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Vaisfeld A, Spartano S, Gobbi G, Vezzani A, Neri G. Chromosome 14 deletions, rings, and epilepsy genes: A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. Epilepsia 2020; 62:25-40. [PMID: 33205446 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ring 14 syndrome is a rare condition caused by the rearrangement of one chromosome 14 into a ring-like structure. The formation of the ring requires two breakpoints and loss of material from the short and long arms of the chromosome. Like many other chromosome syndromes, it is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delays. Typical of the condition are retinal anomalies and drug-resistant epilepsy. These latter manifestations are not found in individuals who are carriers of comparable 14q deletions without formation of a ring (linear deletions). To find an explanation for this apparent discrepancy and gain insight into the mechanisms leading to seizures, we reviewed and compared literature cases of both ring and linear deletion syndrome with respect to both their clinical manifestations and the role and function of potentially epileptogenic genes. Knowledge of the epilepsy-related genes in chromosome 14 is an important premise for the search of new and effective drugs to combat seizures. Current clinical and molecular evidence is not sufficient to explain the known discrepancies between ring and linear deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vaisfeld
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Spartano
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gobbi
- Residential Center for Rehabilitation Luce Sul Mare, Rimini, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.,J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
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Le Guen Y, Leroy F, Philippe C, Mangin JF, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Frouin V. Enhancer Locus in ch14q23.1 Modulates Brain Asymmetric Temporal Regions Involved in Language Processing. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5322-5332. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Identifying the genes that contribute to the variability in brain regions involved in language processing may shed light on the evolution of brain structures essential to the emergence of language in Homo sapiens. The superior temporal asymmetrical pit (STAP), which is not observed in chimpanzees, represents an ideal phenotype to investigate the genetic variations that support human communication. The left STAP depth was significantly associated with a predicted enhancer annotation located in the 14q23.1 locus, between DACT1 and KIAA0586, in the UK Biobank British discovery sample (N = 16 515). This association was replicated in the IMAGEN cohort (N = 1726) and the UK Biobank non-British validation sample (N = 2161). This genomic region was also associated to a lesser extent with the right STAP depth and the formation of sulcal interruptions, “plis de passage,” in the bilateral STAP but not with other structural brain MRI phenotypes, highlighting its notable association with the superior temporal regions. Diffusion MRI emphasized an association with the fractional anisotropy of the left auditory fibers of the corpus callosum and with networks involved in linguistic processing in resting-state functional MRI. Overall, this evidence demonstrates a specific relationship between this locus and the establishment of the superior temporal regions that support human communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Guen
- UNATI, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - François Leroy
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, U992, INSERM, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Cathy Philippe
- UNATI, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- UNATI, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, U992, INSERM, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Vincent Frouin
- UNATI, Neurospin, Institut Joliot, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
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Gergics P. Pituitary Transcription Factor Mutations Leading to Hypopituitarism. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:263-298. [PMID: 31588536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Congenital pituitary hormone deficiency is a disabling condition. It is part of a spectrum of disorders including craniofacial midline developmental defects ranging from holoprosencephaly through septo-optic dysplasia to combined and isolated pituitary hormone deficiency. The first genes discovered in the human disease were based on mouse models of dwarfism due to mutations in transcription factor genes. High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies enabled clinicians and researchers to find novel genetic causes of hypopituitarism for the more than three quarters of patients without a known genetic diagnosis to date. Transcription factor (TF) genes are at the forefront of the functional analysis of novel variants of unknown significance due to the relative ease in in vitro testing in a research lab. Genetic testing in hypopituitarism is of high importance to the individual and their family to predict phenotype composition, disease progression and to avoid life-threatening complications such as secondary adrenal insufficiency.This chapter aims to highlight our current understanding about (1) the contribution of TF genes to pituitary development (2) the diversity of inheritance and phenotype features in combined and select isolated pituitary hormone deficiency and (3) provide an initial assessment on how to approach variants of unknown significance in human hypopituitarism. Our better understanding on how transcription factor gene variants lead to hypopituitarism is a meaningful step to plan advanced therapies to specific genetic changes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Pichiecchio A, Vitale G, Caporali C, Parazzini C, Milani D, Recalcati MP, D'Amico L, Signorini S, Balottin U, Bastianello S. New insights into the phenotypic spectrum of 14q22q23 deletions: a case report and literature review. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 30268123 PMCID: PMC6162925 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations occurring in the orthodenticle homeobox 2 gene (OTX2) are responsible for a rare genetic syndrome, characterized mainly by microphthalmia/anophthalmia associated with extra-ocular defects such as brain malformations, pituitary abnormalities, short stature and intellectual disability. To date, the spectrum of radiological features observed in patients with OTX2 mutations has never been summarized. CASE PRESENTATION In this report, we describe a case of large microdeletion encompassing OTX2 but not BMP4 presenting with a syndromic anophthalmia with corpus callosum hypoplasia, pituitary gland hypoplasia and vermian hypoplasia. CONCLUSION Our case report provides an illustration of the neuroradiological spectrum in a case of OTX2-related syndrome and the first radiological evidence of 14q22.2q23.1 deletion associated posterior cranial fossa anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pichiecchio
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi", via Lodovico Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura D'Amico
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Balottin
- University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bastianello
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Interstitial 14q24.3 to q31.3 deletion in a 6-year-old boy with a non-specific dysmorphic phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:77. [PMID: 25426167 PMCID: PMC4243390 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few patients with interstitial deletions in the distal long arm of chromosome 14 have been reported, and these patients showed rather indistinct features, including growth and mental retardation and phenotypic alterations. RESULTS We describe a de novo 14q interstitial deletion in a 6-year-old boy with dysmorphic facial traits such as hypertelorism, short and narrow palpebral fissures, broad nose with anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, thin upper lip with cupid's bow, prominent and everted lower lip, mildly low-set ears, as well as moderate developmental delay and mild mental retardation. Array-CGH mapped the deletion to the region 14q24.3 to 14q31.3, including 13.11 Mb, proximal to the imprinted genomic region of 14q32. CONCLUSION This mild phenotypic presentation suggests that the deleted segment does not contain essential genes for early organ development. Twenty-two genes with known functions, including Neurexin III (NRXN3, OMIM 600567), map to the region deleted in the propositus.
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