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Carey JC, Opitz JM. Evolution in the clinic: Maladaptive units and "minor anomalies". Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:640-646. [PMID: 36331276 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is here argued that the application of the term "minor anomalies" is often imprecise and likely outdated. In the past, the designation was used indiscriminately to refer to a great variety of unrelated morphogenetic phenomena. Also, the term does not discriminate between mild qualitative defects of development (mild malformations) and quantitative variants of normal structure. The human face was formed by natural and sexual selection. Morphological and morphogenetic analyses have shown that the human face with its skin, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, glands, and lymphatics is a complex structure made up of progeny of ectoderm and mesoderm. Holoprosencephaly demonstrates graphically how these embryonic derivatives fit together sequentially. These derivatives are the adaptive units of the human organism, the result of stringent evolutionary forces uniting essential function to a minimum of structure. Before an "unusual" facial appearance is diagnosed as "abnormal", phenotype analysis is required to determine if there is a family resemblance or if it is a pleiotropic structure. The facial structures of chimps and humans are homologous by virtue of descent from a common ancestor (Darwin, 1859). Differences in the appearance of these species reflect adaptive divergence over some 6-7 million years of evolution while retaining over 98-99% genetic identity. Both species may develop Down syndrome, evidence of similarly retained developmental plasticity. It has occurred to us that Dobzhansky's axiom ("Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution") applies not only to genetics, but to all of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John M Opitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Han JY, Park J. A Recurrent De Novo Terminal Duplication of 14q32 in Korean Siblings Associated with Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability, Growth Retardation, Facial Dysmorphism, and Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1388. [PMID: 34573370 PMCID: PMC8472681 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal 14q32 duplication has been reported often in association with other cytogenetic abnormalities, and individuals with this specific duplication showed varying degrees of developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) and growth retardation (GR), and distinct facial dysmorphisms. Herein, based on the limited cases of terminal duplication of 14q32 known to date, we present new affected siblings presenting with DD/ID, GR, and facial dysmorphism, as well as cerebral infarction caused by recurrent de novo der(14)t(14;14)(p11.2;q32.1) leading to terminal duplication of 14q32. We used coverage analysis generated via duo exome sequencing, performed chromosomal microarray (CMA) as a confirmatory test, and compared our findings with those reported previously. Coverage analysis generated via duo exome sequencing revealed a 17.2 Mb heterozygous duplication at chromosome 14q32.11-q32.33 with a Z ratio ranging between 0.5 and 1 in the proband and her elder brother. As a complementary method, CMA established a terminal duplication described as the arr[hg19]14q32.11q32.33(90,043,558_107,258,824)x3 in the proband and her elder brother; however, the parents and other siblings showed normal karyotyping and no abnormal gain or loss of CMA results. Five candidate genes, BCL11B, CCNK, YY1, DYNC1H1, and PACS2, were associated with the clinical phenotypes in our cases. Although the parents had normal chromosomes, two affected cases carrying terminal duplication of 14q32 can be explained by gonadal mosaicism. Further studies are needed to establish the association between cerebrovascular events and terminal duplication of chromosome 14q32, including investigation into the cytogenetics of patients with precise clinical descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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Li X, Cai S, Zhong Z, Wang H, Wang L, You Y, Zhang M. Role of autoimmune hemolytic anemia as an initial indicator for chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19256. [PMID: 32118733 PMCID: PMC7478578 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report here the case of a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase who was diagnosed 1 year after receiving a diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). The objective was to assess if the CML patient progressed from AIHA and explore the underlying factors of the poor outcome after the achievement of molecular complete remission (MCR). PATIENT CONCERNS A patient with AIHA underwent splenectomy because of poor response to immune inhibitors. The spleen biopsy showed reactive hyperplasia. DIAGNOSIS The patient was diagnosed with CML because of over-expression of the BCR-ABL (P210) gene in the bone marrow (BM), 1 year after receiving the diagnosis of AIHA. INTERVENTIONS The splenectomy was performed as the patient was unresponsive to the standard treatments consisting of immunoglobulin and dexamethasone. The removed spleen was sent for pathological examination. After she was diagnosed with CML, she received imatinib treatment. OUTCOMES The spleen biopsy confirmed the translocation of 22q11/9q34. No BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation was detected and there was no expression of the WT1 or EVI1 genes. After splenectomy, the number of peripheral white blood cells was consistently higher than normal during the total therapy time for CML even though she showed MCR. Two years after CML was diagnosed, the patient died from severe infection. The BM gene array analysis displayed 3 types of chromosomal abnormalities: gain (14q32.33), uniparental disomy (UPD) Xp11.22-p11.1), and UPD Xp11.1-q13.1. LESSONS AIHA may be a clinical phase of CML progression in this patient. Both splenectomy and prolonged oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors may have contributed to the high risk of infection and her subsequent death. In addition, the gain of chromosome 14q32.33 may be related to her poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institution of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Sisi Cai
- Institution of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Zhaodong Zhong
- Institution of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Institution of Hematology, The central hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institution of Hematology, The central hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong You
- Institution of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Min Zhang
- Institution of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
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Opitz JM, Mullen P, Elias AF. Philip D. Pallister of Montana. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:9-12. [PMID: 30569546 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Opitz
- Departments of Pediatrics (Medical Genetics), Pathology, Human Genetics, Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Pierce Mullen
- Department of History, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Abdallah F Elias
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, Helena, Montana
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Geier CB, Piller A, Eibl MM, Ciznar P, Ilencikova D, Wolf HM. Terminal 14q32.33 deletion as a novel cause of agammaglobulinemia. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:41-45. [PMID: 28705765 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a pleiotropic spectrum of B-cell intrinsic defects leading to early onset agammaglobulinemia and absent B cells has been described. Herein we report terminal 14q32.33 deletion as a novel cause of agammaglobulinemia. We describe a 20-year old man with a 1MB terminal 14q32.33 deletion resulting in a loss of the entire Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene region of chromosome 14. The patient presented with absent serum immunoglobulin levels and absent circulating B cells since age 2. The clinical picture was dominated by severe episodes of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. In the literature, the most prevalent features of terminal 14q32.33 deletions include mental disability, facial malformation, hypotonia, seizures, and visual problems with retinal abnormalities. Neither increased susceptibility to infections nor agammaglobulinemia have been described as a manifestation of terminal 14q32.33 deletion. Thus, our findings expand the known clinical spectrum of terminal 14q32.33 deletion to include susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martha M Eibl
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria; Biomedizinische Forschungs GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ciznar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University and Children's University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Ilencikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University and Children's University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia; Zentrum Medizinische Genetik, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria
| | - Hermann M Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria; Sigmund Freud Private University - Medical School, Vienna, Austria.
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He C, Dong C, Li J, Hu D, Yao L, Wu Y. A Familial 14q32.32q32.33 Duplication/17p13.3 Deletion Syndrome with Facial Anomalies and Moderate Intellectual Disability. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:262-7. [PMID: 27164845 DOI: 10.1159/000446145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, a derivative chromosome 17 formed by a subtelomeric translocation involving chromosomes 17 and 14 has not been reported before. Here, we present the clinical and molecular cytogenetic characteristics of 2 family members with a subtelomeric rearrangement involving chromosome regions 14q32.32q32.33 and 17p13.3. The patients had moderate intellectual disability, a high forehead, a broad nasal root, downslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, retrognathia, hypertelorism, wrinkled skin over the glabella and metopic suture, and mild finger clubbing. Array CGH detected a 2.52-Mb duplication of 14q32.32q32.33 (103,805,680-106,396,479) and a 1.2-Mb deletion of 17p13.3 (87,009-1,298,869) confirmed to be pathogenic by quantitative PCR and loss of heterozygosity analysis of 17p13.3. The derivative chromosome 17 was inherited from a parental balanced translocation. To our knowledge, this cytogenetic aberration has not been described previously. The refinement of the genetic location will improve the knowledge of the genes responsible for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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Krantz ID, Opitz JM. Introduction--a Pallister jubilee. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:367-9. [PMID: 25425043 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Elias AF. The Shodair Medical Genetics Department--recent past and future developments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:381-6. [PMID: 25424535 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Philip Pallister and John Opitz laid the ground work for a unique genetic service model in Montana that continues to flourish through ongoing support by the Montana Legislature, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services and the Shodair Foundation. At the heart of the model are clinical and laboratory genetic specialists based at Shodair Children's Hospital in Helena providing genetic care for patients through outreach clinics. Clinical services are supported by a state-of-the-art cytogenetics and molecular genetic laboratory as well a fetal genetic pathology program. Over the years, the reach of regular genetics clinics expanded to include large geographic areas including northwest (Kalispell), west central (Missoula), southwest (Bozeman, Butte), north central (Great Falls), and south central Montana (Billings). Building on the foundation of its world-renowned pioneers, the next generation of medical geneticists at Shodair carries the responsibility of integrating genomic medicine in the diagnosis and care of their patients, reducing inequality of services within Montana and partnering with colleagues across specialties to develop a more personalized practice of medicine.
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Rosenfeld JA, Fox JE, Descartes M, Brewer F, Stroud T, Gorski JL, Upton SJ, Moeschler JB, Monteleone B, Neill NJ, Lamb AN, Ballif BC, Shaffer LG, Ravnan JB. Clinical features associated with copy number variations of the 14q32 imprinted gene cluster. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:345-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Signature Genomic Laboratories; PerkinElmer; Inc.; Spokane Washington
| | - Joyce E. Fox
- Division of Medical Genetics; Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York; New York
| | - Maria Descartes
- Department of Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Alabama
| | - Fallon Brewer
- Department of Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Alabama
| | - Tracy Stroud
- Division of Developmental Pediatrics; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri
| | - Jerome L. Gorski
- Division of Medical Genetics; University of Missouri School of Medicine; Columbia Missouri
| | - Sheila J. Upton
- Children's Hospital at Dartmouth; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon New Hampshire
| | - John B. Moeschler
- Children's Hospital at Dartmouth; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon New Hampshire
| | | | - Nicholas J. Neill
- Signature Genomic Laboratories; PerkinElmer; Inc.; Spokane Washington
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Allen N. Lamb
- ARUP Laboratories; Department of Pathology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Blake C. Ballif
- Signature Genomic Laboratories; PerkinElmer; Inc.; Spokane Washington
- Paw Print Genetics; Genetic Veterinary Sciences; Inc.; Spokane Washington
| | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories; PerkinElmer; Inc.; Spokane Washington
- Paw Print Genetics; Genetic Veterinary Sciences; Inc.; Spokane Washington
| | - J. Britt Ravnan
- Signature Genomic Laboratories; PerkinElmer; Inc.; Spokane Washington
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Pallister PD. The study of genetic syndromes in a rural setting. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:370-80. [PMID: 25424610 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The syndromal and genetic biology reported and reviewed herein can be studied, analyzed and reported by any "GP" with the required gifts, enthusiasm, drive, and ability to work with collaborators of goodwill at University centers near or far; and most importantly, to continue lifelong education and retraining. Beginning individually in rural Boulder, MT in 1947 it was possible to train in phenotype analysis with methods available to any GP, somewhat later to enlist collaborators at the Universities of Wisconsin and Washington, and finally to establish a genetic services program at a regional medical center (Shodair Children's Hospital in Helena) with fiscal support from the State Legislature amending and extending the prior Newborn Screening Act of Montana. With such financial stability it was possible to attract another physician, genetic counselors and a cytogeneticist to the Shodair Program. This genetic center now has expanded to a staff of 22 with advanced capabilities in cytogenetics, biochemistry and molecular biology (q.v. Elias in this issue). In these past 50 years then I have seen the Montana Genetics Program grow from humble rural beginnings to the amazing center it is now providing statewide outreach services, genetic education and the most advanced diagnostics and research. Now, it may not be inappropriate for me to recommend the Montana model for implementation in other genetically underserved regions throughout the United States.
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