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ANTXR1 as a potential sensor of extracellular mechanical cues. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:80-86. [PMID: 36638946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, some of which are mechanical sensors, such as integrins. Emerging evidence indicates that anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a newly identified cell adhesion molecule, can also sense extracellular mechanical signals such as hydrostatic pressure and extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity. ANTXR1 can interact with ECM through connecting intracellular cytoskeleton and ECM molecules (just like integrins) to regulate numerous biological processes, such as cell adhesion, cell migration or ECM homeostasis. Although with high structural similarity to integrins, its functions and downstream signal transduction are independent from those of integrins. In this perspective, based on existing evidence in literature, we analyzed the structural and functional evidence that ANTXR1 can act as a potential sensor for extracellular mechanical cues. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth overview of ANTXR1 from the perspective of mechanobiology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: An overview of ANTXR1 from the perspective of mechanobiology; An analysis of mechanical sensitivity of ANTXR1 in structure and function; A summary of existing evidence of ANTXR1 as a potential mechanosensor.
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Smigiel R, Rozensztrauch A, Walczak A, Rydzanicz M, Stawinski P, Berghausen-Mazur M, Kostrzewa G, Sasiadek M, Ploski R. Changing facial features in a child with GAPO syndrome caused by novel mutation in the ANTXR1 gene and uniparental disomy of chromosome 2. Clin Dysmorphol 2019; 28:211-214. [PMID: 31425299 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdel-Hamid MS, Ismail S, Zaki MS, Abdel-Salam GMH, Otaify GA, Issa MY, Abdel-Kader M, Girgis M, Aboul-Ezz E, Mazen I, Aglan MS, Temtamy SA. GAPO syndrome in seven new patients: Identification of five novel ANTXR1 mutations including the first large intragenic deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:237-242. [PMID: 30575274 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
GAPO syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia and progressive optic atrophy. It is caused by biallelic mutations in the ANTXR1 gene. Herein, we describe the clinical and molecular findings of seven new patients with GAPO syndrome. Our patients presented with the characteristic clinical features of the syndrome except for one patient who did not display total alopecia till the age of two years. Strikingly, optic atrophy and glaucoma were observed in all patients and one patient showed keratopathy in addition. Moreover, craniosynstosis was an unusual associated finding in one patient. Mutational analysis of ANTXR1 gene identified five novel homozygous mutations including two frameshift, two splice site and a large intragenic deletion of exon 3. Our results reinforce the clinical characteristics of the syndrome, expand the mutational spectrum and provide more insights into the role of the ANTXR1 protein in the regulation of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Ismail
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M H Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Otaify
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Kader
- Department of Dental Basic Science, Dental and Oral Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marian Girgis
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Aboul-Ezz
- Department of Dental Basic Science, Dental and Oral Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas Mazen
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S Aglan
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia A Temtamy
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Puranik RS, Puranik SR, Hallur N, Venkatesh D. GAPO Syndrome—A Rare Cause of Osteomyelitis of Jaws; Report of 4 Cases With a Brief Review of the Literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1216-1225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Troxell TN, Piccinin MA, Smith CM, Parsons ME, Drew GS. GAPO syndrome: a rare genodermatosis presenting with unique features. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:727-728. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd N. Troxell
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University; Kirksville MO USA
- Beaumont Hospital; Trenton MI USA
| | - Meghan A. Piccinin
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Collin M. Smith
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University; Kirksville MO USA
| | - Morgan E. Parsons
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine; East Lansing MI USA
| | - G. Scott Drew
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University; Kirksville MO USA
- OhioHealth Marion Area Physicians; Marion OH USA
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Benetti-Pinto CL, Ferreira V, Andrade L, Yela DA, De Mello MP. GAPO syndrome: a new syndromic cause of premature ovarian insufficiency. Climacteric 2016; 19:594-598. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1200551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Benetti-Pinto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - V. Ferreira
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L. Andrade
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - D. A. Yela
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. P. De Mello
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Regulatory mechanisms of anthrax toxin receptor 1-dependent vascular and connective tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:56-73. [PMID: 25572963 PMCID: PMC4409530 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that angiogenesis is linked to fibrotic processes in fibroproliferative diseases, but insights into pathophysiological processes are limited, due to lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling endothelial and fibroblastic homeostasis. We demonstrate here that the matrix receptor anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), also known as tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), is an essential component of these mechanisms. Loss of TEM8 function in mice causes reduced synthesis of endothelial basement membrane components and hyperproliferative and leaky blood vessels in skin. In addition, endothelial cell alterations in mutants are almost identical to those of endothelial cells in infantile hemangioma lesions, including activated VEGF receptor signaling in endothelial cells, increased expression of the downstream targets VEGF and CXCL12, and increased numbers of macrophages and mast cells. In contrast, loss of TEM8 in fibroblasts leads to increased rates of synthesis of fiber-forming collagens, resulting in progressive fibrosis in skin and other organs. Compromised interactions between TEM8-deficient endothelial and fibroblastic cells cause dramatic reduction in the activity of the matrix-degrading enzyme MMP2. In addition to insights into mechanisms of connective tissue homeostasis, our data provide molecular explanations for vascular and connective tissue abnormalities in GAPO syndrome, caused by loss-of-function mutations in ANTXR1. Furthermore, the loss of MMP2 activity suggests that fibrotic skin abnormalities in GAPO syndrome are, in part, the consequence of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying syndromes (NAO, Torg and Winchester) with multicentric skin nodulosis and osteolysis caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations in MMP2.
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Bayram Y, Pehlivan D, Karaca E, Gambin T, Jhangiani SN, Erdin S, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Wiszniewski W, Muzny D, Elcioglu NH, Yildirim MS, Bozkurt B, Zamani AG, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR. Whole exome sequencing identifies three novel mutations in ANTXR1 in families with GAPO syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2328-34. [PMID: 25045128 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
GAPO syndrome (OMIM#230740) is the acronym for growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and optic atrophy. About 35 cases have been reported, making it among one of the rarest recessive conditions. Distinctive craniofacial features including alopecia, rarefaction of eyebrows and eyelashes, frontal bossing, high forehead, mid-facial hypoplasia, hypertelorism, and thickened eyelids and lips make GAPO syndrome a clinically recognizable phenotype. While this genomic study was in progress mutations in ANTXR1 were reported to cause GAPO syndrome. In our study we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) for five affected individuals from three Turkish kindreds segregating the GAPO trait. Exome sequencing analysis identified three novel homozygous mutations including; one frame-shift (c.1220_1221insT; p.Ala408Cysfs*2), one splice site (c.411A>G; p.Gln137Gln), and one non-synonymous (c.1150G>A; p.Gly384Ser) mutation in the ANTXR1 gene. Our studies expand the allelic spectrum in this rare condition and potentially provide insight into the role of ANTXR1 in the regulation of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Rapsomaniki M, Chiarella G, Mascaro I, Ceravolo F, Cassandro E, Strisciuglio P, Concolino D. GAPO syndrome associated with vestibular dysfunction and hearing loss. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2102-4. [PMID: 23794220 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rapsomaniki
- Department of Pediatrics, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Mutations in ANTXR1 cause GAPO syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:792-9. [PMID: 23602711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic cause of GAPO syndrome, a condition characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and progressive visual impairment, has not previously been identified. We studied four ethnically unrelated affected individuals and identified homozygous nonsense mutations (c.262C>T [p.Arg88*] and c.505C>T [p.Arg169*]) or splicing mutations (c.1435-12A>G [p.Gly479Phefs*119]) in ANTXR1, which encodes anthrax toxin receptor 1. The nonsense mutations predictably trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in the loss of ANTXR1. The transcript with the splicing mutation theoretically encodes a truncated ANTXR1 containing a neopeptide composed of 118 unique amino acids in its C terminus. GAPO syndrome's major phenotypic features, which include dental abnormalities and the accumulation of extracellular matrix, recapitulate those found in Antxr1-mutant mice and point toward an underlying defect in extracellular-matrix regulation. Thus, we propose that mutations affecting ANTXR1 function are responsible for this disease's characteristic generalized defect in extracellular-matrix homeostasis.
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Bozkurt B, Yildirim MS, Okka M, Bitirgen G. GAPO syndrome: four new patients with congenital glaucoma and myelinated retinal nerve fiber layer. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:829-34. [PMID: 23494824 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the ophthalmological features of four Turkish children with GAPO syndrome, a very rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by growth retardation (G), alopecia (A), pseudoanodontia (P) (failure of tooth eruption), and optic atrophy (O). The children were from two unrelated families born to consanguineous parents. They had the characteristic facial appearance of alopecia, rarefaction of eyebrows and eyelashes, frontal bossing, high forehead, midfacial hypoplasia, hypertelorism, and thickened eyelids and lips. Two children had severe end-stage glaucoma in both eyes and unilateral corneal opacity, whereas other two children had myelinated retinal nerve fiber layer; one with bilateral optic atrophy and the other one with persistent pupillary membrane in the left eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bozkurt
- Selcuk University Medical Faculty, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey.
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Sinha R, Trikha A, Laha A, Raviraj R, Kumar R. Anesthetic management of a patient with GAPO syndrome for glaucoma surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21:910-2. [PMID: 21718384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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GAPO syndrome: a case associated with bilateral interstitial keratitis and hypothyroidism. Clin Dysmorphol 2010; 19:79-81. [PMID: 20032780 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e32833593d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The RIN2 syndrome: a new autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by deficiency of Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2). Hum Genet 2010; 128:79-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Castrillon-Oberndorfer G, Seeberger R, Bacon C, Engel M, Ebinger F, Thiele OC. GAPO syndrome associated with craniofacial vascular malformation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:225-7. [PMID: 20034076 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nanda A, Al-Ateeqi WA, Al-Khawari MA, Alsaleh QA, Anim JT. GAPO syndrome: a report of two siblings and a review of literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2010; 27:156-61. [PMID: 20537066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2010.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The molecular nature of the disease is not fully understood and is considered to be one of the ectodermal dysplasia defects. In this report, we describe clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural features in two siblings born to consanguineous parents with a brief review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Nanda
- As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait.
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Basel-Vanagaite L, Sarig O, Hershkovitz D, Fuchs-Telem D, Rapaport D, Gat A, Isman G, Shirazi I, Shohat M, Enk CD, Birk E, Kohlhase J, Matysiak-Scholze U, Maya I, Knopf C, Peffekoven A, Hennies HC, Bergman R, Horowitz M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Sprecher E. RIN2 deficiency results in macrocephaly, alopecia, cutis laxa, and scoliosis: MACS syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:254-63. [PMID: 19631308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited disorders of elastic tissue represent a complex and heterogeneous group of diseases, characterized often by sagging skin and occasionally by life-threatening visceral complications. In the present study, we report on an autosomal-recessive disorder that we have termed MACS syndrome (macrocephaly, alopecia, cutis laxa, and scoliosis). The disorder was mapped to chromosome 20p11.21-p11.23, and a homozygous frameshift mutation in RIN2 was found to segregate with the disease phenotype in a large consanguineous kindred. The mutation identified results in decreased expression of RIN2, a ubiquitously expressed protein that interacts with Rab5 and is involved in the regulation of endocytic trafficking. RIN2 deficiency was found to be associated with paucity of dermal microfibrils and deficiency of fibulin-5, which may underlie the abnormal skin phenotype displayed by the patients.
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Kocabay G, Mert M. GAPO syndrome associated with dilated cardiomyopathy: an unreported association. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:415-6. [PMID: 19206158 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonenc Kocabay
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Koşuyolu Yüksek Ihtisas Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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