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Petrucci AN, Cousins ME, Liptak MD. Beyond "Mega": Origin of the "Giga" Stokes Shift for Triazolopyridiniums. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6997-7005. [PMID: 36062309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, fluorophores that exhibit "mega" Stokes shifts, defined to be Stokes shifts of greater than 100 nm, have gained considerable attention due to their potential technological applications. A subset of these fluorophores have Stokes shifts of at least 10,000 cm-1, for whom we suggest the moniker "giga" Stokes shift. The majority of "giga" Stokes shifts reported in the literature arise from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, but this mechanism does not fit empirical characterization of triazolopyridinium (TOP). This observation inspired a density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT study of TOP, and several related fluorophores, to elucidate the novel photophysical origin for the "giga" Stokes shift of TOP. The resulting computational models revealed that photoexcitation of TOP yields a zwitterionic excited state that undergoes significant structural relaxation prior to emission. Most notably, TOP has two orthogonal moieties in the ground state that adopt a coplanar geometry in the excited state. According to Hückel's rule, both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties of TOP should be aromatic in an orthogonal ground state. However, according to Baird's rule, these individual moieties should be anti-aromatic in the excited state. By relaxing to a coplanar conformation in the excited state, TOP likely forms a single aromatic system consisting of both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Petrucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Morgan E Cousins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Matthew D Liptak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Gkika KS, Kargaard A, Burke CS, Dolan C, Heise A, Keyes TE. Ru(ii)/BODIPY core co-encapsulated ratiometric nanotools for intracellular O 2 sensing in live cancer cells. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1520-1533. [PMID: 34704057 PMCID: PMC8496004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a crucial reagent in many biochemical processes within living cells and its concentration can be an effective marker in disease, particularly in cancer where tissue hypoxia has been shown to indicate tumour growth. Probes that can reflect the oxygen concentration and distribution using ratiometric signals can be applied to a range of conventional methods without the need for specialised equipment and are particularly useful. The preparation and in cellulo study of luminescent ratiometric core–shell nanoparticles are presented. Here, a new lipophilic and oxygen-responsive Ru(ii) tris-heteroleptic polypyridyl complex is co-encapsulated with a reference BODIPY dye into the core of poly-l-lysine-coated polystyrene particles. The co-core encapsulation ensures oxygen response but reduces the impact of the environment on both probes. Single wavelength excitation of the particles, suspended in aqueous buffer, at 480 nm, triggers well-resolved dual emission from both dyes with peak maxima at 515 nm and 618 nm. A robust ratiometric oxygen response is observed from water, with a linear dynamic range of 3.6–262 μM which matches well with typical biological ranges. The uptake of RuBDP NPs was found to be cell-line dependent, but in cancerous cell lines, the particles were strongly permeable with late endosomal and partial lysosomal co-staining observed within 3 to 4 hours, eventually leading to extensive staining of the cytoplasm. The co-localisation of the ruthenium and BODIPY emission confirms that the particles remain intact in cellulo with no indication of dye leaching. The ratiometric O2 sensing response of the particles in cellulo was demonstrated using a plate-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of cells exposed to hypoxic conditions. Uptake and quantitative ratiometric oxygen sensing response of core–shell nanoparticles containing ruthenium probe and BODIPY reference is demonstrated using a plate reader-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of live cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel Sofia Gkika
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | | | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland .,Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland
| | - Ciaran Dolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland.,CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland.,AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
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P R KR, Fernandez A, Laila SP, B A, C S S, V S V. Synthesis, spectral characterization, crystal structure, cytotoxicity and apoptosis-Inducing activity of two derivatives of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:250-259. [PMID: 28122250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A phenaxazone compound [5H-Benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one (BP)] along with an aminoquinone[2-[(o-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-1,4-naphthaquinone (HAN)] derivatives were synthesized from lawsone using ultrasound irradiation technique. The structure of the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and various spectral studies. Optoelectronic properties were studied using Schrodinger material science suit (2015). The compounds exhibit fluorescence emission in longer wave length it may find applications in photodynamic therapy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveals that the compound BP crystallizes in monoclinic space group. The antioxidant activity of HAN and BP were determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay and the results indicate that both the compounds have good antioxidant capacity, HAN having more scavenging activity than BP. Lead molecules were identified using in silico molecular docking studies as a green chemistry approach. iGEMDOCK, GOLD and Schrödinger softwares were used for these studies. The docking studies reveal that the structural modification of the parent compound gave more active compounds making them promising lead molecules. The lead molecules were subjected to in vitro studies. The cytotoxicity of BP and HAN was studied using human breast cancer (SKBR3) cell lines. The IC50 value of HAN was found to be 19.8μM while BP was found to have cell viability, less than 10% even at 25μM concentration. The chemotherapeutic agents kill the cancer cells mainly through apoptosis. HAN and BP were subjected to apoptosis studies. BP was found to more active than HAN. Thus it can be suggested that the mechanism of cell death may be through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Rani P R
- Dept. of Chemistry, SFR College for Women, Sivakasi, 626123, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Annette Fernandez
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, 695016, Kerala, India
| | - Shiny P Laila
- Dept. of Chemistry, University College, Trivandrum, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Arunkumar B
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, 695016, Kerala, India
| | - Sreelakshmi C S
- Dept. of Chemistry, Mohandas College of Engineering and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695544, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu V S
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, 695016, Kerala, India
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Dolan C, Byrne A, Long C, Czamara K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Keyes TE. Polypyridyl substituted BODIPY derivatives; water switchable imaging probes that exhibit halogen substituent dependent localisation in live cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of water responsive 1,10-phenanthrolyl and 2,2′-bipyridyl substituted BODIPY derivatives prepared as lipid probes for cell imaging are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Dolan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
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Chang MC, Chantzis A, Jacquemin D, Otten E. Boron difluorides with formazanate ligands: redox-switchable fluorescent dyes with large stokes shifts. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9477-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of (formazanate)boron difluorides and their 1-electron reduction products is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-C. Chang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - A. Chantzis
- Laboratoire CEISAM – UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - D. Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM – UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - E. Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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Martin A, Byrne A, Dolan C, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. Solvent switchable dual emission from a bichromophoric ruthenium–BODIPY complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15839-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl–BODIPY dyad is presented which exhibits a solvent switchable dual emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Martin
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
| | - Ciarán Dolan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research
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Martin A, Byrne A, Burke CS, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. Peptide-Bridged Dinuclear Ru(II) Complex for Mitochondrial Targeted Monitoring of Dynamic Changes to Oxygen Concentration and ROS Generation in Live Mammalian Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15300-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508043q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Martin
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Christopher S. Burke
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Moriarty RD, Martin A, Adamson K, O'Reilly E, Mollard P, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. The application of water soluble, mega-Stokes-shifted BODIPY fluorophores to cell and tissue imaging. J Microsc 2014; 253:204-18. [PMID: 24467513 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) fluorophores are widely used in bioimaging to label proteins, lipids and nucleotides, but in spite of their attractive optical properties they tend to be prone to self-quenching because of their notably small Stokes shift. Herein, we compare two BODIPY compounds from a recently developed family of naphthyridine substituted BODIPY derivatives, one a visible emitting derivative (BODIPY-VIS) and one a near-infrared emitting fluorophore with a Stokes shift of approximately 165 nm as contrast reagents for live mammalian cells and murine brain tissue. The compounds were rendered water soluble by their conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both PEGylated compounds exhibited good cell uptake compared with their parent compounds and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed all dyes explored to be nuclear excluding, localizing predominantly within the lipophilic organelles; the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that these BODIPY derivatives are modestly cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 10 μM where they induce apoptosis and necrosis. Although the quantum yield of emission of the visible emitting fluorophore was over an order of magnitude greater than the Mega-Stokes shifted probe, the latter showed considerably reduced tendency to self quench and less interference from autofluorescence. The near-infrared probe also showed good penetrability and staining in live tissue samples. In the latter case similar tendency to exclude the nucleus and to localize in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was observed as in live cells. This to our knowledge is the first demonstration of such a Mega-Stokes BODIPY probe applied to cell and tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Moriarty
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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