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Lin MJ, Dubin DP, Khorasani H, Giordano CN. Basal cell nevus syndrome: From DNA to therapeutics. Clin Dermatol 2020; 38:467-476. [PMID: 32972605 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell nevus syndrome, also known as Gorlin syndrome, is a hereditary cancer syndrome associated with multiple basal cell carcinomas, congenital defects, and nondermatologic tumors. This disease is autosomal dominant with variable expressivity and is caused by abnormalities in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach and should include the biopsychosocial needs of patients and their families. Genetic testing is necessary to confirm an unclear diagnosis, evaluate at-risk relatives, and assist with family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lin
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Danielle P Dubin
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hooman Khorasani
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cerrene N Giordano
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Keselman D, Singh R, Cohen N, Fefer Z. De Novo Interstitial Deletion of 9q in a Pediatric Patient With Global Developmental Delay. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19844920. [PMID: 31106228 PMCID: PMC6506918 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19844920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenomic microarray (CMA) methodologies, including array comparative genomic
hybridization (aCGH) and single-nucleotide polymorphism-detecting arrays (SNP-array), are
recommended as the first-tier test for the evaluation of imbalances associated with
intellectual disability, autism, and multiple congenital anomalies. The authors report on
a child with global developmental delay (GDD) and a de novo interstitial
7.0 Mb deletion of 9q21.33q22.31 detected by aCGH. The patient that the authors report
here is noteworthy in that she presented with GDD and her interstitial deletion is not
inclusive of the 9q22.32 locus that includes the PTCH1 gene, which is
implicated in Gorlin syndrome, or basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), has not been
previously reported among patients with a similar or smaller size of the deletion in this
locus suggesting that the genomic contents in the identified deletion on 9q21.33q22.31 is
critical for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Keselman
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ram Singh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Ninette Cohen
- Division of Cytogenetics and Molecular Pathology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health Laboratories, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Zipora Fefer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
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Morelle A, Cericatto R, Krepischi ACV, Ruiz IRG. Clinical and genetic characterization of basal cell carcinoma and breast cancer in a single patient. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:454. [PMID: 25184114 PMCID: PMC4149681 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple environmental and genetic factors are involved with the development of basal cell carcinomas (BCC), as well as with breast cancers. Tumor initiation and progression are often associated with genomic instability such as aneuploidies, and gains or losses of large chromosomal segments, known as copy number alterations (CNAs). CNAs have been successfully detected using the microarray comparative genomic hybridization technique (array-CGH) at high resolution. Data thus obtained are useful to identify specific genomic aberrations, to classify tumor stages, and to stratify subgroups of patients with different prognosis and clinical behaviors. Case description Clinical study of a 66-year-old white female identified two primary tumors, a ductal invasive grade-II carcinoma of the breast, and one nodular BCC. Germline and tumor genomic survey utilized the 180 K array-CGH analysis to investigate chromosomal alterations. Discussion and evaluation Several chromosomal anomalies were detected in the breast tumor genome, including focal ~422 Kb 13q13.3 microdeletion. In the BCC, amplification of a chromosome 6 spanning the centromere region between the cytobands 6p23 and 6q12 was identified. Several 6p amplified genes correspond to families of histone and human leukocyte antigen genes, whereas some of the CNAs found in the breast tumor are uncommon. No germline CNA was detected in the normal skin of the patient at this technical resolution. Conclusion CNAs found in the two different tumors of the patient constitute independent events arisen in the somatic lineage. Relevant genes to both carcinogenesis and progression are to be affected by these CNAs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-454) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- International Center for Research and Training, A. C. Camargo Cancer Hospital/National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics; Biosciences Institute, Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar Romano Garcia Ruiz
- Dermatology Department, Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM 56), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Park YJ, Park SB, Kim SM, Chae YJ, Kim JD, Jung CL. Overgrowth Syndrome with 9q22.3 Microdeletion Detected by Microarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2014.21.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon Bin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Chae
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Deok Kim
- Department of Radiology, Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea
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Garavelli L, Piemontese MR, Cavazza A, Rosato S, Wischmeijer A, Gelmini C, Albertini E, Albertini G, Forzano F, Franchi F, Carella M, Zelante L, Superti-Furga A. Multiple tumor types including leiomyoma and Wilms tumor in a patient with Gorlin syndrome due to 9q22.3 microdeletion encompassing the PTCH1 and FANC-C loci. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2894-901. [PMID: 24124115 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant condition mainly characterized by the development of mandibular keratocysts which often have their onset during the second decade of life and/or multiple basal cell carcinoma (BCC) normally arising during the third decade. Cardiac and ovarian fibromas can be found. Patients with NBCCS develop the childhood brain malignancy medulloblastoma (now often called primitive neuro-ectodermal tumor [PNET]) in 5% of cases. The risk of other malignant neoplasms is not clearly increased, although lymphoma and meningioma can occur in this condition. Wilms tumor has been mentioned in the literature four times. We describe a patient with a 10.9 Mb 9q22.3 deletion spanning 9q22.2 through 9q31.1 that includes the entire codifying sequence of the gene PTCH1, with Wilms tumor, multiple neoplasms (lung, liver, mesenteric, gastric and renal leiomyomas, lung typical carcinoid tumor, adenomatoid tumor of the pleura) and a severe clinical presentation. We propose including leiomyomas among minor criteria of the NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Paediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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7
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Muller EA, Aradhya S, Atkin JF, Carmany EP, Elliott AM, Chudley AE, Clark RD, Everman DB, Garner S, Hall BD, Herman GE, Kivuva E, Ramanathan S, Stevenson DA, Stockton DW, Hudgins L. Microdeletion 9q22.3 syndrome includes metopic craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, macrosomia, and developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 158A:391-9. [PMID: 22190277 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin syndrome (OMIM #109400) is a well-described rare autosomal dominant condition due to haploinsufficiency of PTCH1. With the availability of comparative genomic hybridization arrays, increasing numbers of individuals with microdeletions involving this locus are being identified. We present 10 previously unreported individuals with 9q22.3 deletions that include PTCH1. While 7 of the 10 patients (7 females, 3 males) did not meet strict clinical criteria for BCNS at the time of molecular diagnosis, almost all of the patients were too young to exhibit many of the diagnostic features. A number of the patients exhibited metopic craniosynostosis, severe obstructive hydrocephalus, and macrosomia, which are not typically observed in BCNS. All individuals older than a few months of age also had developmental delays and/or intellectual disability. Only facial features typical of BCNS, except in those with prominent midforeheads secondary to metopic craniosynostosis, were shared among the 10 patients. The deletions in these individuals ranged from 352 kb to 20.5 Mb in size, the largest spanning 9q21.33 through 9q31.2. There was significant overlap of the deleted segments among most of the patients. The smallest common regions shared among the deletions were identified in order to localize putative candidate genes that are potentially responsible for each of the non-BCNS features. These were a 929 kb region for metopic craniosynostosis, a 1.08 Mb region for obstructive hydrocephalus, and a 1.84 Mb region for macrosomia. Additional studies are needed to further characterize the candidate genes within these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Muller
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Roudgari H, Farndon PA, Murray AD, Hardy C, Miedzybrodzka Z. Is PATCHED an important candidate gene for neural tube defects? Cranial and thoracic neural tube defects in a family with Gorlin syndrome: a case report. Clin Genet 2011; 82:71-6. [PMID: 21651513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
. The relationship of mutations in the patched gene PTCH and nevoid basal cell carcinoma (NBCC) or Gorlin syndrome is well established. Animal studies have implicated the hedgehog-patched signalling pathway in neurulation and neural tube defects (NTDs). Spina bifida occulta and bifid vertebrae are well recognized in NBCCS, but there appears to be only one report of open spina bifida. We report a father and two sons with a truncating PTCH mutation and the major features of NBCCS. One son had open thoracic spina bifida and the other had an occipital meningocoele. We believe this to be the first report of cranial NTD in NBCCS and suggest that consideration be given to including PTCH analysis in genetic association studies in NTDs as the hedgehog pathway is integral to normal human neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roudgari
- Division of Applied Medicine, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Siggberg L, Peippo M, Sipponen M, Miikkulainen T, Shimojima K, Yamamoto T, Ignatius J, Knuutila S. 9q22 Deletion--first familial case. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:45. [PMID: 21693067 PMCID: PMC3135502 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Only 29 cases of constitutional 9q22 deletions have been published and all have been sporadic. Most associate with Gorlin syndrome or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS, MIM #109400) due to haploinsufficiency of the PTCH1 gene (MIM *601309). Methods and Results We report two mentally retarded female siblings and their cognitively normal father, all carrying a similar 5.3 Mb microdeletion at 9q22.2q22.32, detected by array CGH (244 K). The deletion does not involve the PTCH1 gene, but instead 30 other gene,s including the ROR2 gene (MIM *602337) which causing both brachydactyly type 1 (MIM #113000) and Robinow syndrome (MIM #268310), and the immunologically active SYK gene (MIM *600085). The deletion in the father was de novo and FISH analysis of blood lymphocytes did not suggest mosaicism. All three patients share similar mild dysmorphic features with downslanting palpebral fissures, narrow, high bridged nose with small nares, long, deeply grooved philtrum, ears with broad helix and uplifted lobuli, and small toenails. All have significant dysarthria and suffer from continuous middle ear and upper respiratory infections. The father also has a funnel chest and unilateral hypoplastic kidney but the daughters have no malformations. Conclusions This is the first report of a familial constitutional 9q22 deletion and the first deletion studied by array-CGH which does not involve the PTCH1 gene. The phenotype and penetrance are variable and the deletion found in the cognitively normal normal father poses a challenge in genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Siggberg
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Lo Muzio L, Pastorino L, Levanat S, Musani V, Situm M, Scarra GB. Clinical utility gene card for: Gorlin syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:ejhg20119. [PMID: 21304560 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Mefford HC, Shafer N, Antonacci F, Tsai JM, Park SS, Hing AV, Rieder MJ, Smyth MD, Speltz ML, Eichler EE, Cunningham ML. Copy number variation analysis in single-suture craniosynostosis: multiple rare variants including RUNX2 duplication in two cousins with metopic craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2203-10. [PMID: 20683987 PMCID: PMC3104131 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about genes that underlie isolated single-suture craniosynostosis. In this study, we hypothesize that rare copy number variants (CNV) in patients with isolated single-suture craniosynostosis contain genes important for cranial development. Using whole genome array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we evaluated DNA from 186 individuals with single-suture craniosynostosis for submicroscopic deletions and duplications. We identified a 1.1 Mb duplication encompassing RUNX2 in two affected cousins with metopic synostosis and hypodontia. Given that RUNX2 is required as a master switch for osteoblast differentiation and interacts with TWIST1, mutations in which also cause craniosynostosis, we conclude that the duplication in this family is pathogenic, albeit with reduced penetrance. In addition, we find that a total of 7.5% of individuals with single-suture synostosis in our series have at least one rare deletion or duplication that contains genes and that has not been previously reported in unaffected individuals. The genes within and disrupted by CNVs in this cohort are potential novel candidate genes for craniosynostosis. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
In vertebrate hedgehog signaling, hedgehog ligands are processed to become bilipidated and then multimerize, which allows them to leave the signaling cell via Dispatched 1 and become transported via glypicans and megalin to the responding cells. Hedgehog then interacts with a complex of Patched 1 and Cdo/Boc, which activates endocytic Smoothened to the cilium. Patched 1 regulates the activity of Smoothened (1) via Vitamin D3, which inhibits Smoothened in the absence of hedgehog ligand or (2) via oxysterols, which activate Smoothened in the presence of hedgehog ligand. Hedgehog ligands also interact with Hip1, Patched 2, and Gas1, which regulate the range as well as the level of hedgehog signaling. In vertebrates, Smoothened is shortened at its C-terminal end and lacks most of the phosphorylation sites of importance in Drosophila. Cos2, also of importance in Drosophila, plays no role in mammalian transduction, nor do its homologs Kif7 and Kif27. The cilium may provide a function analogous to that of Cos2 by linking Smoothened to the modulation of Gli transcription factors. Disorders associated with the hedgehog signaling network follow, including nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, holoprosencephaly, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Shimojima K, Adachi M, Tanaka M, Tanaka Y, Kurosawa K, Yamamoto T. Clinical features of microdeletion 9q22.3 (pat). Clin Genet 2009; 75:384-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Ravel TJ, Ameye L, Ballon K, Borghgraef M, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K. Early detection of chromosome 9q22.32q31.1 microdeletion and the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:145-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Yoshihashi H, Furuya N, Adachi M, Ito S, Tanaka Y, Masuno M, Chiyo H, Kurosawa K. Further delineation of 9q22 deletion syndrome associated with basal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2009; 49:8-14. [PMID: 19243411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2008.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS; Gorlin syndrome) is an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by a predisposition to neoplasms and developmental abnormalities. BCNS is caused by mutations in the human homolog of the Drosophila patched gene-1, PTCH1, which is mapped on chromosome 9q22.3. Nonsense, frameshift, in-frame deletions, splice-site, and missense mutations have been found in the syndrome. Haploinsufficiency of PTCH1, which is caused by interstitial deletion of 9q22.3, is also responsible for the syndrome. To date, 19 cases with interstitial deletion of long arm of chromosome 9 involving the region of q22 have been reported. We describe two unrelated patients with some typical features of BCNS associated with deletion of 9q21.33-q31.1 and determined the boundary of the deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. The results showed that the size of deletions is between 15.33 and 16.04 Mb in patient 1 and between 18.08 and 18.54 Mb in patient 2. Although the size and breakpoints were different from those of previously reported cases, the clinical features are common to patients with 9q22 deletion associated with BCNS. Delineation of the 9q22 deletions and further consideration of the genes responsible for the characteristic manifestations may provide insight into this newly recognized deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayono Yamamoto
- Department of Genetic Counseling, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sinha S, Singh RK, Alam N, Roy A, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Alterations in candidate genes PHF2, FANCC, PTCH1 and XPA at chromosomal 9q22.3 region: pathological significance in early- and late-onset breast carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:84. [PMID: 18990233 PMCID: PMC2633285 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Younger women with breast carcinoma (BC) exhibits more aggressive pathologic features compared to older women; young age could be an independent predictor of adverse prognosis. To find any existing differences in the molecular pathogenesis of BC in both younger and older women, alterations at chromosomal (chr.) 9q22.32-22.33 region were studied owing to its association in wide variety of tumors. Present work focuses on comparative analysis of alterations of four candidate genes; PHF2, FANCC, PTCH1 and XPA located within 4.4 Mb region of the afore-said locus in two age groups of BC, as well as the interrelation and prognostic significance of alterations of these genes. Methods Deletion analysis of PHF2, FANCC, PTCH1 and XPA were examined in a subset of 47 early-onset (group-A: ≤ 40 years) and 59 late-onset (group-B: > 40 years) breast carcinomas using both microsatellite and exonic markers. Methylation Sensitive Restriction analysis (MSRA) was done to check for promoter methylation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and immunohistochemisty (IHC) was done in some genes to see their relative mRNA and protein expressions respectively. Clinico-pathological correlation of different parameters as well as patient survival was calculated using different statistical softwares like EpiInfo 6.04b, SPSS 10.0 etc. Results Either age group exhibited high frequency of overall alterations in PHF2, FANCC and PTCH1 compared to XPA. Samples with alteration (deletion/methylation) in these genes showed reduced level of mRNA expression as seen by Q-PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of FANCC and PTCH1 also supported this observation. Poor patient survival was noted in both age groups having alterations in FANCC. Similar result was also seen with PTCH1 and XPA alterations in group-A and PHF2 alterations in group-B. This reflected their roles as prognostic tools in the respective groups in which they were altered. Conclusion Overall alterations of PHF2, FANCC and PTCH1 were comparatively higher than XPA. Differential association of alterations in FANCC and PTCH1 with that of PHF2, XPA and two breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1/BRCA2) in the two age groups suggests differences in their molecular pathogenesis and dysregulation of multiple DNA repair pathways as well as hedgehog dependent stem cell renewal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Sinha
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India.
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PTCH1 duplication in a family with microcephaly and mild developmental delay. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:267-71. [PMID: 18830227 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of the X chromosome, genomic deletions appear to be more prevalent than duplications. Because of a lack of accurate diagnostic methods, submicroscopic duplications have been under-ascertained for a long period. The development of array CGH has enabled the detection of chromosomal microduplications with nearly the same sensitivity as deletions, leading to the discovery of previously unrecognized syndromes. Using a clinical targeted oligonucleotide array (CMA-V6.3 OLIGO), we identified an approximately 360-kb duplication in 9q22.32 in a 21-month-old boy with developmental delay, failure to thrive, and microcephaly. The same duplication was identified in the patient's mother who is also microcephalic and mildly delayed. We have sequenced the chromosomal breakpoints and determined the duplication as tandem in orientation and 363 599 bp in size. The duplicated segment harbors the entire PTCH1 gene. Deletions or loss-of-function mutations of PTCH1 result in basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome), whereas gain-of-function mutations were proposed to lead to holoprosencephaly 7. We propose that patients with microcephaly or holoprosencephaly of unknown origin should also be screened for PTCH1 duplication.
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Slavotinek AM. Novel microdeletion syndromes detected by chromosome microarrays. Hum Genet 2008; 124:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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