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Frye RE, Rincon N, McCarty PJ, Brister D, Scheck AC, Rossignol DA. Biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 197:106520. [PMID: 38703861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 36 children and is associated with physiological abnormalities, most notably mitochondrial dysfunction, at least in a subset of individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis discovered 204 relevant articles which evaluated biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD individuals. Significant elevations (all p < 0.01) in the prevalence of lactate (17%), pyruvate (41%), alanine (15%) and creatine kinase (9%) were found in ASD. Individuals with ASD had significant differences (all p < 0.01) with moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen's d' ≥ 0.6) compared to controls in mean pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, ATP, and creatine kinase. Some studies found abnormal TCA cycle metabolites associated with ASD. Thirteen controlled studies reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions or variations in the ASD group in blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, leucocytes, granulocytes, and brain. Meta-analyses discovered significant differences (p < 0.01) in copy number of mtDNA overall and in ND1, ND4 and CytB genes. Four studies linked specific mtDNA haplogroups to ASD. A series of studies found a subgroup of ASD with elevated mitochondrial respiration which was associated with increased sensitivity of the mitochondria to physiological stressors and neurodevelopmental regression. Lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, carnitine, and acyl-carnitines were associated with clinical features such as delays in language, social interaction, cognition, motor skills, and with repetitive behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms, although not all studies found an association. Lactate, carnitine, acyl-carnitines, ATP, CoQ10, as well as mtDNA variants, heteroplasmy, haplogroups and copy number were associated with ASD severity. Variability was found across biomarker studies primarily due to differences in collection and processing techniques as well as the intrinsic heterogeneity of the ASD population. Several studies reported alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in mothers of children with ASD and in neonates who develop ASD. Treatments targeting mitochondria, particularly carnitine and ubiquinol, appear beneficial in ASD. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD and common physiological abnormalities in individuals with ASD including gastrointestinal disorders, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction is outlined. Several subtypes of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD are discussed, including one related to neurodevelopmental regression, another related to alterations in microbiome metabolites, and another related to elevations in acyl-carnitines. Mechanisms linking abnormal mitochondrial function with alterations in prenatal brain development and postnatal brain function are outlined. Given the multisystem complexity of some individuals with ASD, this review presents evidence for the mitochondria being central to ASD by contributing to abnormalities in brain development, cognition, and comorbidities such as immune and gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as neurodevelopmental regression. A diagnostic approach to identify mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD is outlined. From this evidence, it is clear that many individuals with ASD have alterations in mitochondrial function which may need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. The fact that alterations in mitochondrial metabolism may be found during pregnancy and early in the life of individuals who eventually develop ASD provides promise for early life predictive biomarkers of ASD. Further studies may improve the understanding of the role of the mitochondria in ASD by better defining subgroups and understanding the molecular mechanisms driving some of the unique changes found in mitochondrial function in those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Patrick J McCarty
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70113, United States of America.
| | | | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
| | - Daniel A Rossignol
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
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Pourtavakoli A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Eslami S, Brand S, Taheri M. Expression assay of calcium signaling related lncRNAs in autism. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:185. [PMID: 38265729 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium signaling has essential roles in the neurodevelopmental processes and pathophysiology of related disorders for instance autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS AND RESULTS We compared expression of SLC1A1, SLC25A12, RYR2 and ATP2B2, as well as related long non-coding RNAs, namely LINC01231, lnc-SLC25A12, lnc-MTR-1 and LINC00606 in the peripheral blood of patients with ASD with healthy children. Expression of SLC1A1 was lower in ASD samples compared with control samples (Expression ratio (95% CI) 0.24 (0.08-0.77), adjusted P value = 0.01). Contrary, expression of LINC01231 was higher in cases compared with control samples (Expression ratio (95% CI) 25.52 (4.19-154), adjusted P value = 0.0006) and in male cases compared with healthy males (Expression ratio (95% CI) 28.24 (1.91-418), adjusted P value = 0.0009). RYR2 was significantly over-expressed in ASD children compared with control samples (Expression ratio (95% CI) 4.5 (1.16-17.4), adjusted P value = 0.029). Then, we depicted ROC curves for SLC1A1, LINC01231, RYR2 and lnc-SLC25A12 transcripts showing diagnostic power of 0.68, 0.75, 0.67 and 0.59, respectively. CONCLUSION To sum up, the current study displays possible role of calcium related genes and lncRNAs in the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Pourtavakoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Solat Eslami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Urology and Nephrology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dou F, Wu B, Chen J, Liu T, Yu Z, Chen C. Capsaicin inhibits A7r5 cell senescence via the mitochondrial carrier protein Slc25a12. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113856. [PMID: 37995921 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the principal factor responsible for the loss of vascular function, and continuous exposure to high glucose is one of the key factors contributing to the aging of VSMCs. This study established a high glucose-induced senescence model of the A7r5 cell line and used transcriptome sequencing to screen the regulatory target genes of high glucose-induced cellular senescence. The study revealed that the expression of the Slc25a12 gene, which belongs to the solute carrier family 25 member 12, was notably reduced following damage caused by high glucose levels. This inhibition was shown to cause mitochondrial malfunction and cellular senescence. The encoded product of the Slc25a12 gene is a mitochondrial carrier protein that binds to calcium and aids in transporting aspartate for glutamate exchange within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial dysfunction compromises the cell's capacity to resist oxidation and repair damage, and is an inherent element in hastening cellular aging. Moreover, our findings validated that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin hindered the decrease in Slc25a12 expression, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, and blocked cellular senescence. Could the regulation of Slc25a12 expression by capsaicin restore cellular mitochondrial function and restrict senescence? In vitro tests have verified that interference with A7r5 Slc25a12 noticeably diminishes capsaicin's effectiveness in repairing mitochondrial function and inhibiting senescence. The findings indicate that capsaicin delays mitochondrial dysfunction and therefore hinders cellular senescence by regulating the mitochondrial membrane protein Slc25a12 in the A7r5 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Dou
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Beiling Wu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jiulin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Liu J, Yan J, Qu F, Mo W, Yu H, Hu P, Zhang Z. A pilot study on glutamate receptor and carrier gene variants and risk of childhood autism spectrum. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2477-2488. [PMID: 37578654 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Imbalanced glutamate signaling has been implicated in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This case-control study was to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in glutamate receptor and carrier genes and determine their association with childhood ASD in a Chinese Han population. A total of 12 SNPs in genes encoding glutamate receptors (GRM7 and GRM8) and carriers (SLC1A1 and SLC25A12) were examined in 249 autistic children and 353 healthy controls. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and its verbal communication domain were applied to evaluate the severity of the disease and language impairment, respectively. The T allele of rs2292813 in the SLC25A12 gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of ASD (odds ratio (OD) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.6, P = 0.0107). Neither the genotypes nor allele distributions of other SNPs were associated with the risk of ASD. Notably, rs1800656 and rs2237731 in the GRM8 gene, but not other SNPs, were related to the severity of language impairment. All SNPs were not correlated with the overall severity of ASD. Our findings support associations between the SLC25A12 gene variant and the risk of childhood ASD, and between the GRM8 gene variant and the severity of language impairment in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, No. 728, Yucai North Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311202, China.
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, No. 728, Yucai North Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Fei Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, No. 728, Yucai North Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Weiming Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, No. 728, Yucai North Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Xiaoshan First Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingfang Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, No. 728, Yucai North Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiaoshan First Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Intracellular Citrate/acetyl-CoA flux and endoplasmic reticulum acetylation: Connectivity is the answer. Mol Metab 2022; 67:101653. [PMID: 36513219 PMCID: PMC9792894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Key cellular metabolites reflecting the immediate activity of metabolic enzymes as well as the functional metabolic state of intracellular organelles can act as powerful signal regulators to ensure the activation of homeostatic responses. The citrate/acetyl-CoA pathway, initially recognized for its role in intermediate metabolism, has emerged as a fundamental branch of this nutrient-sensing homeostatic response. Emerging studies indicate that fluctuations in acetyl-CoA availability within different cellular organelles and compartments provides substrate-level regulation of many biological functions. A fundamental aspect of these regulatory functions involves Nε-lysine acetylation. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we will examine the emerging regulatory functions of the citrate/acetyl-CoA pathway and the specific role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acetylation machinery in the maintenance of intracellular crosstalk and homeostasis. These functions will be analyzed in the context of associated human diseases and specific mouse models of dysfunctional ER acetylation and citrate/acetyl-CoA flux. A primary objective of this review is to highlight the complex yet integrated response of compartment- and organelle-specific Nε-lysine acetylation to the intracellular availability and flux of acetyl-CoA, linking this important post-translational modification to cellular metabolism. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The ER acetylation machinery regulates the proteostatic functions of the organelle as well as the metabolic crosstalk between different intracellular organelles and compartments. This crosstalk enables the cell to impart adaptive responses within the ER and the secretory pathway. However, it also enables the ER to impart adaptive responses within different cellular organelles and compartments. Defects in the homeostatic balance of acetyl-CoA flux and ER acetylation reflect different but converging disease states in humans as well as converging phenotypes in relevant mouse models. In conclusion, citrate and acetyl-CoA should not only be seen as metabolic substrates of intermediate metabolism but also as signaling molecules that direct functional adaptation of the cell to both intracellular and extracellular messages. Future discoveries in CoA biology and acetylation are likely to yield novel therapeutic approaches.
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Pourtavakoli A, Ghafouri-Fard S. Calcium signaling in neurodevelopment and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10811-10823. [PMID: 35857176 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) covers a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with complex genetic background. Several genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, copy number variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms have been reported that cause ASD or modify its phenotype. Among signaling pathways that influence pathogenesis of ASD, calcium signaling has a prominent effect. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases with key words "Calcium signaling" and "Autism spectrum disorder". CONCLUSION This type of signaling has essential roles in the cell physiology. Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are the key organelles involved in this signaling. It is vastly accepted that organellar disorders intensely influence the central nervous system (CNS). Several lines of evidence indicate alterations in the function of calcium channels in polygenic disorders affecting CNS. In the current review, we describe the role of calcium signaling in normal function of CNS and pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Pourtavakoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Implications of Genetic Factors and Modifiers in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-022-00333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Genetics of autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:249. [PMID: 35705542 PMCID: PMC9200752 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental conditions with a large epidemiological and societal impact worldwide. To date, numerous studies have investigated the associations between genetic variants and ASD risk. To provide a robust synthesis of published evidence of candidate gene studies for ASD, we performed an umbrella review (UR) of meta-analyses of genetic studies for ASD (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021221868). We systematically searched eight English and Chinese databases from inception to March 31, 2022. Reviewing of eligibility, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two authors. In total, 28 of 5062 retrieved articles were analyzed, which investigated a combined 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nine candidate genes. Overall, 12 significant SNPs of CNTNAP2, MTHFR, OXTR, SLC25A12, and VDR were identified, of which associations with suggestive evidence included the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR (under allelic, dominant, and heterozygote models) and the rs731236 polymorphism of VDR (under allelic and homozygote models). Associations with weak evidence included the rs2710102 polymorphism of CNTNAP2 (under allelic, homozygote, and recessive models), the rs7794745 polymorphism of CNTNAP2 (under dominant and heterozygote models), the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR (under homozygote model), and the rs731236 polymorphism of VDR (under dominant and recessive models). Our UR summarizes research evidence on the genetics of ASD and provides a broad and detailed overview of risk genes for ASD. The rs2710102 and rs7794745 polymorphisms of CNTNAP2, C677T polymorphism of MTHFR, and rs731236 polymorphism of VDR may confer ASD risks. This study will provide clinicians and healthcare decision-makers with evidence-based information about the most salient candidate genes relevant to ASD and recommendations for future treatment, prevention, and research.
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Mir A, Almudhry M, Alghamdi F, Albaradie R, Ibrahim M, Aldurayhim F, Alhedaithy A, Alamr M, Bawazir M, Mohammad S, Abdelhay S, Bashir S, Housawi Y. SLC gene mutations and pediatric neurological disorders: diverse clinical phenotypes in a Saudi Arabian population. Hum Genet 2021; 141:81-99. [PMID: 34797406 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and efflux of solutes across a plasma membrane is controlled by transporters. There are two main superfamilies of transporters, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) binding cassettes (ABCs) and solute carriers (SLCs). In the brain, SLC transporters are involved in transporting various solutes across the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, astrocytes, neurons, and other brain cell types including oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. SLCs play an important role in maintaining normal brain function. Hence, mutations in the genes that encode SLC transporters can cause a variety of neurological disorders. We identified the following SLC gene variants in 25 patients in our cohort: SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC5A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC12A6, SLC13A5, SLC16A1, SLC17A5, SLC19A3, SLC25A12, SLC25A15, SLC27A4, SLC45A1, SLC46A1, and SLC52A3. Eight patients harbored pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations (SLC5A1, SLC9A6, SLC12A6, SLC16A1, SLC19A3, and SLC52A3), and 12 patients were found to have variants of unknown clinical significance (VOUS); these variants occurred in 11 genes (SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC13A5, SLC25A12, SLC27A4, and SLC45A1). Five patients were excluded as they were carriers. In the remaining 20 patients with SLC gene variants, we identified 16 possible distinct neurological disorders. Based on the clinical presentation, we categorized them into genes causing intellectual delay (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), those causing epilepsy, those causing vitamin-related disorders, and those causing other neurological diseases. Several variants were detected that indicated possible personalized therapies: SLC2A1 led to dystonia or epilepsy, which can be treated with a ketogenic diet; SLC6A3 led to infantile parkinsonism-dystonia 1, which can be treated with levodopa; SLC6A5 led to hyperekplexia 3, for which unnecessary treatment with antiepileptic drugs should be avoided; SLC6A8 led to creatine deficiency syndrome type 1, which can be treated with creatine monohydrate; SLC16A1 led to monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency, which causes seizures that should not be treated with a ketogenic diet; SLC19A3 led to biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease, which can be treated with biotin and thiamine; and SLC52A3 led to Brown-Vialetto-Van-Laere syndrome 1, which can be treated with riboflavin. The present study examines the prevalence of SLC gene mutations in our cohort of children with epilepsy and other neurological disorders. It highlights the diverse phenotypes associated with mutations in this large family of SLC transporter proteins, and an opportunity for personalized genomics and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mir
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Montaha Almudhry
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Alghamdi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raidah Albaradie
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Aldurayhim
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhedaithy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushari Alamr
- Genetic and Metabolic Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Bawazir
- Genetic and Metabolic Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Mohammad
- Department of Pediatric, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Abdelhay
- Department of Pediatric, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Housawi
- Genetic and Metabolic Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Balachandar V, Rajagopalan K, Jayaramayya K, Jeevanandam M, Iyer M. Mitochondrial dysfunction: A hidden trigger of autism? Genes Dis 2021; 8:629-639. [PMID: 34291134 PMCID: PMC8278534 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder with no precise etiology. Deficits in cognitive functions uncover at early stages and are known to have an environmental and genetic basis. Since autism is multifaceted and also linked with other comorbidities associated with various organs, there is a possibility that there may be a fundamental cellular process responsible for this. These reasons place mitochondria at the point of interest as it is involved in multiple cellular processes predominantly involving metabolism. Mitochondria encoded genes were taken into consideration lately because it is inherited maternally, has its own genome and also functions the time of embryo development. Various researches have linked mitochondrial mishaps like oxidative stress, ROS production and mt-DNA copy number variations to autism. Despite dramatic advances in autism research worldwide, the studies focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction in autism is rather minimal, especially in India. India, owing to its rich diversity, may be able to contribute significantly to autism research. It is vital to urge more studies in this domain as it may help to completely understand the basics of the condition apart from a genetic standpoint. This review focuses on the worldwide and Indian scenario of autism research; mitochondrial abnormalities in autism and possible therapeutic approaches to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641043, India
| | - Madesh Jeevanandam
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641014, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641043, India
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Genetic risk factors for autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:717-734. [PMID: 34115189 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on recent evidence, more than 200 susceptibility genes have been identified to be associated with autism until now. Correspondingly, cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for almost every chromosome. While the results of multiple genes associated with risk factors for autism are still incomplete, this paper systematically reviews published meta-analyses and systematic reviews of evidence related to autism occurrence. METHOD Literature search was conducted in the PubMed system, and the publication dates were limited between January 2000 and July 2020. We included a meta-analysis and systematic review that assessed the impact of related gene variants on the development of autism. After screening, this comprehensive literature search identified 31 meta-analyses and ten systematic reviews. We arranged the genes related to autism in the published studies according to the order of the chromosomes, and based on the results of a meta-analysis and systematic review, we selected 6 candidate genes related to ASD, namely MTHFR C677T, SLC25A12, OXTR, RELN, 5-HTTLPR, SHANK, including basic features and functions. In addition to these typical genes, we have also listed candidate genes that may exist on almost every chromosome that are related to autism. RESULTS We found that the results of several literature reviews included in this study showed that the MTHFR C667T variant was a risk factor for the occurrence of ASD, and the results were consistent. The results of studies on SLC25A12 variation (rs2056202 and rs2292813) and ASD risk were inconsistent but statistically significant. No association of 5-HTTLPR was found with autism, but when subgroup analysis was performed according to ethnicity, the association was statistically significant. RELN variants (rs362691 and rs736707) were consistent with ASD risk studies, but some of the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This review summarized the well-known ASD candidate genes and listed some new genes that need further study in larger sample sets to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of ASD, but sample size and heterogeneity remain major limiting factors in some genome-wide association studies. We also found that common genetic variants in some genes may be co-risk factors for autism or other neuropsychiatric disorders when we collated these results. It is worth considering screening for these mutations in clinical applications.
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The mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC or Aralar1) isoforms in D. melanogaster: biochemical characterization, gene structure, and evolutionary analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129854. [PMID: 33497735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In man two mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC) isoforms, known as aralar and citrin, are required to accomplish several metabolic pathways. In order to fill the existing gap of knowledge in Drosophila melanogaster, we have studied aralar1 gene, orthologue of human AGC-encoding genes in this organism. METHODS The blastp algorithm and the "reciprocal best hit" approach have been used to identify the human orthologue of AGCs in Drosophilidae and non-Drosophilidae. Aralar1 proteins have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and functionally reconstituted into liposomes for transport assays. RESULTS The transcriptional organization of aralar1 comprises six isoforms, three constitutively expressed (aralar1-RA, RD and RF), and the remaining three distributed during the development or in different tissues (aralar1-RB, RC and RE). Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE, representative of all isoforms, have been biochemically characterized. Recombinant Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE proteins share similar efficiency to exchange glutamate against aspartate, and same substrate affinities than the human isoforms. Interestingly, although Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE diverge only in their EF-hand 8, they greatly differ in their specific activities and substrate specificity. CONCLUSIONS The tight regulation of aralar1 transcripts expression and the high request of aspartate and glutamate during early embryogenesis suggest a crucial role of Aralar1 in this Drosophila developmental stage. Furthermore, biochemical characterization and calcium sensitivity have identified Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE as the human aralar and citrin counterparts, respectively. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The functional characterization of the fruit fly mitochondrial AGC transporter represents a crucial step toward a complete understanding of the metabolic events acting during early embryogenesis.
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Korologou-Linden R, Leyden GM, Relton CL, Richmond RC, Richardson TG. Multi-omics analyses of cognitive traits and psychiatric disorders highlights brain-dependent mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 32:ddab016. [PMID: 33481009 PMCID: PMC9990996 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating findings from genome-wide association studies with molecular datasets can develop insight into the underlying functional mechanisms responsible for trait-associated genetic variants. We have applied the principles of Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate whether brain-derived gene expression (n = 1194) may be responsible for mediating the effect of genetic variants on eight cognitive and psychological outcomes (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, depression, intelligence, insomnia, neuroticism and schizophrenia). Transcriptome-wide analyses identified 83 genes associated with at least one outcome (PBonferroni < 6.72 × 10-6), with multiple-trait colocalization also implicating changes to brain-derived DNA methylation at nine of these loci. Comparing effects between outcomes identified evidence of enrichment which may reflect putative causal relationships, such as an inverse relationship between genetic liability towards schizophrenia risk and cognitive ability in later life. Repeating these analyses in whole blood (n = 31 684), we replicated 58.2% of brain-derived effects (based on P < 0.05). Finally, we undertook phenome-wide evaluations at associated loci to investigate pleiotropic effects with 700 complex traits. This highlighted pleiotropic loci such as FURIN (initially implicated in schizophrenia risk (P = 1.05 × 10-7)) which had evidence of an effect on 28 other outcomes, as well as genes which may have a more specific role in disease pathogenesis (e.g. SLC12A5 which only provided evidence of an effect on depression (P = 7.13 × 10-10)). Our results support the utility of whole blood as a valuable proxy for informing initial target identification but also suggest that gene discovery in a tissue-specific manner may be more informative. Finally, non-pleiotropic loci highlighted by our study may be of use for therapeutic translational endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Korologou-Linden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Genevieve M Leyden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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14
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Genetic Variation and Autism: A Field Synopsis and Systematic Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100692. [PMID: 33007889 PMCID: PMC7600188 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify noteworthy findings between genetic risk factors and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by employing the false positive report probability (FPRP) and the Bayesian false-discovery probability (BFDP). PubMed and the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) catalog were searched from inception to 1 August, 2019. We included meta-analyses on genetic factors of ASD of any study design. Overall, twenty-seven meta-analyses articles from literature searches, and four manually added articles from the GWAS catalog were re-analyzed. This showed that five of 31 comparisons for meta-analyses of observational studies, 40 out of 203 comparisons for the GWAS meta-analyses, and 18 out of 20 comparisons for the GWAS catalog, respectively, had noteworthy estimations under both Bayesian approaches. In this study, we found noteworthy genetic comparisons highly related to an increased risk of ASD. Multiple genetic comparisons were shown to be associated with ASD risk; however, genuine associations should be carefully verified and understood.
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15
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Grünblatt E, Nemoda Z, Werling AM, Roth A, Angyal N, Tarnok Z, Thomsen H, Peters T, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Lesch K, Romanos M, Walitza S. The involvement of the canonical Wnt-signaling receptor LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants with ADHD and sexual dimorphism: Association study and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:365-376. [PMID: 30474181 PMCID: PMC6767385 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-signaling is one of the most abundant pathways involved in processes such as cell-proliferation, -polarity, and -differentiation. Altered Wnt-signaling has been linked with several neurodevelopmental disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as with cognitive functions, learning and memory. Particularly, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6 coreceptors, responsible in the activation of the canonical Wnt-pathway, were associated with cognitive alterations in psychiatric disorders. Following the hypothesis of Wnt involvement in ADHD, we investigated the association of genetic variations in LRP5 and LRP6 genes with three independent child and adolescent ADHD (cADHD) samples (total 2,917 participants), followed by a meta-analysis including previously published data. As ADHD is more prevalent in males, we stratified the analysis according to sex and compared the results with the recent ADHD Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) GWAS. Meta-analyzing our data including previously published cADHD studies, association of LRP5 intronic rs4988319 and rs3736228 (Ala1330Val) with cADHD was observed among girls (OR = 1.80 with 95% CI = 1.07-3.02, p = .0259; and OR = 2.08 with 95% CI = 1.01-4.46, p = .0026, respectively), whereas in boys association between LRP6 rs2302685 (Val1062Ile) and cADHD was present (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.20-2.31, p = .0024). In the PGC-ADHD dataset (using pooled data of cADHD and adults) tendency of associations were observed only among females with OR = 1.09 (1.02-1.17) for LRP5 rs3736228 and OR = 1.18 (1.09-1.25) for LRP6 rs2302685. Together, our findings suggest a potential sex-specific link of cADHD with LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants, which could contribute to the differences in brain maturation alterations in ADHD affected boys and girls, and suggest possible therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Zsofia Nemoda
- Institute of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Molecular Psychiatry Research GroupMTA‐SE NAP‐B, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Roth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nora Angyal
- Institute of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric HospitalBudapestHungary
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology (C050)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WuezburgWuerzburgGermany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric NeurobiologyInstitute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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16
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Castora FJ. Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:83-108. [PMID: 30599156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Castora
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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17
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Grünblatt E, Werling AM, Roth A, Romanos M, Walitza S. Association study and a systematic meta-analysis of the VNTR polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:517-529. [PMID: 30923918 PMCID: PMC6456487 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been postulated to associate with dopaminergic dysfunction, including the dopamine transporter (DAT1). Several meta-analyses showed small but significant association between the 10-repeat allele in the DAT1 gene in 3'-untranslated region variant number tandem repeat polymorphism and child and adolescent ADHD, whereas in adult ADHD the 9-repeat allele was suggested to confer as risk allele. Interestingly, recent evidence indicated that the long-allele variants (10 repeats and longer) might confer to lower expression of the transporter in comparison to the short-allele. Therefore, we assessed here the association in samples consisting of families with child and adolescent ADHD as well as a case-control sample, using either the 10- versus 9-repeat or the long- versus short-allele approach. Following, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including family and case-control studies, using the two aforementioned approaches as well as stratifying to age and ethnicity. The first approach (10-repeat) resulted in nominal significant association in child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1050 p = 0.0128), that became significant stratifying to European population (OR 1.1301 p = 0.0085). The second approach (long-allele) resulted in significant association with the whole ADHD population (OR 1.1046 p = 0.0048), followed by significant association for child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1602 p = 0.0006) and in Caucasian and in European child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1310 p = 0.0114; OR 1.1661 p = 0.0061; respectively). We were not able to confirm the association reported in adults using both approaches. In conclusion, we found further indication for a possible DAT1 gene involvement; however, further studies should be conducted with stringent phenotyping to reduce heterogeneity, a limitation observed in most included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Translational Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Roth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Rose S, Niyazov DM, Rossignol DA, Goldenthal M, Kahler SG, Frye RE. Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:571-593. [PMID: 30039193 PMCID: PMC6132446 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects ~ 2% of children in the United States. The etiology of ASD likely involves environmental factors triggering physiological abnormalities in genetically sensitive individuals. One of these major physiological abnormalities is mitochondrial dysfunction, which may affect a significant subset of children with ASD. Here we systematically review the literature on human studies of mitochondrial dysfunction related to ASD. Clinical aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD include unusual neurodevelopmental regression, especially if triggered by an inflammatory event, gastrointestinal symptoms, seizures, motor delays, fatigue and lethargy. Traditional biomarkers of mitochondrial disease are widely reported to be abnormal in ASD, but appear non-specific. Newer biomarkers include buccal cell enzymology, biomarkers of fatty acid metabolism, non-mitochondrial enzyme function, apoptosis markers and mitochondrial antibodies. Many genetic abnormalities are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD, including chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial DNA mutations and large-scale deletions, and mutations in both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial nuclear genes. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in immune and buccal cells, fibroblasts, muscle and gastrointestinal tissue and the brains of individuals with ASD. Several environmental factors, including toxicants, microbiome metabolites and an oxidized microenvironment are shown to modulate mitochondrial function in ASD tissues. Investigations of treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD are promising but preliminary. The etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction and how to define it in ASD is currently unclear. However, preliminary evidence suggests that the mitochondria may be a fruitful target for treatment and prevention of ASD. Further research is needed to better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Section of Medical Genetics, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Michael Goldenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Section, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard E Frye
- Division of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Kandasamy P, Gyimesi G, Kanai Y, Hediger MA. Amino acid transporters revisited: New views in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:752-789. [PMID: 30177408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are membrane-bound transport proteins that mediate transfer of amino acids into and out of cells or cellular organelles. AATs have diverse functional roles ranging from neurotransmission to acid-base balance, intracellular energy metabolism, and anabolic and catabolic reactions. In cancer cells and diabetes, dysregulation of AATs leads to metabolic reprogramming, which changes intracellular amino acid levels, contributing to the pathogenesis of cancer, obesity and diabetes. Indeed, the neutral amino acid transporters (NATs) SLC7A5/LAT1 and SLC1A5/ASCT2 are likely involved in several human malignancies. However, a clinical therapy that directly targets AATs has not yet been developed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the structural and functional diversity of AATs, their diverse physiological roles in different tissues and organs, their wide-ranging implications in human diseases and the emerging strategies and tools that will be necessary to target AATs therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Kandasamy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Gyimesi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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Gale JR, Aschrafi A, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial mRNAs: A Powerful Force in Axonal Growth and Development. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:142-155. [PMID: 28614981 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417714225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Axons, their growth cones, and synaptic nerve terminals are neuronal subcompartments that have high energetic needs. As such, they are enriched in mitochondria, which supply the ATP necessary to meet these demands. To date, a heterogeneous population of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs has been identified in distal axons and growth cones. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local translation of these mRNAs is required for mitochondrial maintenance and axonal viability. Here, we review evidence that suggests a critical role for axonal translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs in axonal growth and development. Additionally, we explore the role that site-specific translation at the mitochondria itself may play in this process. Finally, we briefly review the clinical implications of dysregulation of local translation of mitochondrial-related mRNAs in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Gale
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony E Gioio
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Liu J, Mo W, Zhang Z, Yu H, Yang A, Qu F, Hu P, Liu Z, Wang S. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in SLC19A1 and SLC25A9 Are Associated with Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Chinese Han Population. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:262-267. [PMID: 28536923 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants have been implicated in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent studies suggest that solute carriers (SLCs) may play a role in the etiology of ASD. This purpose of this study was to determine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC19A1 and SLC25A12 genes with childhood ASD in a Chinese Han population. A total of 201 autistic children and 200 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. A TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR approach was used to determine genotypes of SNPs corresponding to rs1023159 and rs1051266 in SLC19A1, and rs2056202 and rs2292813 in SLC25A12. Our results showed that both the T/T genotype of rs1051266 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-3.23, P = 0.0301) and the T allele (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.07-2.90, P = 0.0249) of rs2292813 were significantly associated with an increased risk of childhood ASD. In addition, the G-C haplotype of rs1023159-rs1051266 in SCL19A1 (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.98, P = 0.0389) and C-C haplotype of rs2056202-rs2292813 in SLC25A12 (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96, P = 0.0325) were associated with decreased risks of childhood ASD. There was no significant association between genotypes and allele frequencies with the severity of the disease. Our study suggests that these genetic variants of SLC19A1 and SLC25A12 may be associated with risks for childhood ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China.
| | - Weiming Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiaoshan First Affiliated Hospital of HangzhouNormal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311201, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Aiping Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Fei Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Pingfang Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311202, China
| | - Shihu Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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