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Favilla BP, Burssed B, Yamashiro Coelho ÉM, Perez ABA, de Faria Soares MDF, Meloni VA, Bellucco FT, Melaragno MI. Minimal Critical Region and Genes for a Typical Presentation of Langer-Giedion Syndrome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2022; 162:46-54. [PMID: 35290978 DOI: 10.1159/000522034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) is caused by a contiguous deletion at 8q23q24, characterized by exostoses, facial, ectodermal, and skeletal anomalies, and, occasionally, intellectual disability. LGS patients have been diagnosed clinically or by routine cytogenetic techniques, hampering the definition of an accurate genotype-phenotype correlation for the syndrome. We report two unrelated patients with 8q23q24 deletions, characterized by cytogenomic techniques, with one of them, to our knowledge, carrying the smallest deletion reported in classic LGS cases. We assessed the pathogenicity of the deletion of genes within the 8q23q24 region and reviewed other molecularly confirmed cases from the literature. Our findings suggest a 3.2-Mb critical region for a typical presentation of the syndrome, emphasizing the contribution of the TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1 genes' haploinsufficiency, and facial dysmorphisms as well as bone anomalies as the most frequent features among patients with LGS. We also suggest a possible role for the CSMD3 gene, whose deletion seems to contribute to central nervous system anomalies. Since studies performing such correlation for LGS patients are limited, our data contribute to improving the ge-notype-phenotype characterization for LGS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Pereira Favilla
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Burssed
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vera Ayres Meloni
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Isabel Melaragno
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Levy-Shraga Y, Modan-Moses D, Wientroub S, Ovadia D, Zeitlin L. The effect of growth hormone treatment in a child with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Trippella G, Lionetti P, Naldini S, Peluso F, Monica MD, Stagi S. An early diagnosis of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1: a case report and a review of literature. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:138. [PMID: 30458885 PMCID: PMC6245908 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by defects involving the TRPS1 gene. It exhibits distinctive craniofacial, ectodermal and skeletal abnormalities, such as sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip and short deformed fingers, with extremely variable expressivity. Case presentation We report the case of a 17 months old girl, who presented growth retardation and dysmorphic features. Postnatal growth was always below − 2 Standard Deviation for both weight and length and physical examination revealed relative macrocephaly, sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip, thin upper lip, protruding ears, prominent forehead, small jaw, and short hands and feet. Patient’s mother shared the same facial features, and presented sparse hair and small hands. The maternal grandfather and two uncles presented short stature, bulbous nasal tip, thin hair, and premature alopecia. Molecular analysis of TRPS1 gene showed a heterozygous c.2086C > T;(p.Arg696Ter) mutation both in the patient and her mother, confirming the diagnosis of TRPS, type I. Conclusions Clinical phenotype of TRPS can be subtle and the syndrome often remains undiagnosed. A comprehensive clinical examination and an exhaustive family history are crucial to reach the correct diagnosis, which is essential to perform adequate follow-up and timely therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trippella
- Department of Mother and Child's Health, Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 34, 50100, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Naldini
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Peluso
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Della Monica
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Stagi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Reimer C, Rubin CJ, Sharifi AR, Ha NT, Weigend S, Waldmann KH, Distl O, Pant SD, Fredholm M, Schlather M, Simianer H. Analysis of porcine body size variation using re-sequencing data of miniature and large pigs. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:687. [PMID: 30231878 PMCID: PMC6146782 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestication has led to substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in domestic animals. In pigs, the size of so called minipigs differs by one order of magnitude compared to breeds of large body size. We used biallelic SNPs identified from re-sequencing data to compare various publicly available wild and domestic populations against two minipig breeds to gain better understanding of the genetic background of the extensive body size variation. We combined two complementary measures, expected heterozygosity and the composite likelihood ratio test implemented in “SweepFinder”, to identify signatures of selection in Minipigs. We intersected these sweep regions with a measure of differentiation, namely FST, to remove regions of low variation across pigs. An extraordinary large sweep between 52 and 61 Mb on chromosome X was separately analyzed based on SNP-array data of F2 individuals from a cross of Goettingen Minipigs and large pigs. Results Selective sweep analysis identified putative sweep regions for growth and subsequent gene annotation provided a comprehensive set of putative candidate genes. A long swept haplotype on chromosome X, descending from the Goettingen Minipig founders was associated with a reduction of adult body length by 3% in F2 cross-breds. Conclusion The resulting set of genes in putative sweep regions implies that the genetic background of body size variation in pigs is polygenic rather than mono- or oligogenic. Identified genes suggest alterations in metabolic functions and a possible insulin resistance to contribute to miniaturization. A size QTL located within the sweep on chromosome X, with an estimated effect of 3% on body length, is comparable to the largest known in pigs or other species. The androgen receptor AR, previously known to influence pig performance and carcass traits, is the most obvious potential candidate gene within this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5009-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reimer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - C-J Rubin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedicinska centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A R Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - N-T Ha
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - S Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Höltystraße 10, 31535, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - K-H Waldmann
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine - Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - O Distl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine - Foundation, Bünteweg 17p, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - S D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Boorooma St., Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - M Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M Schlather
- School of Business Informatics and Mathematics, University of Mannheim, A5 6, 68131, Mannheim, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - H Simianer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Pereda A, Garin I, Perez de Nanclares G. What to consider when pseudohypoparathyroidism is ruled out: iPPSD and differential diagnosis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:32. [PMID: 29499646 PMCID: PMC5834905 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare disease whose phenotypic features are rather difficult to identify in some cases. Thus, although these patients may present with the Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) phenotype, which is characterized by small stature, obesity with a rounded face, subcutaneous ossifications, mental retardation and brachydactyly, its manifestations are somewhat variable. Indeed, some of them present with a complete phenotype, whereas others show only subtle manifestations. In addition, the features of the AHO phenotype are not specific to it and a similar phenotype is also commonly observed in other syndromes. Brachydactyly type E (BDE) is the most specific and objective feature of the AHO phenotype, and several genes have been associated with syndromic BDE in the past few years. Moreover, these syndromes have a skeletal and endocrinological phenotype that overlaps with AHO/PHP. In light of the above, we have developed an algorithm to aid in genetic testing of patients with clinical features of AHO but with no causative molecular defect at the GNAS locus. Starting with the feature of brachydactyly, this algorithm allows the differential diagnosis to be broadened and, with the addition of other clinical features, can guide genetic testing. METHODS We reviewed our series of patients (n = 23) with a clinical diagnosis of AHO and with brachydactyly type E or similar pattern, who were negative for GNAS anomalies, and classify them according to the diagnosis algorithm to finally propose and analyse the most probable gene(s) in each case. RESULTS A review of the clinical data for our series of patients, and subsequent analysis of the candidate gene(s), allowed detection of the underlying molecular defect in 12 out of 23 patients: five patients harboured a mutation in PRKAR1A, one in PDE4D, four in TRPS1 and two in PTHLH. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that the screening of other genes implicated in syndromes with BDE and AHO or a similar phenotype is very helpful for establishing a correct genetic diagnosis for those patients who have been misdiagnosed with "AHO-like phenotype" with an unknown genetic cause, and also for better describing the characteristic and differential features of these less common syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, C/ Jose Atxotegi s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Intza Garin
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, C/ Jose Atxotegi s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, C/ Jose Atxotegi s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Li Q, Zhang Z, Yan Y, Xiao P, Gao Z, Cheng W, Su L, Yu K, Xie H, Chen X, Jiang Q, Li L. Annular pancreas in Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II with 8q23.3-q24.12 interstitial deletion. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:95. [PMID: 26673557 PMCID: PMC4678473 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II, OMIM # 150230) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Loss of functional copies of the TRPS1 gene at 8q23.3 and the EXT1 gene at 8q24.11 are considered to be responsible for the syndrome. Case Presentation Herewith, we report an 8-year-old girl with sparse scalp hair, bulbous nose, thin upper lip, broad eyebrows, phalangeal abnormalities of both hands/toes, multiple exostoses, mild intellectual impairment and severe malnutrition. In addition, the patient also had annular pancreas, a rare co-existing feature in patients with TRPS II. Conclusions A contiguous 5.47 Mb deletion involving 8q23.3-q24.12 was detected by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), leading to haploinsufficiency of 10 protein coding genes, 1 long non-coding RNA and 1 microRNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) examination confirmed half-reduced DNA copy of the patient and normal expression of both parents, indicating a de novo origin of the deletion and complete penetrance of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yuchun Yan
- 2Department of Radiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing United Family Hospital, Beijing, China ; Department of Paediatrics and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lin Su
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Clinical College of PLA Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaihui Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
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7
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Selenti N, Tzetis M, Braoudaki M, Gianikou K, Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Fryssira H. An interstitial deletion at 8q23.1-q24.12 associated with Langer-Giedion syndrome/ Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) type II and Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:64. [PMID: 26269715 PMCID: PMC4534011 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are three distinct subtypes of Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS); TRPS type I, TRPS type II and TRPS type III. Features common to all three subtypes include sparse, slowly growing scalp hair, laterally sparse eyebrows, a bulbous tip of the nose (pear-shaped), and protruding ears. Langer–Giedion syndrome (LGS) or TRPS type II is a contiguous gene syndrome on 8q24.1, involving loss of functional copies of the TRPS1 and EXT1 genes. We report a male patient that was referred to the Department of Medical Genetics due to hypotonia and dysmorphic facial features. Results Cytogenetic and array- Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed that the patient was a carrier of an interstitial deletion at 8q23.1-q24.12 of 12,5 Mb. Parental karyotype indicated that the father carried an apparently balanced insertion: 46, ΧΥ, der(10)ins(10;8)(q22;q23q24). Conclusions This is the first report of an apparently balanced insertion including chromosomes 8 and 10 contributing to the etiology of LGS/ TRPS type II. Τimely diagnosis of parental balanced chromosomal rearrangements can reduce the risk of subsequent miscarriages as well as abnormal offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Selenti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tzetis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Krinio Gianikou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kitsiou-Tzeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Fryssira
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aghia Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Athens University, School of Medicine, Thivon and Levadeias 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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8
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Shawky RM, Elkhalek HSA, Elghawaby AES, Mohammad SA, Seifeldin NS. Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome II, expanding the clinical spectrum. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Tasic V, Gucev Z, Ristoska-Bojkovska N, Janchevska A, Lüdecke HJ. Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome in a 13-year-old girl with chronic renal failure and severe growth retardation. Ren Fail 2014; 36:619-22. [PMID: 24502542 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.882237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type III (TRPS III) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited condition. The main clinical features are sparse and slow-growing hair and nails, a pear-shaped nose with a bulbous tip, elongated and flat philtrum, thin upper lip, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges, and short stature. All patients have a point mutation in the TRPS1 gene. CASE REPORT In this paper, we present a 13-year-old female with the typical clinical features of TRPS III, extreme growth retardation, severe deformities of both proximal radii resulting in limited extension of the elbows, and chronic renal failure (CRF) in addition. Molecular diagnostics revealed a missense mutation in exon 6 of TRPS1 that she inherited from her father who is also affected with TRPS III, but does not have CRF. In the index patient, the CRF was found to be due to bilateral renal hypodysplasia (RHD). CONCLUSION Beside the renal dysplasia, the girl had severe deformities of the proximal radii - findings which have not been reported so far in TRPS III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital , Skopje , Macedonia and
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10
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Cappuccio G, Genesio R, Ronga V, Casertano A, Izzo A, Riccio MP, Bravaccio C, Salerno MC, Nitsch L, Andria G, Melis D. Complex chromosomal rearrangements causing Langer-Giedion syndrome atypical phenotype: genotype-phenotype correlation and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:753-9. [PMID: 24357330 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) is caused by a deletion of chromosome 8q23.3-q24.11. The LGS clinical spectrum includes intellectual disability (ID), short stature, microcephaly, facial dysmorphisms, exostoses. We describe a 4-year-old girl with ID, short stature, microcephaly, distinctive facial phenotype, skeletal signs (exostoses on the left fibula, coccyx agenesis, stubby and dysmorphic sphenoid bone, osteoporosis), central nervous system malformations (hypoplastic and dysmorphic corpus callosum and septum pellucidum), pituitary gland hypoplasia and hyperreninemia. Array-CGH revealed complex chromosomal rearrangements. A diagnosis of LGS was confirmed by the detection of a 8q23.3-q24.1 deletion. Associated chromosomal abnormalities were a 21q22.1 deletion and a balanced reciprocal translocation t(2;11)(p24;p15) de novo, confirmed by FISH analysis. We document the patient's atypical findings, never described in LGS patients, in order to update the genotype-phenotype correlation. We speculate that the disruption of regulatory elements mapping upstream CYP11B2 involved in the deleted region could cause hyperreninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Pereda A, Garin I, Garcia-Barcina M, Gener B, Beristain E, Ibañez AM, Perez de Nanclares G. Brachydactyly E: isolated or as a feature of a syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:141. [PMID: 24028571 PMCID: PMC3848564 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly (BD) refers to the shortening of the hands, feet or both. There are different types of BD; among them, type E (BDE) is a rare type that can present as an isolated feature or as part of more complex syndromes, such as: pseudohypopthyroidism (PHP), hypertension with BD or Bilginturan BD (HTNB), BD with mental retardation (BDMR) or BDE with short stature, PTHLH type. Each syndrome has characteristic patterns of skeletal involvement. However, brachydactyly is not a constant feature and shows a high degree of phenotypic variability. In addition, there are other syndromes that can be misdiagnosed as brachydactyly type E, some of which will also be discussed. The objective of this review is to describe some of the syndromes in which BDE is present, focusing on clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics as features of differential diagnoses, with the aim of establishing an algorithm for their differential diagnosis. As in our experience many of these patients are recruited at Endocrinology and/or Pediatric Endocrinology Services due to their short stature, we have focused the algorithm in those steps that could mainly help these professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, BioAraba, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain.
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Schinzel A, Riegel M, Baumer A, Superti-Furga A, Moreira LMA, Santo LDE, Schiper PP, Carvalho JHD, Giedion A. Long-term follow-up of four patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome: clinical course and complications. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2216-25. [PMID: 23913778 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term observations of individuals with the so-called Langer-Giedion (LGS) or tricho-rhino-phalangeal type II (TRPS2) are scarce. We report here a on follow-up of four LGS individuals, including one first described by Andres Giedion in 1969, and review the sparse publications on adults with this syndrome which comprises ectodermal dysplasia, multiple cone-shaped epiphyses prior to puberty, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, and mostly mild intellectual impairment. LGS is caused by deletion of the chromosomal segment 8q24.11-q24.13 containing among others the genes EXT1 and TRPS1. Most patients with TRPS2 are only borderline or mildly cognitively delayed, and few are of normal intelligence. Their practical skills are better than their intellectual capability, and, for this reason and because of their low self-esteem, they are often underestimated. Some patients develop seizures at variable age. Osteomas on processes of cervical vertebrae may cause pressure on cervical nerves or dissection of cerebral arteries. Joint stiffness is observed during childhood and changes later to joint laxity causing instability and proneness to trauma. Perthes disease is not rare. Almost all males become bald at or soon after puberty, and some develop (pseudo) gynecomastia. Growth hormone deficiency was found in a few patients, TSH deficiency so far only in one. Puberty and fertility are diminished, and no instance of transmission of the deletion from a non-mosaic parent to a child has been observed so far. Several affected females had vaginal atresia with consequent hydrometrocolpos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Schinzel
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Pereza N, Severinski S, Ostojić S, Volk M, Maver A, Dekanić KB, Kapović M, Peterlin B. Third case of 8q23.3-q24.13 deletion in a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome phenotype without TRPS1 gene deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:659-63. [PMID: 22315192 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) is a contiguous gene syndrome caused by a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 8q23.3-q24.11 involving TRPS1 and EXT1 genes. We report on a girl with LGS phenotype and a 7.5 Mb interstitial deletion at chromosome 8q23.3-q24.13. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) revealed a deletion encompassing only the EXT1 and not the TRPS1 gene. Even though the deletion of TRPS1 and EXT1 genes is responsible for craniofacial and skeletal features of LGS, there have been previous reports of patients with LGS phenotype and 8q24 deletions leaving the TRPS1 gene intact. To our knowledge, this is the third such case. Our patient differs from previously reported LGS patients without TRPS1 gene deletion in that she has the typical LGS facial dysmorphism and skeletal abnormalities. However, the girl is of normal height and has only a mild developmental delay. Additionally, she has dyslalia and premature adrenarche classified as Tanner stage 3 premature pubarche which have not yet been described as features of LGS. We examine the molecular breakpoints and phenotypes of our patient and previously reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pereza
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Shanske AL, Patel A, Saukam S, Levy B, Lüdecke HJ. Clinical and molecular characterization of a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome and mosaic del(8)(q22.3q24.13). Am J Med Genet A 2009; 146A:3211-6. [PMID: 19012352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) is characterized by sparse scalp hair, a long nose with a bulbous tip, a long flat philtrum, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges, retarded bone age in infancy and multiple cartilaginous exostoses. All patients have a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 8q23.3-24.11 which spans at least the 2.8 Mb-region from TRPS1 through EXT1. Only patients with deletions that extend beyond this interval tend to have mental retardation. Here we describe a 14.5-year-old girl with mental retardation and TRPS II. Her facial features are only mild, but she has the typical skeletal features including cone-shaped epiphyses at the phalanges, retarded bone age, multiple exostoses and short stature. She is the first patient with TRPS II and a molecularly proven mosaic interstitial deletion in 8q22.3-q24.13. The deletion is one of the largest ever found in TRPS II, and spans 19.79 Mb and 50 genes or loci including TRPS1 and EXT1. The degree of mosaicism is 7% in lymphocytes from peripheral blood and 97% in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Shanske
- The Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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Fantauzzo KA, Tadin-Strapps M, You Y, Mentzer SE, Baumeister FAM, Cianfarani S, Van Maldergem L, Warburton D, Sundberg JP, Christiano AM. A position effect on TRPS1 is associated with Ambras syndrome in humans and the Koala phenotype in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3539-51. [PMID: 18713754 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambras syndrome (AS) is a rare form of congenital hypertrichosis with excessive hair on the shoulders, face and ears. Cytogenetic studies have previously implicated an association with rearrangements of chromosome 8. Here we define an 11.5 Mb candidate interval for AS on chromosome 8q based on cytogenetic breakpoints in three patients. TRPS1, a gene within this interval, was deleted in a patient with an 8q23 chromosomal rearrangement, while its expression was significantly downregulated in another patient with an inversion breakpoint 7.3 Mb downstream of TRPS1. Here, we describe the first potential long-range position effect on the expression of TRPS1. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which Trps1 affects the hair follicle, we performed a detailed analysis of the hair abnormalities in Koa mice, a mouse model of hypertrichosis. We found that the proximal breakpoint of the Koa inversion is located 791 kb upstream of Trps1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Trps1 expression levels are reduced in Koa mutant mice at the sites of pathology for the phenotype. We determined that the Koa inversion creates a new Sp1 binding site and translocates additional Sp1 binding sites within a highly conserved stretch spanning the proximal breakpoint, providing a potential mechanism for the position effect. Collectively, these results describe a position effect that downregulates TRPS1 expression as the probable cause of hypertrichosis in AS in humans and the Koa phenotype in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Stagi S, Bindi G, Galluzzi F, Lapi E, Salti R, Chiarelli F. Partial growth hormone deficiency and changed bone quality and mass in type I trichorhinophalangeal syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1598-604. [PMID: 18478599 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The trichorhinophalangeal syndromes (TRPSs) are syndromes due to haploinsufficiency of genes in the chromosome 8q24.12 region. Type I TRPS is characterized by typical facial features including sparse, brittle and fine hair, bulbous nose, and a long philtrum, as well as skeletal abnormalities. Growth retardation is a feature frequently found in these patients, who commonly are of short stature; however, only one case with growth hormone deficiency has been described in a TRPS patient and that patient had type II TRPS. Skeletal morphological abnormalities have been studied, but investigation of bone metabolism and quality in this kind of patients are not available. In this report we describe two cases of type I TRPS with partial growth hormone deficiency and significant bone mass and quality impairment, which was unresponsive to GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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