1
|
Li Q, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Cai S, Cai Z. Auriculocondylar syndrome: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and surgical therapies. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:822-842. [PMID: 37208246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Auriculocondylar syndrome (ARCND) is a genetic and rare craniofacial condition caused by abnormal development of the first and second pharyngeal arches during the embryonic stage and is characterized by peculiar auricular malformations (question mark ears), mandibular condyle hypoplasia, micrognathia and other less-frequent features. GNAI3, PLCB4 and EDN1 have been identified as pathogenic genes in this syndrome so far, all of which are implicated in the EDN1-EDNRA signal pathway. Therefore, ARCND is genetically classified as ARCND1, ARCND2 and ARCND3 based on the mutations in GNAI3, PLCB4 and EDN1, respectively. ARCND is inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive mode with significant intra- and interfamilial phenotypic variation and incomplete penetrance, rendering its diagnosis difficult and therapies individualized. To raise clinicians' awareness of the rare syndrome, we focused on the currently known pathogenesis, pathogenic genes, clinical manifestations and surgical therapies in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Siyuan Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kanai SM, Heffner C, Cox TC, Cunningham ML, Perez FA, Bauer AM, Reigan P, Carter C, Murray SA, Clouthier DE. Auriculocondylar syndrome 2 results from the dominant-negative action of PLCB4 variants. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049320. [PMID: 35284927 PMCID: PMC9066496 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auriculocondylar syndrome 2 (ARCND2) is a rare autosomal dominant craniofacial malformation syndrome linked to multiple genetic variants in the coding sequence of phospholipase C β4 (PLCB4). PLCB4 is a direct signaling effector of the endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA)-Gq/11 pathway, which establishes the identity of neural crest cells (NCCs) that form lower jaw and middle ear structures. However, the functional consequences of PLCB4 variants on EDNRA signaling is not known. Here, we show, using multiple signaling reporter assays, that known PLCB4 variants resulting from missense mutations exert a dominant-negative interference over EDNRA signaling. In addition, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that F0 mouse embryos modeling one PLCB4 variant have facial defects recapitulating those observed in hypomorphic Ednra mouse models, including a bone that we identify as an atavistic change in the posterior palate/oral cavity. Remarkably, we have identified a similar osseous phenotype in a child with ARCND2. Our results identify the disease mechanism of ARCND2, demonstrate that the PLCB4 variants cause craniofacial differences and illustrate how minor changes in signaling within NCCs may have driven evolutionary changes in jaw structure and function. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Timothy C. Cox
- Departments of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Michael L. Cunningham
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine and Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Francisco A. Perez
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cristan Carter
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vegas N, Demir Z, Gordon CT, Breton S, Romanelli Tavares V, Moisset H, Zechi-Ceide R, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Kido Y, Marlin S, Gherbi Halem S, Meerschaut I, Callewaert B, Chung B, Revencu N, Lehalle D, Petit F, Propst EJ, Papsin BC, Phillips JH, Jakobsen L, Le Tanno P, Thévenon J, McGaughran J, Gerkes EH, Leoni C, Kroisel P, Yang Tan T, Henderson A, Terhal P, Basel-Salmon L, Alkindy A, White SM, Passos Bueno MR, Pingault V, De Pontual L, Amiel J. Further delineation of Auriculocondylar syndrome based on 14 novel cases and reassessment of 25 published cases. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:582-594. [PMID: 35170830 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is a rare craniofacial disorder characterized by mandibular hypoplasia and an auricular defect at the junction between the lobe and helix, known as a "Question Mark Ear" (QME). Several additional features, originating from the first and second branchial arches and other tissues, have also been reported. ACS is genetically heterogeneous with autosomal dominant and recessive modes of inheritance. The mutations identified to date are presumed to dysregulate the endothelin 1 signalling pathway. Here we describe 14 novel cases and reassess 25 published cases of ACS through a questionnaire for systematic data collection. All patients harbour mutation(s) in PLCB4, GNAI3 or EDN1. This series of patients contributes to the characterization of additional features occasionally associated with ACS such as respiratory, costal, neurodevelopmental and genital anomalies, and provides management and monitoring recommendations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vegas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Unité d'hépatologie pédiatrie et transplantation, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Breton
- Service d'imagerie pédiatrie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Romanelli Tavares
- Centro de Pesquisas do Genoma Humano e Celulas Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Moisset
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Roseli Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Yasuhiro Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Reference center for genetic hearing loss, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique, Hôpital Necker, APHP.CUP, Paris, France
| | - Souad Gherbi Halem
- Reference center for genetic hearing loss, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique, Hôpital Necker, APHP.CUP, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Meerschaut
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Brian Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Centre de génétique- centre de référence des maladies rares, anomalies du développement et syndrome malformatifs, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Dijon, Bourgogne, France.,UF de Génétique Médicale, Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- CHU Lille, clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - John H Phillips
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Linda Jakobsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Pauline Le Tanno
- Service de Génétique et Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Thévenon
- Service de Génétique et Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie McGaughran
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston and the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erica H Gerkes
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Peter Kroisel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paulien Terhal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Basel-Salmon
- Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Adila Alkindy
- Department of Genetics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Rita Passos Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas do Genoma Humano e Celulas Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Véronique Pingault
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique, Hôpital Necker, APHP.CUP, Paris, France
| | - Loïc De Pontual
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique, Hôpital Necker, APHP.CUP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meng L, Yuan L, Ni J, Fang M, Guo S, Cai H, Qin J, Cai Q, Zhang M, Hu F, Ma J, Zhang Y. Mir24-2-5p suppresses the osteogenic differentiation with Gnai3 inhibition presenting a direct target via inactivating JNK-p38 MAPK signaling axis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4238-4253. [PMID: 34803495 PMCID: PMC8579458 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital anomalies are increasingly becoming a global pediatric health concern, which requires immediate attention to its early diagnosis, preventive strategies, and efficient treatments. Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (Gnai3) gene mutation has been demonstrated to cause congenital small jaw deformity, but the functions of Gnai3 in the disease-specific microRNA (miRNA) upregulations and their downstream signaling pathways during osteogenesis have not yet been reported. Our previous studies found that the expression of Mir24-2-5p was significantly downregulated in the serum of young people with overgrowing mandibular, and bioinformatics analysis suggested possible binding sites of Mir24-2-5p in the Gnai3 3'UTR region. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the mechanism of Mir24-2-5p-mediated regulation of Gnai3 gene expression and explore the possibility of potential treatment strategies for bone defects. Methods: Synthetic miRNA mimics and inhibitors were transduced into osteoblast precursor cells to regulate Mir24-2-5p expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to identify the direct binding of Gnai3 and its regulator Mir24-2-5p. Gnai3 levels in osteoblast precursor cells were downregulated by shRNA (shGnai3). Agomir, Morpholino Oligo (MO), and mRNA were microinjected into zebrafish embryos to control mir24-2-5p and gnai3 expression. Relevant expression levels were determined by the qRT-PCR and Western blotting. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell migration assays were performed to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. ALP, ARS and Von Kossa staining were performed to observe osteogenic differentiation. Alcian blue staining and calcein immersions were performed to evaluate the embryonic development and calcification of zebrafish. Results: The expression of Mir24-2-5p was reduced throughout the mineralization process of osteoblast precursor cells. miRNA inhibitors and mimics were transfected into osteoblast precursor cells. Cell proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization processes were measured, which showed a reverse correlation with the expression of Mir24-2-5p. Dual-luciferase reporter gene detection assay confirmed the direct interaction between Mir24-2-5p and Gnai3 mRNA. Moreover, in osteoblast precursor cells treated with Mir24-2-5p inhibitor, the expression of Gnai3 gene was increased, suggesting that Mir24-2-5p negatively targeted Gnai3. Silencing of Gnai3 inhibited osteoblast precursor cells proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization. Promoting effects of osteoblast precursor cells proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization by low expression of Mir24-2-5p was partially rescued upon silencing of Gnai3. In vivo, mir24-2-5p Agomir microinjection into zebrafish embryo resulted in shorter body length, smaller and retruded mandible, decreased cartilage development, and vertebral calcification, which was partially rescued by microinjecting gnai3 mRNA. Notably, quite similar phenotypic outcomes were observed in gnai3 MO embryos, which were also partially rescued by mir24-2-5p MO. Besides, the expression of phospho-JNK (p-JNK) and p-p38 were increased upon Mir24-2-5p inhibitor treatment and decreased upon shGnai3-mediated Gnai3 downregulation in osteoblast precursor cells. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization abilities of shGnai3-treated osteoblast precursor cells were promoted by p-JNK and p-p38 pathway activators, suggesting that Gnai3 might regulate the differentiation and mineralization processes in osteoblast precursor cells through the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions: In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of Mir24-2-5p on Gnai3 expression regulation in osteoblast precursor cells and provided a new idea of improving the prevention and treatment strategies for congenital mandibular defects and mandibular protrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lichan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jieli Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mengru Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huayang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jinwei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nabil A, El Shafei S, El Shakankiri NM, Habib A, Morsy H, Maddirevula S, Alkuraya FS. A familial PLCB4 mutation causing auriculocondylar syndrome 2 with variable severity. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103917. [PMID: 32201334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Auriculocondylar syndrome (ARCND, MIM #614669, #602483, and #615706); also known as ''question-mark ear syndrome'' or ''dysgnathia complex'', is a rare craniofacial malformation of first and second branchial arches with a prevalence of <1/1,000,000. It is characterized by a distinctive auricular malformation (question mark ear (QME)) and highly variable mandibular anomalies. Variants found in PLCB4, GNAI3, and in EDN1 genes are responsible for >90% of tested ARCND patients. Whole exome sequencing in a multigenerational Egyptian kindred with high intrafamilial variability revealed a known heterozygous missense variant in PLCB4 (NM_000933.3:c.1862G>A:p.(Arg621His)). This report increases the number of molecularly characterized ARCND patients to 29 and emphasizes the highly variable clinical presentation within families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Nabil
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Sahar El Shafei
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Habib
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Heba Morsy
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gordon C, Weaver K, Zechi-Ceide R, Madsen E, Tavares A, Oufadem M, Kurihara Y, Adameyko I, Picard A, Breton S, Pierrot S, Biosse-Duplan M, Voisin N, Masson C, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Delrue MA, Lacombe D, Guion-Almeida M, Moura P, Garib D, Munnich A, Ernfors P, Hufnagel R, Hopkin R, Kurihara H, Saal H, Weaver D, Katsanis N, Lyonnet S, Golzio C, Clouthier D, Amiel J. Mutations in the endothelin receptor type A cause mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:519-31. [PMID: 25772936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) signaling pathway is essential for the establishment of mandibular identity during development of the first pharyngeal arch. We report four unrelated individuals with the syndrome mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia (MFDA) who have de novo missense variants in EDNRA. Three of the four individuals have the same substitution, p.Tyr129Phe. Tyr129 is known to determine the selective affinity of EDNRA for endothelin 1 (EDN1), its major physiological ligand, and the p.Tyr129Phe variant increases the affinity of the receptor for EDN3, its non-preferred ligand, by two orders of magnitude. The fourth individual has a somatic mosaic substitution, p.Glu303Lys, and was previously described as having Johnson-McMillin syndrome. The zygomatic arch of individuals with MFDA resembles that of mice in which EDNRA is ectopically activated in the maxillary prominence, resulting in a maxillary to mandibular transformation, suggesting that the p.Tyr129Phe variant causes an EDNRA gain of function in the developing upper jaw. Our in vitro and in vivo assays suggested complex, context-dependent effects of the EDNRA variants on downstream signaling. Our findings highlight the importance of finely tuned regulation of EDNRA signaling during human craniofacial development and suggest that modification of endothelin receptor-ligand specificity was a key step in the evolution of vertebrate jaws.
Collapse
|