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Huggins LKL, Min SH, Kaplan S, Wei J, Welsh-Bohmer K, Xu H. Meta-Analysis of Variations in Association between APOE ɛ4 and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Across Hispanic Regions of Origin. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:1095-1109. [PMID: 37182874 PMCID: PMC10441171 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research has shown racial and ethnic variations in the magnitude of association between the apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) allele and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Studies researching this association among Hispanic groups within and outside of the United States have produced inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the APOE ɛ4 allele and the risk of developing ADRD in global Hispanic populations from different ethnic regions of origin. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycInfo were searched for studies relating to Hispanic/Latin American origin, APOE ɛ4, and ADRD. Odds ratios (OR) of ADRD risk for individuals with APOE ɛ4 versus those without APOE ɛ4 were extracted and calculated using random effects analysis. RESULTS 20 eligible studies represented Caribbean Hispanic, Mexican, South American, Spanish, and Cuban groups. Overall, APOE ɛ4 was significantly associated with increased risk of ADRD (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.80, 95% CI: 2.38-6.07). The association was only significant in the South American (OR: 4.61, 95% CI: 2.74-7.75) subgroup. CONCLUSION There was an association between APOE ɛ4 and increased ADRD risk for the South American subgroup. The strength of this association varied across Hispanic subgroups. Data is limited with more studies especially needed for adjusted analysis on Spanish, Central American, Cuban Hispanic, and Caribbean Hispanic groups. Results suggest additional environmental or genetic risk factors are associated with ethnic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenique KL Huggins
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Se Hee Min
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Kaplan
- Duke University Medical Center Library and Archives, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jingkai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kathleen Welsh-Bohmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanzhang Xu
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Bunk J, Prieto Huarcaya S, Drobny A, Dobert JP, Walther L, Rose-John S, Arnold P, Zunke F. Cathepsin D Variants Associated With Neurodegenerative Diseases Show Dysregulated Functionality and Modified α-Synuclein Degradation Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:581805. [PMID: 33681191 PMCID: PMC7928348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.581805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a lysosomal protease important for the degradation of various substrates, including disease-associated proteins like α-synuclein (a-syn), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau, all of which tend to aggregate if not efficiently degraded. Hence, it is not surprising that genetic variants within the CTSD gene have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (PD, AD), as well as the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type-10 (NCL10). Although recent studies have shown the molecular dependence of substrate degradation via CTSD within autophagic pathways, only little is known about the precise role of lysosomal CTSD function in disease development. We here performed biochemical, cellular and structural analyses of eleven disease-causing CTSD point mutations found in genomic sequencing data of patients to understand their role in neurodegeneration. These CTSD variants were analyzed for cellular localization, maturation and enzymatic activity in overexpression analyses. Moreover, for PD-associated mutants, intracellular degradation of a-syn was monitored. In summary, our results suggest that NCL10-associated CTSD variants are significantly impaired in lysosomal maturation and enzymatic activity, whereas the AD- and PD-associated variants seemed rather unaffected, indicating normal maturation, and lysosomal presence. Interestingly, a PD-associated CTSD variant (A239V) exhibited increased enzymatic activity accompanied by enhanced a-syn degradation. By structural analyses of this mutant utilizing molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), we identified a structural change within a loop adjacent to the catalytic center leading to a higher flexibility and potentially accelerated substrate exchange rates. Our data sheds light onto the role of CTSD in disease development and helps to understand the structural regulation of enzymatic function, which could be utilized for targeted CTSD activation. Because of the degradative function of CTSD, this enzyme is especially interesting for therapeutic strategies tackling protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susy Prieto Huarcaya
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lina Walther
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Kettwig M, Ohlenbusch A, Jung K, Steinfeld R, Gärtner J. Cathepsin D Polymorphism C224T in Childhood-Onset Neurodegenerative Disorders: No Impact for Childhood Dementia. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 7:14-18. [PMID: 29441216 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1607341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Compromised lysosomal functioning has been identified as a major risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Furthermore, the association between a defined cathepsin D ( CTSD ) polymorphism and a higher risk of sporadic Alzheimer's disease has been established for particular populations. Here, we analyzed 189 children with rare neurodegenerative disease for carrying the T-allele by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We found no statistical differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the neurodegenerative group and European descent participants of genetic studies using the Cochran-Armitage's trend test. In contrast to adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, analysis of clinical datasets of children carrying the T-allele did not demonstrate differences to the general disease group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlenbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Intitute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Steinfeld
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Vidoni C, Follo C, Savino M, Melone MAB, Isidoro C. The Role of Cathepsin D in the Pathogenesis of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:845-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Miriam Savino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Mariarosa A. B. Melone
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine and Surgery; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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5
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Sayad A, Noruzinia M, Zamani M, Harirchian MH, Kazemnejad A. Association study of cathepsin D gene polymorphism in Iranian patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2015; 37:257-64. [PMID: 24281128 DOI: 10.1159/000347128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent forms of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Complex inheritance and multifactorial patterns of late-onset AD (LOAD) along with its heterogeneity are due to the presence of different AD-predisposing genes with different influence on disease development among various populations. A key event in the pathogenesis of AD is the deposition of β-amyloid peptide, which is derived from the amyloid precursor protein by β- and γ-secretases. Cathepsin D (CTSD) is an acid protease with β- and γ-secretase-like features in vitro. An exonic C→T polymorphism at position 224 of the CTSD gene (rs: 17571) has been shown to be associated with the enzyme function of CTSD and with AD. Two studies in the German population reported a strong association of this polymorphism with an increased risk of developing AD, while other studies did not confirm this observation. We tested for this association in a case-control study in 100 Iranian sporadic LOAD patients based on diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-TR and NINCDS-ADRDA and in 100 normal controls without any personal and family history of AD or other related dementias. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was set up to detect this polymorphism. Our study demonstrated that T-carrying genotype frequency in AD patients is significantly higher than in controls and there was a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing AD in the T-carrying genotype compared to C/C genotype (odds ratio = 2.5, p = 0.010). The odds ratio for subjects with the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) allele was 2.91 (p = 0.003) and carriers of the CTSD T and APOE ε4 alleles had a 6.25-fold increased risk of the disease (p = 0.0). Our results indicate that CTSD genotype is associated with the disease and a combination of the above risk factors significantly alters the risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Polajnar M, Zavašnik-Bergant T, Škerget K, Vizovišek M, Vidmar R, Fonović M, Kopitar-Jerala N, Petrovič U, Navarro S, Ventura S, Žerovnik E. Human stefin B role in cell's response to misfolded proteins and autophagy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102500. [PMID: 25047918 PMCID: PMC4105463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative functions, apart from cathepsins inhibition, are being discovered for stefin B. Here, we investigate its role in vesicular trafficking and autophagy. Astrocytes isolated from stefin B knock-out (KO) mice exhibited an increased level of protein aggregates scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Addition of stefin B monomers or small oligomers to the cell medium reverted this phenotype, as imaged by confocal microscopy. To monitor the identity of proteins embedded within aggregates in wild type (wt) and KO cells, the insoluble cell lysate fractions were isolated and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Chaperones, tubulins, dyneins, and proteosomal components were detected in the insoluble fraction of wt cells but not in KO aggregates. In contrast, the insoluble fraction of KO cells exhibited increased levels of apolipoprotein E, fibronectin, clusterin, major prion protein, and serpins H1 and I2 and some proteins of lysosomal origin, such as cathepsin D and CD63, relative to wt astrocytes. Analysis of autophagy activity demonstrated that this pathway was less functional in KO astrocytes. In addition, synthetic dosage lethality (SDL) gene interactions analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human stefin B suggests a role in transport of vesicles and vacuoles These activities would contribute, directly or indirectly to completion of autophagy in wt astrocytes and would account for the accumulation of protein aggregates in KO cells, since autophagy is a key pathway for the clearance of intracellular protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Polajnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Škerget
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Vidmar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Kopitar-Jerala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CipKeBip - Center of Excellence for integrated approaches in chemistry and biology of proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Mo C, Peng Q, Sui J, Wang J, Deng Y, Xie L, Li T, He Y, Qin X, Li S. Lack of association between cathepsin D C224T polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease risk: an update meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:13. [PMID: 24423188 PMCID: PMC3901763 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism has been reported to associate with AD susceptibility. But the results were inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the relationship between C224T polymorphism and AD risk. METHODS The relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Wan fang electronic databases updated on July 2013. The relationship between Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism and AD risk was evaluated by ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS A total of 25 case-control studies including 5,602 cases and 11,049 controls were included in the meta-analysis. There was no association between C224T polymorphism and AD risk with all the studies were pooled in the meta-analysis (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.125, 95% CI = 0.974-1.299, P = 0.109; CT + TT vs. CC: OR = 1.136, 95% CI = 0.978-1.320, P = 0.094). Furthermore, when stratified by ethnicity, age of onset and APOEϵ4 status, significant association did not found in all subgroups. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggested that the Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism was not associated with AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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8
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Yun J, Park YJ, Kim YH, Cho YS, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of cathepsin D is not associated with vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:419-23. [PMID: 20597865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D, the most abundant lysosomal and endosomal aspartyl protease, shows beta and gamma secretase activity in vitro by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid beta protein (Aβ). Polymorphism at position 224, C224T, on exon 2 of cathepsin D gene (CTSD) has been associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by some investigators, but there have been contrary findings by others. However, an association between CTSD polymorphism and vascular dementia (VaD) has not been reported thus far. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a polymorphism at CTSD C224T is associated with VaD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype and allele frequencies at this polymorphism site in clinically assessed 162 VaD patients with those in 197 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The major genotype frequency at CTSD C224T in normal controls was higher in the Asian population than in various European populations. Our study does not show a significant difference in genotype (P=0.3071) and allele (P=0.2291) frequencies of CTSD C224T between VaD and normal controls. This was the first genetic association study of CTSD in a VaD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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9
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Albayrak O, Tirniceriu A, Riemenschneider M, Kurz A, Scherag A, Egensperger R. The cathepsin D (224C/T) polymorphism confers an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease in men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:219-24. [PMID: 20083556 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal protease cathepsin D is likely involved in beta-amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence for a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs17571) of the cathepsin D gene to be associated with increased AD risk. However, little is known about gender-specific differences. Therefore, we performed a genetic association study focusing on gender-specific differences in 434 participants (219 AD and 215 controls). Screening of the rs17571 shows a significantly higher proportion of T-allele carriers among male Alzheimer patients (28.5%) when compared with male controls (13.8%, p = .013, p(corr) = .039). The odds ratio was 2.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-5.58). There was no significant difference in the T-allele distribution in women. Including APOE4 status and age did not have an additional effect on the morbidity risk. Thus, our results support the idea that rs17571 confers an increased risk for AD in men but not in women. Further investigation should substantiate the role of gender for AD risk of rs17571.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Albayrak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LVR Klinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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10
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Schuur M, Ikram MA, van Swieten JC, Isaacs A, Vergeer-Drop JM, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM. Cathepsin D gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1607-14. [PMID: 19926167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a gene involved in amyloid precursor protein processing and is considered a candidate for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the current study was to examine if variation in CTSD increases the risk of AD. We performed a candidate-gene analysis in a population-based cohort study (N=7983), and estimated the effect of CTSD on the risk of AD. Additionally, a large meta-analysis was performed incorporating our data and previously published data. The T-allele of CTSD rs17571 was associated with an increased risk of AD (p-value 0.007) in the Rotterdam Study. This association was predominantly found in APOE ε4 noncarriers. A meta-analysis of previously published data showed a significantly increased risk of AD in carriers of the T-allele of rs17571 (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.44), irrespective of APOE ε4 carrier status. This study adds to the evidence that CTSD increases the risk of AD, although the effect size is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuur
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit of the Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Bishop MT, Kovacs GG, Sanchez-Juan P, Knight RSG. Cathepsin D SNP associated with increased risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:31. [PMID: 18426579 PMCID: PMC2374769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) originally resulted from the consumption of foodstuffs contaminated by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) material, with 163 confirmed cases in the UK to date. Many thousands are likely to have been exposed to dietary infection and so it is important (for surveillance, epidemic modelling, public health and understanding pathogenesis) to identify genetic factors that may affect individual susceptibility to infection. This study looked at a polymorphism in the cathepsin D gene (refSNP ID: rs17571) previously examined in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Blood samples taken from 110 vCJD patients were tested for the C-T base change, and genotype data were compared with published frequencies for a control population using multiple logistic regression. Results There was a significant excess of the cathepsin D polymorphism TT genotype in the vCJD cohort compared to controls. The TT genotype was found to have a 9.75 fold increase in risk of vCJD compared to the CT genotype and a 10.92 fold increase compared to the CC genotype. Conclusion This mutation event has been observed to alter the protease activity of the cathepsin D protein and has been linked to an increase in amyloid beta plaque formation in AD. vCJD neuropathology is characterised by the presence of amyloid plaques, formed from the prion protein, and therefore alterations in the amyloid processing activity of cathepsin D may affect the neuropathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Bishop
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, Bryan Matthews Building, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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12
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Marks N, Berg MJ. Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:184-215. [PMID: 17719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of beta-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (gamma-secretase, gamma-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (alpha-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified alpha/beta-secretases facilitate drug discovery, gamma-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
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13
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Capurso C, Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso SA, Mastroianni F, Liaci M, Vendemiale G, Capurso A, Panza F. The cathepsin D gene exon 2 (C224T) polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease in European populations. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60:991-6. [PMID: 16127101 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/60.8.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cathepsin D gene (CTSD) exon 2 (C224T) polymorphism has been associated with an increased risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), but with controversial findings. We studied CTSD exon 2 (C224T) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype frequencies in 168 AD patients and 218 age-matched healthy controls from Southern Italy. No statistically significant differences were found in CTSD allele or genotype frequencies between AD patients and controls, and there were no interactions with sex or APOE genotype. Furthermore, comparing our results with the findings from other European populations, the CTSD*T allele frequency showed a statistically significant increasing trend from Northern to Southern regions of Europe in AD patients and controls (z=2.51, p<.01; z=4.02, p<.001, respectively), with a concomitant inverse trend for CTSD*C allele frequency. The regional differences in CTSD allele frequencies could be related to the different patterns of association between this polymorphism and AD in various European studies.
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Salanti G, Amountza G, Ntzani EE, Ioannidis JPA. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in genetic association studies: an empirical evaluation of reporting, deviations, and power. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:840-8. [PMID: 15827565 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the testing and reporting of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in recent genetic association studies, detected how frequently HWE was violated and estimated the power for HWE testing in this literature. Genetic association studies published in 2002 in Nature Genetics, American Journal of Human Genetics, and American Journal of Medical Genetics were assessed. Data were analyzed on 239 biallelic associations using 154 distinct genotype distribution data sets where HWE could be tested. Any information on HWE was given only for 150 (62.8%) associations (92 (59.7%) data sets). Reanalysis of the data showed significant deviation from HWE in the disease-free controls of 20 associations (13 data sets), but only four of them (two data sets) were admitted in the published articles. Another four deviations (in two data sets) were observed in the combined sample of cases and controls of studies where both cases and controls were diseased, and none were reported in the papers. In all six tested multiallelic associations (six data sets), there was violation of HWE, but this was not admitted in the published articles. Power calculations showed that most studies conforming to HWE simply were largely underpowered to detect HWE deviation; for example, power to detect an inbreeding of magnitude F=0.10 exceeded 80% in only 11 (7%) of the data sets being tested. This empirical evidence suggests that, even in high profile genetics journals, testing and reporting for HWE is often neglected and deviations are rarely admitted in the published reports. Moreover, power is limited for HWE testing in most current genetic association studies.
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Jhoo JH, Park WY, Kim KW, Lee KH, Lee DY, Youn JC, Choo IH, Seo JS, Woo JI. Lack of association of cathepsin D genetic polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease in Koreans. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 41:121-7. [PMID: 16085063 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CatD) is a good candidate susceptibility marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD), since it was found to be involved in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and the formation of the hyperphosphorylated tau. And recently, a CatD genetic polymorphism was found to be associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a German population. However, the CatD T-AD association has not been replicated in a series of the successive independent studies in other races. Therefore, we determined CatD genotypes to examine the possible association of the CatD polymorphism with AD in Koreans. We failed to find significant association between the CatD T allele and AD. In addition, the CatD T--AD association was not significant regardless of the age at onset or the occurrence of the apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele. However, we cannot exclude the possible contribution of the CatD in the development of AD, since the power of the present study was not high enough because of low allelic frequency of the CatD T in Koreans and small sample size. In conclusion, the association between the CatD genetic polymorphism and AD was not found in Koreans, although it waits for further replication in an extended sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeong Jhoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Pundang Jesaeng Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, 255-2 Seohyun, Seongnam, Kyunggi 463-774, Republic of Korea
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Li XQ, Chen D, Zhang ZX, Qu QM, Zhang JW. Association between cathepsin D polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in a Chinese Han population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 18:115-9. [PMID: 15211064 DOI: 10.1159/000079189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is an intracellular aspartyl protease, which is active in the endosomal/lysosomal system. CTSD may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through cleaving the amyloid precursor protein into beta-amyloid peptide and degrading tau protein into fragments. A functional polymorphism in exon 2 of the cathepsin D gene (C-->T, Ala224Val) has recently been reported to increase the risk for AD in some of the Caucasian populations, with a significant overrepresentation of the T allele, but these reports have not been universally duplicated. We performed an association study between CTSD polymorphism and AD in 156 sporadic AD patients and 183 controls of Chinese Han ethnicity. Our data revealed that the distribution of CTSD genotypes and alleles was similar in patients and controls. No direct association was found between CTSD polymorphism and AD risk. There might be a weak synergistic interaction between CTSD T and APOEepsilon4 allele in increasing the risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Li
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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17
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Arosio B, Trabattoni D, Galimberti L, Bucciarelli P, Fasano F, Calabresi C, Cazzullo CL, Vergani C, Annoni G, Clerici M. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:1009-15. [PMID: 15212825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), it has been proposed that the anti-inflammatory interleukins such as IL-10 regulate beta-amyloid-induced microglial inflammatory responses inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Since the promoters of the IL-10 and IL-6 genes show single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (IL-10: -1082 G --> A; IL-6: -174 G --> C), we investigated these SNPs and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 65 AD patients and 65 controls (HC). In AD there was a significant increase of the -1082A IL-10 allele (P=0.009) and a decrease of -1082GG genotype (P=0.019). The frequency of the GG IL-6 genotype in AD was lower and the C allele significantly higher (P <0.005). The co-occurrence of IL-10 A and IL-6 C alleles significantly raised the odds ratio (OR 11.2, confidence interval: CI 1.3-97.3; P <0.05) independently of apolipoprotein E4 (adjusted OR 10.3, CI 1-108; P <0.05). Only amyloid-stimulated IL-10 production differed between the groups (P=0.023). These results raise questions regarding the inflammatory theory in AD, pointing to a pivotal role of IL-10 and IL-6 and a selective alteration in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Geriatrics, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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Rocchi A, Pellegrini S, Siciliano G, Murri L. Causative and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Brain Res Bull 2003; 61:1-24. [PMID: 12788204 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly population. Three genes have been identified as responsible for the rare early-onset familial form of the disease: the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene and the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene. Mutations in these genes, however, account for less than 5% of the total number of AD cases. The remaining 95% of AD patients are mostly sporadic late-onset cases, with a complex aetiology due to interactions between environmental conditions and genetic features of the individual. In this paper, we review the most important genes supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, known as susceptibility genes, in an attempt to provide a comprehensive picture of what is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of AD. Hypotheses about the role of each gene in the pathogenic pathway are discussed, taking into account the functions and molecular features, if known, of the coded protein. A major susceptibility gene, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, found to be associated with sporadic late-onset AD cases and the only one, whose role in AD has been confirmed in numerous studies, will be included in a specific chapter. As the results reported by association studies are conflicting, we conclude that a better understanding of the complex aetiology that underlies AD may be achieved likely through a multidisciplinary approach that combines clinical and neurophysiological characterization of AD subtypes and in vivo functional brain imaging studies with molecular investigations of genetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rocchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurological Clinics, University of Pisa Medical School, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Payton A, Holland F, Diggle P, Rabbitt P, Horan M, Davidson Y, Gibbons L, Worthington J, Ollier WER, Pendleton N. Cathepsin D exon 2 polymorphism associated with general intelligence in a healthy older population. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:14-8. [PMID: 12556904 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
General intelligence is a heritable trait that is a risk factor for both the onset of dementia and the rate of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons. Previous studies screening for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence general intelligence in healthy individuals have identified four loci, two of which are located within the genes insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) and the Msx1 homeobox. Here, we report the finding of another QTL associated with general intelligence that is located within exon 2 of the cathepsin D (CTSD) gene. A group of 767 healthy adults with a follow-up period of over 15 years have been analyzed for cross-sectional and longitudinal trends in cognitive change using the Heim intelligence test score (AH4-1). We observed a significant association (P = 0.01) between a functional C > T (Ala > Val) transition within exon 2 of the CTSD gene that increases the secretion of pro-CTSD from the cell, and the AH4-1 score at initial testing on entry to the longitudinal study. Interestingly, CTSD is transported by IGF2R from the trans Golgi network to the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Manchester University, UK.
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Pola R, Flex A, Gaetani E, Lago AD, Gerardino L, Pola P, Bernabei R. The -174 G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with Alzheimer's disease in an Italian population [corrected]. Neuroreport 2002; 13:1645-7. [PMID: 12352619 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200209160-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine playing a crucial role in inflammation and tissue injury. A role for this molecule in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a common polymorphism of the IL-6 gene promoter and AD in the Italian population. We found that the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher in AD patients than controls on both univariate ( rho< 0.0001) and multivariate analysis ( rho< 0.0001). In contrast, the CC genotype seems to be associated with a reduced risk of disease ( rho< 0.0001). Our data indicate that the IL-6 gene polymorphism is associated with AD in Italians and confirm that IL-6 is crucial in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pola
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, A Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore School of Medicine, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Combarros O, Alvarez-Arcaya A, Sánchez-Guerra M, Infante J, Berciano J. Candidate gene association studies in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 14:41-54. [PMID: 12053131 DOI: 10.1159/000058332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex. Three genes (amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2) have been described in the relatively rare, early-onset, autosomal dominant familial form of AD. In the common, non-familial (sporadic) late-onset AD, the major known genetic risk factor is the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. However, at least half of the people who develop AD do not carry this allele, and not all people who do carry this allele develop AD even if they live to an old age. Therefore, approximately 30 other candidate genes involving a protein in a critical pathway in the pathogenesis of disease (principally interaction with amyloid-beta, oxidative stress and inflammation/apoptosis) have been considered as risk factors for sporadic AD. Then these genes have been sequenced in search of genetic variability or polymorphisms, and each putative polymorphism has been reported to alter the risk of AD either directly or by an interaction with the APOE epsilon4 allele. However, positive-association studies with these candidate genes have not been consistently confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofre Combarros
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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