzyme with sulfatase activity other than STS. This study reveals that STS is a key player of steroid biosynthesis regulating the availability of circulating cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Adrian Gerber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Takeichi T, Sugiura K, Hsu CK, Tanahashi K, Takama H, Simpson MA, McGrath JA, Akiyama M. Novel indel mutation of STS underlies a new phenotype of self-healing recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:317-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Langlois S, Armstrong L, Gall K, Hulait G, Livingston J, Nelson T, Power P, Pugash D, Siciliano D, Steinraths M, Mattman A. Steroid sulfatase deficiency and contiguous gene deletion syndrome amongst pregnant patients with low serum unconjugated estriols. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:966-74. [PMID: 19609942 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain all prenatally diagnosed cases of Steroid Sulfatase (STS) deficiency in British Columbia between August 2002 and July 2007 to determine the incidence of this condition, the clinical and laboratory findings, and the risk of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of these patients to obtain detailed information about the maternal serum screening results, family history, investigations performed, and outcome of the pregnancy. RESULTS Thirty pregnant patients were found to have a male fetus/infant with STS deficiency, giving a minimal estimated incidence of this condition of approximately 1 in 1513 males. In twenty nine cases, this condition was isolated. One patient was found to have a contiguous gene deletion syndrome. In cases of sporadic STS deficiency diagnosed prenatally, the frequency of contiguous gene deletion syndrome in this study was 1 out of 12 (8.3%). CONCLUSION The clinical, cytogenetic and molecular data on this series of prenatally diagnosed cases of STS deficiency indicates that this is a common condition and in cases with no family history, the risk of contiguous gene deletion syndrome is significant, and warrants additional molecular genetic investigations of the mother and/or fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Langlois
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Braun-Falco M, Schempp W, Weyers W. Molecular diagnosis in dermatopathology: What makes sense, and what doesn’t. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:12-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hosomi N, Fukai K, Tanaka A, Fujita H, Ishii M. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis is useful for the diagnosis of the carrier state of X-linked ichthyosis. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:529-30. [PMID: 18412879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hernández-Martín A. Avances biomoleculares en los trastornos epidérmicos hereditarios. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2005; 96:203-16. [PMID: 16476370 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(05)73072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the genes responsible for many hereditary skin diseases have been discovered. These genes encode different proteins that participate in the terminal differentiation of the epidermis, so their alteration or absence causes a keratinization disorder and/or an increase in skin fragility. Thanks to genetic analyses, we have been able to understand the physiopathology of numerous genodermatoses and we have become closer to diagnosing many others. In the not-too-distant future, biomolecular techniques may foreseeably help us prevent and treat these processes, which include skin diseases as serious as epidermolysis bullosa or epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. In this article, we will study the most recent biomolecular findings referring to keratinization and epidermal disorders, mentioning the altered genes and/ or the defective proteins that cause them.
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Thauvin-Robinet C, Lambert D, Vaillant G, Caillier P, Donzel A, Cusin V, Huet F, Teyssier JR, Mugneret F, Faivre L. X-linked recessive ichthyosis in a girl: strategy for identifying the causal mechanism. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:191-3. [PMID: 15656835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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González-Huerta LM, Riviera-Vega MR, Kofman-Alfeuro SH, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. Novel missense mutation (Arg432Cys) in a patient with steroid sulphatase-deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59:263-4. [PMID: 12864806 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.17851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Matsukura H, Fuchizawa T, Ohtsuki A, Higashiyama H, Higuchi O, Higuchi A, Miyawaki T. End-stage renal failure in a child with X-linked ichthyosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18:297-300. [PMID: 12644929 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-002-1042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Revised: 10/16/2002] [Accepted: 10/16/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe an 8-year-old boy who presented with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) associated with X-linked ichthyosis (XLI). At birth, the patient exhibited scaly skin, cryptorchidism, and steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency. DNA analysis showed deletion of exons 1-10 of the STS gene. Proteinuria developed at 6 years and was resistant to steroid therapy. Kidney biopsy findings prior to steroid therapy were compatible with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. By immunofluorescence, glomerular basement membranes exhibited diffuse linear staining for the alpha5 chain of collagen IV, making X-linked Alport syndrome an unlikely explanation for the association of SRNS and ichthyosis. Despite immunosuppressive therapy together with oral prednisolone, no clinical response was achieved. He rapidly reached end-stage renal failure and finally underwent renal transplantation. We propose that SRNS should be considered as one of the highly variable phenotypes associated with XLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Matsukura
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, 33-1 Kusunoki, 931-8533, Toyama, Japan.
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Rivera-Vega MR, Dueñas E, Jimenez-Vaca AL, Valdes-Flores M, Gonzalez-Huerta LM, Kofman-Alfaro SH, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. A novel association in a family with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum and x-linked ichthyosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2003; 20:182-4. [PMID: 12657025 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20221_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cuevas-Covarrubias SA, Jiménez-Vaca AL, González-Huerta LM, Valdes-Flores M, Del Refugio Rivera-Vega M, Maya-Nunez G, Kofman-Alfaro SH. Somatic and germinal mosaicism for the steroid sulfatase gene deletion in a steroid sulfatase deficiency carrier. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:972-5. [PMID: 12406347 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.t01-1-00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase deficiency results in X-linked ichthyosis, an inborn error of metabolism in which the principal molecular defect is the complete deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and flanking markers. Mosaicism for the steroid sulfatase gene has not yet been reported in X-linked ichthyosis. In this study we describe an X-linked ichthyosis patient with complete deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and his mother with somatic and germinal mosaicism for this molecular defect. The family (X-linked ichthyosis patient, grandmother, mother, and sister) was analyzed through steroid sulfatase enzyme assay, polymerase chain reaction, DNA markers, and fluorescence in situ hybridization of the steroid sulfatase gene. Steroid sulfatase activity was undetectable in the X-linked ichthyosis patient, very low in the mother, and normal in the grandmother and sister. The X-linked ichthyosis patient showed a 2 Mb deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene and flanking regions from 5'DXS1139 to 3'DXF22S1. The mother showed one copy of the steroid sulfatase gene in 98.5% of oral cells and in 80% of leukocytes. The grandmother and sister showed two copies of the steroid sulfatase gene. The origin of the X chromosome with the deletion of the steroid sulfatase gene corresponded to the grandfather of the proband. We report the first case of somatic and germinal mosaicism of the steroid sulfatase gene in an X-linked ichthyosis carrier and propose DNA slippage as the most plausible mechanism in the genesis of this mosaicism.
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