1
|
Singh A, Pajni K, Panigrahi I, Khetarpal P. Clinical and Molecular Heterogeneity of Silver-Russell Syndrome and Therapeutic Challenges: A Systematic Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:157-168. [PMID: 35293298 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220315142542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a developmental disorder involving extreme growth failure, characteristic facial features and underlying genetic heterogeneity. As the clinical heterogeneity of SRS makes diagnosis a challenging task, the worldwide incidence of SRS could vary from 1:30,000 to 1:100,000. Although various chromosomal, genetic, and epigenetic mutations have been linked with SRS, the cause had only been identified in half of the cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS To have a better understanding of the SRS clinical presentation and mutation/ epimutation responsible for SRS, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using appropriate keywords in various scientific databases (PROSPERO protocol registration CRD42021273211). Clinical features of SRS have been compiled and presented corresponding to the specific genetic subtype. An attempt has been made to understand the recurrence risk and the role of model organisms in understanding the molecular mechanisms of SRS pathology, treatment, and management strategies of the affected patients through the analysis of selected literature. RESULTS 156 articles were selected to understand the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of SRS. Information about detailed clinical features was available for 228 patients only, and it was observed that body asymmetry and relative macrocephaly were most prevalent in cases with methylation defects of the 11p15 region. In about 38% of cases, methylation defects in ICRs or genomic mutations at the 11p15 region have been implicated. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (mUPD7) accounts for about 7% of SRS cases, and rarely, uniparental disomy of other autosomes (11, 14, 16, and 20 chromosomes) has been documented. Mutation in half of the cases is yet to be identified. Studies involving mice as experimental animals have been helpful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism. As the clinical presentation of the syndrome varies a lot, treatment needs to be individualized with multidisciplinary effort. CONCLUSION SRS is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, with most of the cases being implicated with a mutation in the 11p15 region and maternal disomy of chromosome 7. Recurrence risk varies according to the molecular subtype. Studies with mice as a model organism have been useful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism leading to the characteristic clinical presentation of the syndrome. Management strategies often need to be individualized due to varied clinical presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ketan Pajni
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Inusha Panigrahi
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Catusi I, Bonati MT, Mainini E, Russo S, Orlandini E, Larizza L, Recalcati MP. Recombinant Chromosome 7 Driven by Maternal Chromosome 7 Pericentric Inversion in a Girl with Features of Silver-Russell Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228487. [PMID: 33187293 PMCID: PMC7698152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 is present in 5-10% of patients with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), and duplication of 7p including GRB10 (Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 10), an imprinted gene that affects pre-and postnatal growth retardation, has been associated with the SRS phenotype. Here, we report on a 17 year old girl referred to array-CGH analysis for short stature, psychomotor delay, and relative macrocephaly. Array-CGH analysis showed two copy number variants (CNVs): a ~12.7 Mb gain in 7p13-p11.2, involving GRB10 and an ~9 Mb loss in 7q11.21-q11.23. FISH experiments performed on the proband's mother showed a chromosome 7 pericentric inversion that might have mediated the complex rearrangement harbored by the daughter. Indeed, we found that segmental duplications, of which chromosome 7 is highly enriched, mapped at the breakpoints of both the mother's inversion and the daughter's CNVs. We postulate that pairing of highly homologous sequences might have perturbed the correct meiotic chromosome segregation, leading to unbalanced outcomes and acting as the putative meiotic mechanism that was causative of the proband's rearrangement. Comparison of the girl's phenotype to those of patients with similar CNVs supports the presence of 7p in a locus associated with features of SRS syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Catusi
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (I.C.); (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Teresa Bonati
- Ambulatorio di Genetica Medica, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (M.T.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Ester Mainini
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (I.C.); (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (I.C.); (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Eleonora Orlandini
- Ambulatorio di Genetica Medica, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (M.T.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (I.C.); (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Paola Recalcati
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milano, Italy; (I.C.); (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang S, Bartolomei MS. Modeling human epigenetic disorders in mice: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044123. [PMID: 32424032 PMCID: PMC7272347 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, a phenomenon in which the two parental alleles are regulated differently, is observed in mammals, marsupials and a few other species, including seed-bearing plants. Dysregulation of genomic imprinting can cause developmental disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). In this Review, we discuss (1) how various (epi)genetic lesions lead to the dysregulation of clinically relevant imprinted loci, and (2) how such perturbations may contribute to the developmental defects in BWS and SRS. Given that the regulatory mechanisms of most imprinted clusters are well conserved between mice and humans, numerous mouse models of BWS and SRS have been generated. These mouse models are key to understanding how mutations at imprinted loci result in pathological phenotypes in humans, although there are some limitations. This Review focuses on how the biological findings obtained from innovative mouse models explain the clinical features of BWS and SRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Chang
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan H, Huang L, Hu X, Li Q, Sun X, Xie Y, Kong S, Wang X. FGFR3 gene mutation plus GRB10 gene duplication in a patient with achondroplasia plus growth delay with prenatal onset. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:89. [PMID: 27370225 PMCID: PMC4930580 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achondroplasia is a well-defined and common bone dysplasia. Genotype- and phenotype-level correlations have been found between the clinical symptoms of achondroplasia and achondroplasia-specific FGFR3 mutations. Result A 2-year-old boy with clinical features consistent with achondroplasia and Silver-Russell syndrome-like symptoms was found to carry a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) gene at c.1138G > A (p.Gly380Arg) and a de novo 574 kb duplication at chromosome 7p12.1 that involved the entire growth-factor receptor bound protein 10 (GRB10) gene. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, GRB10 was over-expressed, and, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for IGF1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), we found that IGF1 and IGFBP3 were low-expressed in this patient. Conclusions We demonstrate that a combination of uncommon, rare and exceptional molecular defects related to the molecular bases of particular birth defects can be analyzed and diagnosed to potentially explain the observed variability in the combination of molecular defects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0465-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Yuan
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510330, Guangdong, China.,KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510330, Guangdong, China
| | - Linhuan Huang
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xizi Hu
- Fairmont Preparatory Academy, Anaheim, CA, 92801, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Affymetrix Biotech Shanghai Ltd., Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Rd., Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Rd., Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Kong
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Rd., Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Rd., Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carrera IA, de Zaldívar MS, Martín R, Begemann M, Soellner L, Eggermann T. Microdeletions of the 7q32.2 imprinted region are associated with Silver-Russell syndrome features. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:743-9. [PMID: 26663145 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The association of maternal uniparental disomy of human chromosome 7 (upd(7) mat) and the growth retardation disorder Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is well established, but the causative gene or region is currently unknown. However, several observations indicate that molecular alterations of the genomically imprinted MEST region in 7q32.2 are associated with growth retardation and a phenotype reminiscent to SRS. We now report on a second patient with a similar phenotype and a de novo 7q32.2 microdeletion including MEST affecting the paternal allele. This confirms the central role of imprinted genes in 7q32.2 in the etiology of a growth retardation phenotype associated with SRS features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Arroyo Carrera
- Pediatric Service, San Pedro de Alcántara Hospital, Cáceres, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Martín
- Pediatric Service, San Pedro de Alcántara Hospital, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Soellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dysregulation of methylation and expression of imprinted genes in oocytes and reproductive tissues in mice of advanced maternal age. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:713-23. [PMID: 25800995 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate reproductive outcomes in aged compared to young female mice, and determine associated methylation and expression of imprinted genes in reproductive tissues. METHODS Fetal, placental, and ovarian tissue were collected on d16.5 of pregnancy from young (4-5 weeks) and aged (15 months) mice. Uterine tissue and in vivo matured oocytes were collected from non-pregnant females. Methylation of imprinted genes was determined by restriction enzyme based assays, and transcript abundance of imprinted and nutrient supply genes were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Maternal age was associated with fetal growth restriction and placental overgrowth. In maternally aged mice, methylation was minimally dysregulated in fetal tissue, while placental tissue showed aberrant methylation and transcript abundance of imprinted genes. Ovarian methylation and gene expression was severely dysregulated, although oocyte gene expression was only minimally altered. Abundance of Kcnq1 transcripts was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in oocytes obtained from aged females compared to young females. Gene expression was also severely dysregulated in the uterus, including nutrient transport genes. CONCLUSION Fetal and placental growth abnormalities correspond to aberrant methylation and gene expression in reproductive tissues from maternally aged mice. Significant alterations in gene expression and methylation in the aged ovary suggests that the follicular environment may be compromised. Aberrant methylation and expression of imprinted genes in the aged uterus may contribute to reduced implantation. Maternal age negatively affects imprinted gene methylation and expression in both germ cells and somatic cells of the reproductive tract, contributing to the reduced fertility observed with advanced maternal age.
Collapse
|
7
|
Eggermann T, Schneider-Rätzke B, Begemann M, Spengler S. Isolated hypermethylation of GRB10 (7p12.2) in a Silver-Russell syndrome patient carrying a 20p13 microdeletion. Clin Genet 2013; 85:399-400. [PMID: 23745689 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|