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Tommalieh MJ, Aljameel AI, Hussein RK, Al-heuseen K, Alghamdi SK, Alrub SA. The Effect of Conjugated Nitrile Structures as Acceptor Moieties on the Photovoltaic Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: DFT and TD-DFT Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7138. [PMID: 39000245 PMCID: PMC11241837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in improving the overall efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells is improving the optoelectronic properties of small molecule acceptors. This work primarily investigated the effects of conjugation in nitriles incorporated as acceptor moieties into a newly designed series of D-A-A dyes. Density functional theory was employed to specifically study how single-double and single-triple conjugation in nitriles alters the optical and electronic properties of these dyes. The Cy-4c dye with a highly conjugated nitrile unit attained the smallest band gap (1.80 eV), even smaller than that of the strong cyanacrylic anchor group (2.07 eV). The dyes lacking conjugation in nitrile groups did not contribute to the LUMO, while LUMOs extended from donors to conjugated nitrile components, facilitating intramolecular charge transfer and causing a strong bind to the film surface. Density of state analysis revealed a considerable impact of conjugated nitrile on the electronic properties of dyes through an effective contribution in the LUMO, exceeding the role of the well-known strong 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole acceptor unit. The excited state properties and the absorption spectra were investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Conjugation in the nitrile unit caused the absorption band to broaden, strengthen, and shift toward the near-infrared region. The proposed dyes also showed optimum photovoltaic properties; all dyes possess high light-harvesting efficiency (LHE) values, specifically 96% for the dyes Cy-3b and Cy-4c, which had the most conjugated nitrile moieties. The dyes with higher degrees of conjugation had longer excitation lifetime values, which promote charge transfer by causing steady charge recombination at the interface. These findings may provide new insights into the structure of conjugated nitriles and their function as acceptor moieties in DSSCS, which may lead to the development of extremely effective photosensitizers for solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha J. Tommalieh
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 44256, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.T.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Abdulaziz I. Aljameel
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Rageh K. Hussein
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Khalled Al-heuseen
- Department of Applied Science, Ajloun University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Ajloun 26873, Jordan;
- Qatar Aeronautical Academy, Doha 4050, Qatar
| | - Suzan K. Alghamdi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 44256, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.T.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Sharif Abu Alrub
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.A.); (S.A.A.)
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Dubey Y, Mahalingavelar P, Rajput D, Shewale DJ, Soppina V, Kanvah S. Fluorescent styryl pyridine- N-oxide probes for imaging lipid droplets. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8393-8402. [PMID: 37819137 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01365k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as major regulators of cellular metabolism, encompassing lipid storage, membrane synthesis, viral replication, and protein degradation. Exclusive studies have suggested a direct link between LDs and cancer, as a notable abundance of LDs is found in cancerous cells. Therefore, monitoring the location, distribution, and movements of LDs is of paramount importance for understanding their involvement in biological processes. To target LDs, we designed and synthesized fluorophores with a styryl scaffold bearing electron-donating amino groups and pyridine-N-oxide, a zwitterionic acceptor moiety. We explored their photophysical properties in various solvents and conducted systematic DFT calculations on the synthesized fluorescent molecules, comparing them with neutral pyridine and cationic pyridinium styryl dyes. The results demonstrate that diphenylaminostyryl pyridine-N-oxide (TNO) shows excellent imaging of LDs, in contrast to the behavior of cationic styrylpyridinium (TNC), which primarily localizes within the mitochondria. Notably, pyridine N-oxide offers several benefits: an increased dipole moment facilitating charge separation between donors and acceptors, substantial HOMO and LUMO stabilization, improved water solubility, favorable redox properties, and bathochromic-shifted absorption/emission spectra, showing promise as a fluorescent tool for probing the cellular-biological realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382055, India.
| | | | - Deeksha Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382055, India.
| | - Dipeshwari J Shewale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382055, India.
| | - Virupakshi Soppina
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382055, India.
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382055, India.
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A Theoretical Evaluation of the Efficiencies of Metal-Free 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Insights from Electron–Hole Separation Distance Analysis. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, some novel metal-free 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds O1–O7 were evaluated for their photovoltaic properties using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations to determine if they can serve as metal-free organic dyes in the use of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To understand the trends in the relative efficiencies of the investigated compounds as dyes in DSSCs, their electron contributions, hole contributions, and electron–hole overlaps for each respective atom and fragment within the molecule were analyzed with a particular focus on the electron densities on the anchoring segments. As transition density matrices (TDM) provide details about the departure of each electron from its corresponding hole during excitations, which results in charge transfer (CT), the charge separation distance (Δr) between the electron and its corresponding hole was studied, in addition to the degree of electron–hole overlap (Λ). The latter, single-point excitation energy of each electron, the percentage electron contribution to the anchoring segments of each compound, the incident-photon-conversion-efficiency (IPCE), charge recombination, light harvesting efficiency (LHE), electron injection (Φinj), and charge collection efficiency (ncollect) were then compared to Δr to determine whether the expected relationships hold. Moreover, parameters such as diffusion constant (Dπ) and electron lifetime (t), amongst others, were also used to describe electron excitation processes. Since IPCE is the key parameter in determining the efficiency, O3 was found to be the best dye due to its highest value.
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Heterogenization of Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts in Electrodes for (Photo)Electrochemical Water Oxidation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water oxidation is still one of the most important challenges to develop efficient artificial photosynthetic devices. In recent decades, the development and study of molecular complexes for water oxidation have allowed insight into the principles governing catalytic activity and the mechanism as well as establish ligand design guidelines to improve performance. However, their durability and long-term stability compromise the performance of molecular-based artificial photosynthetic devices. In this context, heterogenization of molecular water oxidation catalysts on electrode surfaces has emerged as a promising approach for efficient long-lasting water oxidation for artificial photosynthetic devices. This review covers the state of the art of strategies for the heterogenization of molecular water oxidation catalysts onto electrodes for (photo)electrochemical water oxidation. An overview and description of the main binding strategies are provided explaining the advantages of each strategy and their scope. Moreover, selected examples are discussed together with the the differences in activity and stability between the homogeneous and the heterogenized system when reported. Finally, the common design principles for efficient (photo)electrocatalytic performance summarized.
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Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling methodologies for the engineering of small molecules with applications in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bae S, Jang JE, Lee HW, Ryu J. Tailored Assembly of Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts on Photoelectrodes for Artificial Photosynthesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Bae
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jang
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungki Ryu
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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El-Sayed HA, Morsy HA. A facile synthesis of highly fluorescent pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines and 1,8-naphthyridines via oxazine transformation and enaminic addition reactions. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Comparison of the performance of dye sensitized solar cells fabricated with ruthenium based dye sensitizers: Di-tetrabutylammonium cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) (N719) and tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru-BPY). Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Design and synthesis of organic sensitizers with enhanced anchoring stability in dye-sensitized solar cells. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
D-π-A dyes have received a special attention in the field of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this kind of molecules, the acceptor group (A) generally acts as an anchor, enabling the adsorption of the dye onto the metal oxide substrate (TiO2) and providing a good electron injection. The search for new anchors represents a critical factor for the development of improved DSSCs and in recent years has been a very active research field. This mini-review focuses especially on our work on pyridine-derived anchoring groups for D-π-A dyes, with a special regard on the preparation and characterization of three different families of dyes and a critical evaluation of their stability and efficiency.
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Mai CL, Moehl T, Hsieh CH, Décoppet JD, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Yeh CY. Porphyrin Sensitizers Bearing a Pyridine-Type Anchoring Group for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14975-14982. [PMID: 26083949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three novel efficient donor-acceptor porphyrins, MH1-MH3, with a pyridine-type acceptor and anchoring group were synthesized and their optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties investigated. Replacing the commonly used 4-carboxyphenyl anchoring group with 2-carboxypyridine, 2-pyridone, and pyridine did not significantly change the absorption and electrochemical properties of the porphyrin dyes. These new porphyrin dyes MH show power conversion efficiencies of 8.3%, 8.5%, and 8.2%, which are comparable to that of the benchmark YD2-o-C8 (η=8.25%) under similar conditions. It was demonstrated that 2-carboxypyridine is an efficient and stable anchoring group as MH1 and showed better cell performance and long-term stability than YD2-o-C8 under light soaking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lun Mai
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- ‡Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehl
- ‡Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Hung Hsieh
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jean-David Décoppet
- ‡Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- ‡Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- ‡Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Chen-Yu Yeh
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Benzothiadiazole-based organic dyes with pyridine anchors for dye-sensitized solar cells: effect of donor on optical properties. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hung WI, Liao YY, Lee TH, Ting YC, Ni JS, Kao WS, Lin JT, Wei TC, Yen YS. Eugenic metal-free sensitizers with double anchors for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2152-5. [PMID: 25555237 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09294e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new phenothiazine-based dyes (HL5-HL7) with double acceptors/anchors have been synthesized and used as the sensitizers for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among them, the HL7-based cell exhibits the best efficiency of 8.32% exceeding the N719-based cell (7.35%) by ∼13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-I Hung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529 Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Urbani M, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Torres T. Meso-substituted porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12330-96. [PMID: 25495339 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Urbani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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A comparison of carboxypyridine isomers as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells: assessment of device efficiency and stability. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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