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Roelens R, Peigneur ANF, Voets T, Vriens J. Neurodevelopmental disorders caused by variants in TRPM3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119709. [PMID: 38522727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are a broad and varied group of disorders that affect the brain and are characterized by epilepsy and comorbid intellectual disability (ID). These conditions have a broad spectrum of symptoms and can be caused by various underlying factors, including genetic mutations, infections, and other medical conditions. The exact cause of DEE remains largely unknown in the majority of cases. However, in around 25 % of patients, rare nonsynonymous coding variants in genes encoding ion channels, cell-surface receptors, and other neuronally expressed proteins are identified. This review focuses on a subgroup of DEE patients carrying variations in the gene encoding the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 (TRPM3) ion channel, where recent data indicate that gain-of-function of TRPM3 channel activity underlies a spectrum of dominant neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbe Roelens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Nogueira Freitas Peigneur
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Chubanov V, Köttgen M, Touyz RM, Gudermann T. TRPM channels in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:175-187. [PMID: 37853091 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Different cell channels and transporters tightly regulate cytoplasmic levels and the intraorganelle distribution of cations. Perturbations in these processes lead to human diseases that are frequently associated with kidney impairment. The family of melastatin-related transient receptor potential (TRPM) channels, which has eight members in mammals (TRPM1-TRPM8), includes ion channels that are highly permeable to divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ (TRPM1, TRPM3, TRPM6 and TRPM7), non-selective cation channels (TRPM2 and TRPM8) and monovalent cation-selective channels (TRPM4 and TRPM5). Three family members contain an enzymatic protein moiety: TRPM6 and TRPM7 are fused to α-kinase domains, whereas TRPM2 is linked to an ADP-ribose-binding NUDT9 homology domain. TRPM channels also function as crucial cellular sensors involved in many physiological processes, including mineral homeostasis, blood pressure, cardiac rhythm and immunity, as well as photoreception, taste reception and thermoreception. TRPM channels are abundantly expressed in the kidney. Mutations in TRPM genes cause several inherited human diseases, and preclinical studies in animal models of human disease have highlighted TRPM channels as promising new therapeutic targets. Here, we provide an overview of this rapidly evolving research area and delineate the emerging role of TRPM channels in kidney pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Chubanov
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Zhou Y, Bennett TM, Ruzycki PA, Guo Z, Cao YQ, Shahidullah M, Delamere NA, Shiels A. A Cataract-Causing Mutation in the TRPM3 Cation Channel Disrupts Calcium Dynamics in the Lens. Cells 2024; 13:257. [PMID: 38334649 PMCID: PMC10854584 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
TRPM3 belongs to the melastatin sub-family of transient receptor potential (TRPM) cation channels and has been shown to function as a steroid-activated, heat-sensitive calcium ion (Ca2+) channel. A missense substitution (p.I65M) in the TRPM3 gene of humans (TRPM3) and mice (Trpm3) has been shown to underlie an inherited form of early-onset, progressive cataract. Here, we model the pathogenetic effects of this cataract-causing mutation using 'knock-in' mutant mice and human cell lines. Trpm3 and its intron-hosted micro-RNA gene (Mir204) were strongly co-expressed in the lens epithelium and other non-pigmented and pigmented ocular epithelia. Homozygous Trpm3-mutant lenses displayed elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels and an imbalance of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions coupled with increased water content. Homozygous TRPM3-mutant human lens epithelial (HLE-B3) cell lines and Trpm3-mutant lenses exhibited increased levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (MAPK1/ERK2/p42) and MAPK3/ERK1/p44. Mutant TRPM3-M65 channels displayed an increased sensitivity to external Ca2+ concentration and an altered dose response to pregnenolone sulfate (PS) activation. Trpm3-mutant lenses shared the downregulation of genes involved in insulin/peptide secretion and the upregulation of genes involved in Ca2+ dynamics. By contrast, Trpm3-deficient lenses did not replicate the pathophysiological changes observed in Trpm3-mutant lenses. Collectively, our data suggest that a cataract-causing substitution in the TRPM3 cation channel elicits a deleterious gain-of-function rather than a loss-of-function mechanism in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas M. Bennett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhaohua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahidullah
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Delamere
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Alan Shiels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sundaramurthi JC, Bagley AM, Blau H, Carmody L, Crandall A, Danis D, Gargano MA, Gustafson AG, Raney EM, Shingle M, Davids JR, Robinson PN. De novo TRPM3 missense variant associated with neurodevelopmental delay and manifestations of cerebral palsy. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2023; 9:a006293. [PMID: 37684057 PMCID: PMC10815282 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a de novo heterozygous transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 3 (TRPM3) missense variant, p.(Asn1126Asp), in a patient with developmental delay and manifestations of cerebral palsy (CP) using phenotype-driven prioritization analysis of whole-genome sequencing data with Exomiser. The variant is localized in the functionally important ion transport domain of the TRPM3 protein and predicted to impact the protein structure. Our report adds TRPM3 to the list of Mendelian disease-associated genes that can be associated with CP and provides further evidence for the pathogenicity of the variant p.(Asn1126Asp).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita M Bagley
- Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Hannah Blau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Leigh Carmody
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Amy Crandall
- Shriners Children's, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Daniel Danis
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Michael A Gargano
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | | | | | - Mallory Shingle
- Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Jon R Davids
- Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Peter N Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA;
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
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Dang H, Srinivasa S, Lee SY, Alprin C. A Case Study of Early Diagnosed Angelman Syndrome: Recognizing Atypical Clinical Presentations. Cureus 2023; 15:e39271. [PMID: 37342752 PMCID: PMC10279475 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare pediatric neurological condition in which patients most commonly present with inappropriate laughter, microcephaly, speech difficulties, seizures, and movement disorders. AS can be diagnosed clinically and confirmed with genetic testing. In this case report, the patient presented with 9.3% weight loss at two days of age. Although there were multiple attempts at lactational counseling and nutritional guidance, the patient was admitted to the hospital due to failure to thrive. Due to continued global developmental delay and upper and lower extremities hypotonia by the age of nine months, the patient was referred to a neurologist. Brain MRI was negative, and genetic testing revealed 15q11.2q13.1 deletion, which is consistent with AS. Through different therapies and intervention, the patient showed slow improvements in symptoms. This case illustrates the importance of early recognition of nonspecific clinical manifestations of AS. The general management for all AS patients includes physical therapy, speech therapy, mobility support devices, education, and behavioral therapy as they progress through life. Establishing an early diagnosis has potential long-term benefits of improved quality of life and outcomes for patients via early interventions such as physical therapy starting at the age of six months to improve gross motor function. When infants present with nonspecific clinical presentations such as failure to thrive and hypotonia, clinicians should maintain a lower threshold for suspecting genetic conditions, which will facilitate early diagnosis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dang
- Pediatrics, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Sandhya Srinivasa
- Pediatrics, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Pediatrics, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Clifford Alprin
- Family Medicine, North San Antonio Healthcare Associates, San Antonio, USA
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Kahler JP, Aloi VD, Miedes Aliaga J, Kerselaers S, Voets T, Vriens J, Verhelst SHL, Barniol-Xicota M. Clotrimazole-Based Modulators of the TRPM3 Ion Channel Reveal Narrow Structure-Activity Relationship. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:456-464. [PMID: 36762958 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
TRPM3 is an ion channel that is highly expressed in nociceptive neurons and plays a key role in pain perception. In the presence of the endogenous TRPM3 ligand, pregnenolone sulfate (PS), the antifungal compound clotrimazole (Clt) augments Ca2+ signaling and opens a non-canonical pore, permeable to Na+, which aggravates TRPM3-induced pain. To date, little is known about structural features that govern the Clt modulatory effect of TRPM3. Here, we synthesized and evaluated several Clt analogues in order to gain insights into their structure-activity relationship. Our results reveal a tight SAR with the three phenyl rings on the trityl moiety being essential for the activity, as well as the presence of fluorine or chlorine substituents on the trityl group. Imidazole as a heterocycle is also necessary for activity. Interestingly, we identified a pentafluoro-trityl analogue (29a) that is able to act as a TRPM3 agonist in the absence of PS. The compounds we report in this work will be useful tools for the further study of TRPM3 modulation and its effect on pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pascal Kahler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Davide Aloi
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julia Miedes Aliaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Kerselaers
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marta Barniol-Xicota
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Burglen L, Van Hoeymissen E, Qebibo L, Barth M, Belnap N, Boschann F, Depienne C, De Clercq K, Douglas AGL, Fitzgerald MP, Foulds N, Garel C, Helbig I, Held K, Horn D, Janssen A, Kaindl AM, Narayanan V, Prager C, Rupin-Mas M, Afenjar A, Zhao S, Ramaekers VT, Ruggiero SM, Thomas S, Valence S, Van Maldergem L, Rohacs T, Rodriguez D, Dyment D, Voets T, Vriens J. Gain-of-function variants in the ion channel gene TRPM3 underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. eLife 2023; 12:81032. [PMID: 36648066 PMCID: PMC9886277 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM3 is a temperature- and neurosteroid-sensitive plasma membrane cation channel expressed in a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Recently, rare de novo variants in TRPM3 were identified in individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, but the link between TRPM3 activity and neuronal disease remains poorly understood. We previously reported that two disease-associated variants in TRPM3 lead to a gain of channel function . Here, we report a further 10 patients carrying one of seven additional heterozygous TRPM3 missense variants. These patients present with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental symptoms, including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, musculo-skeletal anomalies, and altered pain perception. We describe a cerebellar phenotype with ataxia or severe hypotonia, nystagmus, and cerebellar atrophy in more than half of the patients. All disease-associated variants exhibited a robust gain-of-function phenotype, characterized by increased basal activity leading to cellular calcium overload and by enhanced responses to the neurosteroid ligand pregnenolone sulfate when co-expressed with wild-type TRPM3 in mammalian cells. The antiseizure medication primidone, a known TRPM3 antagonist, reduced the increased basal activity of all mutant channels. These findings establish gain-of-function of TRPM3 as the cause of a spectrum of autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorders with frequent cerebellar involvement in humans and provide support for the evaluation of TRPM3 antagonists as a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Imagine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Evelien Van Hoeymissen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Leila Qebibo
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Magalie Barth
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of AngersAngersFrance
| | - Newell Belnap
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood DisordersPhoenixUnited States
| | - Felix Boschann
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Genetics and Human GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-EssenEssenGermany
| | - Katrien De Clercq
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Andrew GL Douglas
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine Garel
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Médecine Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Katharina Held
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Denise Horn
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Genetics and Human GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Annelies Janssen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenBerlinGermany
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood DisordersPhoenixUnited States
| | - Christina Prager
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitäts medizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitäts medizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick ChildrenBerlinGermany
| | - Mailys Rupin-Mas
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital of AngersAngersFrance
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkUnited States
| | | | | | - Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District HospitalSalisburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HPParisFrance
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté BesançonBesanconFrance
- Center of Clinical Investigation 1431, National Institute of Health and Medical ResearchBesanconFrance
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkUnited States
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, Départementde Génétique, APHP, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau AP-HPParisFrance
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of cellular and molecular medicine, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department Development & Regeneration, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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