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Cannova S, Meossi C, Grilli F, Milani D, Alberti F, Cesaretti C, Marchisio PG, Crosti F, Pezzani L. CATSHL syndrome, a new family and phenotypic expansion. Clin Genet 2024; 105:313-316. [PMID: 37990933 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 12-year-old girl and her father who both had marked postnatal tall stature, camptodactyly and clinodactyly, scoliosis and juvenile-onset hearing loss. The CATSHL (CAmptodactyly - Tall stature - Scoliosis - Hearing Loss syndrome) syndrome was suspected, and molecular analysis revealed a hitherto unreported, monoallelic variant c.1861C>T (p.Arg621Cys) in FGFR3. This variant affects the same residue, but is different than, the variant p.Arg621His reported in the two families with dominant CATSHL described so far. Interestingly, peg-shaped incisors were observed in the proband, a feature never reported in CATSHL but typical of another FGFR3-related condition, LADD (Lacrimo - Auricolo - Dento - Digital) syndrome. The FGFR3 p.Arg621Cys variant seems to be a newly identified cause of CATSHL syndrome with some phenotypic overlap with the LADD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Meossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Grilli
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cesaretti
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Giovanna Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Pezzani
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- UO Pediatria, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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2
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Farouk Sait S, Fischer C, Antal Z, Spatz K, Prince DE, Ibanez K, Behr GG, Dunkel IJ, Karajannis MA. Slipped capital femoral epiphyses: A major on-target adverse event associated with FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30410. [PMID: 37158537 PMCID: PMC10957205 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are increasingly being used off label in pediatrics. Long-term safety data are limited, and serious toxicities unique to pediatrics may emerge. In a retrospective analysis of patients less than 18 years of age with recurrent/refractory FGFR altered gliomas treated with FGFR TKIs at MSKCC (n = 7), we observed slipped capital femoral epiphyses in three of seven patients along with increased linear growth velocity. Clinicians should closely monitor bone health and have a low index of suspicion for serious orthopedic complications including slipped capital femoral epiphyses and inform patients of related risks as part of consent when treating with FGFR TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Farouk Sait
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zoltan Antal
- Department of Endocrinology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krisoula Spatz
- Department of Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel E Prince
- Department of Orthopedics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katarzyna Ibanez
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerald G Behr
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Cho HW, Jin HS, Eom YB. Genetic variants of FGFR family associated with height, hypertension, and osteoporosis. Ann Hum Biol 2023:1-26. [PMID: 36876654 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2187457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and osteoporosis are the most common types of health problems. A recent study suggested that the fibroblast growth factor receptor-like protein 1 (FGFRL1) gene in giraffes is the most promising candidate gene that may have direct effects on both the skeleton and the cardiovascular system. AIM Our study purposed to replicate the finding that the FGFR5 gene is related to giraffe-related characteristics (height, hypertension, and osteoporosis), and to assess the associations between genetic variants of the FGFR family and three phenotypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS An association study was performed to confirm the connections between hypertension, osteoporosis, and height and the FGFR family proteins (FGFR1 to FGFR5). RESULTS We identified a total of 192 genetic variants in the FGFR family and found six SNVs in the FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 genes that were associated with two phenotypes simultaneously. Also, the FGFR family was found to be involved in calcium signalling, and three genetic variants of the FGFR3 gene showed significant signals in the pituitary and hypothalamus. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that FGFR genes are associated with hypertension, height, and osteoporosis. In particular, the present study highlights the FGFR3 gene, which influences two fundamental regulators of bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Cho
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Jin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bin Eom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Kim HY, Ko JM. Clinical management and emerging therapies of FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasia in childhood. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 27:90-97. [PMID: 35793999 PMCID: PMC9260370 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2244114.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasia is a diverse group of disorders that affect bone development and morphology. Currently, approximately 461 different genetic skeletal disorders have been identified, with over 430 causative genes. Among these, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)-related skeletal dysplasia is a relatively common subgroup of skeletal dysplasia. Pediatric endocrinologists may encounter a suspected case of skeletal dysplasia in their practice, especially when evaluating children with short stature. Early and accurate diagnosis of FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasia is essential for timely management of complications and genetic counseling. This review summarizes 5 representative and distinct entities of skeletal dysplasia caused by pathogenic variants in FGFR3 and discusses emerging therapies for FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Jung Min Ko Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu Daehak-ro 101, Seoul 03080, Korea
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6
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Kimura T, Bosakova M, Nonaka Y, Hruba E, Yasuda K, Futakawa S, Kubota T, Fafilek B, Gregor T, Abraham SP, Gomolkova R, Belaskova S, Pesl M, Csukasi F, Duran I, Fujiwara M, Kavkova M, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Buchtova M, Krakow D, Nakamura Y, Ozono K, Krejci P. An RNA aptamer restores defective bone growth in FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasia in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/592/eaba4226. [PMID: 33952673 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Achondroplasia is the most prevalent genetic form of dwarfism in humans and is caused by activating mutations in FGFR3 tyrosine kinase. The clinical need for a safe and effective inhibitor of FGFR3 is unmet, leaving achondroplasia currently incurable. Here, we evaluated RBM-007, an RNA aptamer previously developed to neutralize the FGFR3 ligand FGF2, for its activity against FGFR3. In cultured rat chondrocytes or mouse embryonal tibia organ culture, RBM-007 rescued the proliferation arrest, degradation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix, premature senescence, and impaired hypertrophic differentiation induced by FGFR3 signaling. In cartilage xenografts derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from individuals with achondroplasia, RBM-007 rescued impaired chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. When delivered by subcutaneous injection, RBM-007 restored defective skeletal growth in a mouse model of achondroplasia. We thus demonstrate a ligand-trap concept of targeting the cartilage FGFR3 and delineate a potential therapeutic approach for achondroplasia and other FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eva Hruba
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kie Yasuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Bohumil Fafilek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gregor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Gomolkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Belaskova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pesl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.,First Department of Internal Medicine-Cardioangiology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabiana Csukasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)-LABRET, University of Málaga, IBIMA-BIONAND, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)-LABRET, University of Málaga, IBIMA-BIONAND, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Michaela Kavkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- RIBOMIC Inc., Tokyo 108-0071, Japan. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan.
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic. .,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Sun X, Zhang R, Chen H, Du X, Chen S, Huang J, Liu M, Xu M, Luo F, Jin M, Su N, Qi H, Yang J, Tan Q, Zhang D, Ni Z, Liang S, Zhang B, Chen D, Zhang X, Luo L, Chen L, Xie Y. Fgfr3 mutation disrupts chondrogenesis and bone ossification in zebrafish model mimicking CATSHL syndrome partially via enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Theranostics 2020; 10:7111-7130. [PMID: 32641982 PMCID: PMC7330844 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CATSHL syndrome, characterized by camptodactyly, tall stature and hearing loss, is caused by loss-of-function mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptors 3 (FGFR3) gene. Most manifestations of patients with CATSHL syndrome start to develop in the embryonic stage, such as skeletal overgrowth, craniofacial abnormalities, however, the pathogenesis of these phenotypes especially the early maldevelopment remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, there are no effective therapeutic targets for this skeleton dysplasia. Methods: We generated fgfr3 knockout zebrafish by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to study the developmental mechanisms and therapeutic targets of CATSHL syndrome. Several zebrafish transgenic lines labeling osteoblasts and chondrocytes, and live Alizarin red staining were used to analyze the dynamical skeleton development in fgfr3 mutants. Western blotting, whole mount in situ hybridization, Edu labeling based cell proliferation assay and Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonist were used to explore the potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Results: We found that fgfr3 mutant zebrafish, staring from early development stage, showed craniofacial bone malformation with microcephaly and delayed closure of cranial sutures, chondroma-like lesion and abnormal development of auditory sensory organs, partially resembling the clinical manifestations of patients with CATSHL syndrome. Further studies showed that fgfr3 regulates the patterning and shaping of pharyngeal arches and the timely ossification of craniofacial skeleton. The abnormal development of pharyngeal arch cartilage is related to the augmented hypertrophy and disordered arrangement of chondrocytes, while decreased proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts may be involved in the delayed maturation of skull bones. Furthermore, we revealed that deficiency of fgfr3 leads to enhanced IHH signaling and up-regulated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and pharmacological inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin could partially alleviate the phenotypes of fgfr3 mutants. Conclusions: Our study further reveals some novel phenotypes and underlying developmental mechanism of CATSHL syndrome, which deepens our understanding of the pathogenesis of CATSHL and the role of fgfr3 in skeleton development. Our findings provide evidence that modulation of Wnt/β-catenin activity could be a potential therapy for CATSHL syndrome and related skeleton diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ruobin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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8
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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9
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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10
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Andrade AC, Jee YH, Nilsson O. New Genetic Diagnoses of Short Stature Provide Insights into Local Regulation of Childhood Growth
. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:22-37. [PMID: 28334714 DOI: 10.1159/000455850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic short stature is a common condition with a heterogeneous etiology. Advances in genetic methods, including genome sequencing techniques and bioinformatics approaches, have emerged as important tools to identify the genetic defects in families with monogenic short stature. These findings have contributed to the understanding of growth regulation and indicate that growth plate chondrogenesis, and therefore linear growth, is governed by a large number of genes important for different signaling pathways and cellular functions, including genetic defects in hormonal regulation, paracrine signaling, cartilage matrix, and fundamental cellular processes. In addition, mutations in the same gene can cause a wide phenotypic spectrum depending on the severity and mode of inheritance of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anenisia C Andrade
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Youn Hee Jee
- Section of Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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11
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Chen H, Sun X, Yin L, Chen S, Zhu Y, Huang J, Jiang W, Chen B, Zhang R, Chen L, Nie M, Xie Y, Deng Z. PTH 1-34 Ameliorates the Osteopenia and Delayed Healing of Stabilized Tibia Fracture in Mice with Achondroplasia Resulting from Gain-Of-Function Mutation of FGFR3. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1254-1265. [PMID: 29104492 PMCID: PMC5666524 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is processed through multiple stages including the cartilaginous callus formation and its transition to bony callus. FGFR3 negatively regulates chondrogenesis and enhances osteogenesis during skeleton development. We previously found in mice carrying gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3 that FGFR3 delays the healing of un-stabilized fracture that heals mainly through endochondral ossification. Since fracture is regularly treated in clinics with rigid fixation, and stabilized fracture is healed largely through intramembranous ossification, we asked whether FGFR3, a key regulator of osteogenesis, also affect the regeneration of stabilized fracture. We found that gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3 inhibits the initiation of chondrogenesis and the subsequent bone formation. We further studied whether PTH1-34 can improve the osteopenia and delayed healing of the stabilized tibia fracture in mice with achondroplasia. Fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-CT, biomechanical tests, histology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. We found that PTH 1-34 can alleviate the decreased bone mass and compromised architecture in ACH mice. Histological analysis revealed that administration of PTH1-34 increased the size of both the total callus and cartilaginous callus at 14 days after the surgery in ACH mice. RT-PCR data suggested that systemic PTH1-34 accelerated the initiation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation (earlier and higher levels of expression of chondrogenesis related markers) and enhanced the osteogenic differentiation in the fracture callus in ACH mice. These results indicate that the PTH1-34 administration resulted in an enhanced callus formation during bone fracture healing in ACH mice, which is at least in part mediated by an increase of cartilaginous callus at early stage and the promotion of bone formation in bony callus. In summary, in this study we revealed that FGFR3 delays the regeneration of stabilized fracture by inhibiting both the chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and PTH1-34 treatment can improve the dysregulated bone metabolism and delayed bone injury healing resulting from gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ruobin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mao Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Xie Y, Luo F, Xu W, Wang Z, Sun X, Xu M, Huang J, Zhang D, Tan Q, Chen B, Jiang W, Du X, Chen L. FGFR3 deficient mice have accelerated fracture repair. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1029-1037. [PMID: 28924384 PMCID: PMC5599908 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is processed through multiple biological stages that partly recapitulates the skeletal development process. FGFR3 is a negative regulator of chondrogenesis during embryonic stage and plays an important role in both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. We have investigated the role of FGFR3 in fracture healing using unstabilized fracture model and found that gain-of-function mutation of FGFR3 inhibits the initiation of chondrogenesis during cartilage callus formation. Here, we created closed, stabilized proximal tibia fractures with an intramedullary pin in Fgfr3-/-mice and their littermate wild-type mice. Fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-CT, histology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The fractured Fgfr3-/- mice had increased formation of cartilaginous callus, more fracture callus, and more rapid endochondral ossification in fracture sites with up-regulated expressions of chondrogenesis related gene. The fractures of Fgfr3-/- mice healed faster with accelerated fracture callus mineralization and up-regulated expression of osteoblastogenic genes. The healing of fractures in Fgfr3-/- mice was accelerated in the stage of formation of cartilage and endochondral ossification. Downregulation of FGFR3 activity can be considered as a potential bio-therapeutic strategy for fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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