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Alharbi AH, Khan S. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cell imaging and sensing applications of fluorescein derivatives: A review. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115479. [PMID: 38342200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescein itself is a synthetic organic compound and a prominent member of the xanthene dye family. It exhibits strong fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) or blue light excitation, making it widely used in various applications, including fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, immunoassays, and molecular biology techniques. One of the reasons fluorescein derivatives are highly valuable is their tunable fluorescence properties. Through chemical modifications of the fluorescein structure, different functional groups or substituents can be introduce, altering the compound's fluorescence characteristics such as emission wavelength, intensity, and photo stability. This flexibility allows for tailoring of fluorescent probes to specific experimental requirements, enhancing their utility in a range of scientific disciplines. Fluorescein derivatives also possess excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. This review sheds light on the significant impact of fluorescein derivatives as biological active compounds, highlighting their potential in designing new therapeutic agents with antimicrobial properties. Additionally, their role as antioxidants is discussed. A major aspect covered in the review is the application of fluorescein derivatives as powerful cell imaging probes. Their unique fluorescent properties make them valuable tools for visualizing cellular structures and processes, opening up new possibilities for studying cellular dynamics and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani H Alharbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sikandar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Moreira DA, Santos SD, Leiro V, Pêgo AP. Dendrimers and Derivatives as Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041054. [PMID: 37111540 PMCID: PMC10140951 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. It affects more than 30 million people worldwide and costs over US$ 1.3 trillion annually. AD is characterized by the brain accumulation of amyloid β peptide in fibrillar structures and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in neurons, both leading to toxicity and neuronal death. At present, there are only seven drugs approved for the treatment of AD, of which only two can slow down cognitive decline. Moreover, their use is only recommended for the early stages of AD, meaning that the major portion of AD patients still have no disease-modifying treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient therapies for AD. In this context, nanobiomaterials, and dendrimers in particular, offer the possibility of developing multifunctional and multitargeted therapies. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, dendrimers are first-in-class macromolecules for drug delivery. They have a globular, well-defined, and hyperbranched structure, controllable nanosize and multivalency, which allows them to act as efficient and versatile nanocarriers of different therapeutic molecules. In addition, different types of dendrimers display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-prion, and most importantly for the AD field, anti-amyloidogenic properties. Therefore, dendrimers can not only be excellent nanocarriers, but also be used as drugs per se. Here, the outstanding properties of dendrimers and derivatives that make them excellent AD nanotherapeutics are reviewed and critically discussed. The biological properties of several dendritic structures (dendrimers, derivatives, and dendrimer-like polymers) that enable them to be used as drugs for AD treatment will be pointed out and the chemical and structural characteristics behind those properties will be analysed. The reported use of these nanomaterials as nanocarriers in AD preclinical research is also presented. Finally, future perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to make their use in the clinic a reality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A Moreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victoria Leiro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Synthesis and Activity of Ionic Antioxidant-Functionalized PAMAMs and PPIs Dendrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173513. [PMID: 36080588 PMCID: PMC9459880 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For this study, new dendrimers were prepared from poly(propylene imine) (PPI) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers using an efficient acid-base reaction with various phenolic acids. The syntheses were also optimized in both microwave and microfluidic reactors. These ionic and hydrophilic dendrimers were fully characterized and showed excellent antioxidant properties. Their cytotoxic properties have been also determined in the case of fibroblast dermal cells.
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Mieriņa I, Peipiņa E, Aišpure K, Jure M. 1st generation dendrimeric antioxidants containing Meldrum's acid moieties as surface groups. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first small branched architectures decorated with 1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione moieties containing dendrons are synthesized and their antiradical properties are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Mieriņa
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Elīna Peipiņa
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Klaudija Aišpure
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Māra Jure
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Saravanan V, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity and molecular docking studies on triazolophanes with benzophenone and S(-)-BINOL functionalization at the intra annular position. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Saravanan V, Ganesan S, Rajakumar P. Synthesis and DSSC application of BODIPY decorated triazole bridged and benzene nucleus cored conjugated dendrimers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18390-18399. [PMID: 35517187 PMCID: PMC9053714 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated dendrimers decorated with 5,5-difluoro-10-(4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl)-5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:1',2'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-4-ium-5-uide, usually known as boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY), have been synthesized and their application as photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been evaluated. Third generation triazole bridged BODIPY dendrimers show higher light energy harvesting efficiency of 2.5% better than the first and second generation dendrimers, when used as a dye material in solar cells. The current intensity increases with an increase in the generation of the dendrimer as revealed by cyclic voltammetry. Fluorescence decay analysis shows that the relaxation times τ 1 and τ 2 increase as the dendrimer generation increases, however τ 2 for the third generation dendrimer decreases because of fluorescence quenching due to molecular crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velautham Saravanan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 Tamil Nadu India +91 044 22300488 +91 044 22202814 +91 9551379907
| | - Shanmugam Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM Nagar Kattankulathur-603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 Tamil Nadu India +91 044 22300488 +91 044 22202814 +91 9551379907
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Selective two way Cd(II) and Co(II) ions detection by 1,2,3–triazole linked fluorescein derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Saravanan V, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical properties and antibacterial activity of novel BODIPY glycoconjugated dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of novel BODIPY glycoconjugated dendrimers with optical, electrochemical and antibacterial properties is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
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Savithri JS, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, Photophysical, and Antioxidant Properties of Rhodamine B Decorated Novel Dendrimers. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel triazole bridged dendrimers with rhodamine B derivative as surface groups have been achieved using click chemistry by both divergent and convergent approaches. Rhodamine B decorated dendrimers 1, 2, and 3 were synthesised up to the second generation with spirolactam grafted at the terminal. The UV and fluorescence intensity increases with the increase in the dendritic generation. The synthesised rhodamine B decorated dendrimers show significant antioxidant behaviour compared with the standards butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and gallic acid when tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay methods, respectively. Rhodamine B decorated higher generation dendrimers exhibit better antioxidant activity than the lower generation dendrimers due to the presence of a greater number of triazole branching units and rhodamine B derivative surface units.
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Kannan A, Anandhan R, Rajakumar P. Synthesis and optical and electrochemical properties of glucose-cored ferrocenyl dendrimers. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1245752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Anandhan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Saravanan V, Kannan A, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical properties and antifungal and anticancer activities of ferrocenyl conjugated novel dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of triazoloferrocenyl conjugates was prepared by copper(i) catalyzed click chemistry, which shows good antifungal activity against fungal pathogens, and also shows excellent anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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