1
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Yang W, Ramadan S, Zu Y, Sun M, Huang X, Yu B. Chemical synthesis and functional evaluation of glycopeptides and glycoproteins containing rare glycosyl amino acid linkages. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38888170 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1987 to 2023Naturally existing glycoproteins through post-translational protein glycosylation are highly heterogeneous, which not only impedes the structure-function studies, but also hinders the development of their potential medical usage. Chemical synthesis represents one of the most powerful tools to provide the structurally well-defined glycoforms. Being the key step of glycoprotein synthesis, glycosylation usually takes place at serine, threonine, and asparagine residues, leading to the predominant formation of the O- and N-glycans, respectively. However, other amino acid residues containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and nucleophilic carbon atoms have also been found to be glycosylated. These diverse glycoprotein linkages, occurring from microorganisms to plants and animals, play also pivotal biological roles, such as in cell-cell recognition and communication. The availability of these homogenous rare glycopeptides and glycoproteins can help decipher the glyco-code for developing therapeutic agents. This review highlights the chemical approaches for assembly of the functional glycopeptides and glycoproteins bearing these "rare" carbohydrate-amino acid linkages between saccharide and canonical amino acid residues and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Yan Zu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Mengxia Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Li J, Fu Z, Qiao Z, Xie D, Zhang L, Liu YZ, Yang J, Yan JX, Ma X. Controllable 1,3-Bis-Functionalization of 2-Nitroglycals with High Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity Enabled by a H-Bond Catalyst. JACS AU 2024; 4:974-984. [PMID: 38559736 PMCID: PMC10976612 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The selective modification of carbohydrates is significant for producing their unnatural analogues for drug discovery. C1-functionalization (glycosylation) and C1,C2-difunctionalization of carbohydrates have been well developed. In contrast, C3-functionalization or C1,C3-difunctionalization of carbohydrates remains rare. Herein, we report such processes that efficiently and stereoselectively modify carbohydrates. Specifically, we found that trifluoroethanol (TFE) could promote 1,3-bis-indolylation/pyrrolylation of 2-nitroglycals generated carbohydrate derivatives in up to 93% yield at room temperature; slightly reducing the temperature could install two different indoles at the C1- and C3-positions. Switching TFE to a bifunctional amino thiourea catalyst leads to the generation of C3 monosubstituted carbohydrates, which could also be used to construct 1,3-di-C-functionalized carbohydrates. This approach produced a range of challenging sugar derivatives (over 80 examples) with controllable and high stereoselectivity (single isomer for over 90% of the examples). The potential applications of the reaction were demonstrated by a set of transformations including the synthesis of bridged large-ring molecules and gram scale reactions. Biological activities evaluation demonstrated that three compounds exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on human cancer cells T24, HCT116, AGS, and MKN-45 with IC50 ranged from 0.695 to 3.548 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeen Qiao
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhou Liu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Yan
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Jiao Q, Guo Z, Zheng M, Lin W, Liao Y, Yan W, Liu T, Xu C. Anion-Bridged Dual Hydrogen Bond Enabled Concerted Addition of Phenol to Glycal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308513. [PMID: 38225720 PMCID: PMC10953558 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
A noncovalent organocatalytic concerted addition of phenol to glycal is developed for the stereoselective and regioselective construction of biologically important phenolic 2-deoxyglycosides, featuring wide substrate tolerance. The method relies on an anion-bridged dual hydrogen bond interaction which is experimentally proved by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis), and fluorescence analysis. Experimental evidence including kinetic analysis, Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE) studies, linear free energy relationship, Hammett plot, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations is provided for a concerted mechanism where a high-energy oxocarbenium ion is not formed. In addition, the potential utility of this method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of biologically active glycosylated flavones. The benchmarking studies demonstrate significant advances in this newly developed method compared to previous approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinbo Jiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
| | - Zhenbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityWeijin Road No. 94Tianjin300071China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical TransformationsTianjin300192China
| | - Mingwen Zheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
| | - Wentao Lin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
| | - Yujie Liao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
| | - Weitao Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
| | - Tianfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityWeijin Road No. 94Tianjin300071China
| | - Chunfa Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
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4
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Yang J, Xie D, Ma X. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Amino Sugars. Molecules 2023; 28:4724. [PMID: 37375279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino sugars are a kind of carbohydrates with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by an amino group. They play crucial roles in a broad range of biological activities. Over the past few decades, there have been continuing efforts on the stereoselective glycosylation of amino sugars. However, the introduction of glycoside bearing basic nitrogen is challenging using conventional Lewis acid-promoted pathways owing to competitive coordination of the amine to the Lewis acid promoter. Additionally, diastereomeric mixtures of O-glycoside are often produced if aminoglycoside lack a C2 substituent. This review focuses on the updated overview of the way to stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis-aminoglycoside. The scope, mechanism, and the applications in the synthesis of complex glycoconjugates for the representative methodologies were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wu X, Zheng Z, Wang L, Xue Y, Liao J, Liu H, Liu D, Sun JS, Zhang Q. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐diamino‐2,3‐dideoxyglycosides from 3‐O‐acetyl‐2‐nitroglycals. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Wu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Liming Wang
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Yunxia Xue
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Jinxi Liao
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Deyong Liu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Qingju Zhang
- Jiangxi Normal University National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis 99 Ziyang Avenue 330022 Nanchang CHINA
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6
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Yadav RN, Hossain MF, Das A, Srivastava AK, Banik BK. Organocatalysis: A recent development on stereoselective synthesis of o-glycosides. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2022.2041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Md. Firoj Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, India
| | - Aparna Das
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Wan Y, Wu X, Xue Y, Lin XE, Wang L, Sun JS, Zhang Q. Stereoselective glycosylation with conformation-constrained 2-Nitroglycals as donors and bifunctional thiourea as catalyst. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2021.2023560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Wan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi-E Lin
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liming Wang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key laboratory of Functional Small Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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8
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Exploiting non-covalent interactions in selective carbohydrate synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:792-815. [PMID: 37117666 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions (NCIs) are a vital component of biological bond-forming events, and have found important applications in multiple branches of chemistry. In recent years, the biomimetic exploitation of NCIs in challenging glycosidic bond formation and glycofunctionalizations has attracted significant interest across diverse communities of organic and carbohydrate chemists. This emerging theme is a major new direction in contemporary carbohydrate chemistry, and is rapidly gaining traction as a robust strategy to tackle long-standing issues such as anomeric and site selectivity. This Review thus seeks to provide a bird's-eye view of wide-ranging advances in harnessing NCIs within the broad field of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. These include the exploitation of NCIs in non-covalent catalysed glycosylations, in non-covalent catalysed glycofunctionalizations, in aglycone delivery, in stabilization of intermediates and transition states, in the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding networks and in aggregation by hydrogen bonds. In addition, recent emerging opportunities in exploiting halogen bonding and other unconventional NCIs, such as CH-π, cation-π and cation-n interactions, in various aspects of carbohydrate chemistry are also examined.
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9
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Merieux G, Buchotte M, Muzard M, Plantier-Royon R. Synthesis of 2-Substituted Thioglycals from Carbohydrate-Derived Ketene Dithioacetals. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Merieux
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR); CNRS UMR 7312; UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; BP 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Marie Buchotte
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR); CNRS UMR 7312; UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; BP 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR); CNRS UMR 7312; UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; BP 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR); CNRS UMR 7312; UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; BP 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
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10
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Xu C, Loh CCJ. A Multistage Halogen Bond Catalyzed Strain-Release Glycosylation Unravels New Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5381-5391. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Xu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C. J. Loh
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Synthesis of 8-hydroxyquinoline glycoconjugates and preliminary assay of their β1,4-GalT inhibitory and anti-cancer properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:326-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Yao H, Vu MD, Liu XW. Recent advances in reagent-controlled stereoselective/stereospecific glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2018; 473:72-81. [PMID: 30641292 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of O-glycosidic linkage is arguably one of the most important topics in glycoscience due to the prevalence of O-glycosides in nature. Great efforts have been devoted to this field by many carbohydrate chemists to develop stereoselective/stereospecific glycosylation methodologies. Although glycosyl donor- and acceptor-controlled strategies have significantly progressed, the tedious design and pre-synthesis of substrates could not be avoided. On the other hand, reagent-controlled glycosylation can overcome these challenges and produce the desired selectivity by only altering external factors such as concentration, reagents or other reaction conditions. This mini-review discusses selected recent novel methodologies on reagent-mediated stereo-controlled glycosylation in the last decade, classified by the types of glycosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Minh Duy Vu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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13
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Xu C, Loh CCJ. An ultra-low thiourea catalyzed strain-release glycosylation and a multicatalytic diversification strategy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4057. [PMID: 30282986 PMCID: PMC6170412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of thiourea catalysis in selective glycosylation strategies has gained significant momentum lately due to its versatility in hydrogen bonding or anionic recognition activation modes. The use of these non-covalent interactions constitute a powerful means to construct glycosidic linkages as it mimics physiologically occurring glycosyltransferases. However, glycosyl donor activation through the currently employed catalysts is moderate such that, in general, catalyst loadings are rather high in these transformations. In addition, thiourea catalysis has not been well explored for the synthesis of furanosides. Herein, we demonstrate an ultra-low loadings stereoselective and stereospecific thiourea catalyzed strain-release furanosylation and pyranosylation strategy. Our ultra-low organocatalyzed furanosylation enables a multicatalytic strategy, which opens up a unique avenue towards rapid diversification of synthetic glycosides. In-situ NMR monitoring unravel insights into unknown reaction intermediates and initial rate kinetic studies reveal a plausible synergistic hydrogen bonding/Brønsted acid activation mode. Non-covalent glycosyl donor activation often requires high organocatalyst loadings. Here, the authors demonstrate that strain-release glycosylations can take place at very low thiourea catalyst loadings. In addition, the authors developed a one-pot multicatalytic strategy that can diversify glycosides rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Xu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund,, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund,, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. .,Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Deoxy-sugars often play a critical role in modulating the potency of many bioactive natural products. Accordingly, there has been sustained interest in methods for their synthesis over the past several decades. The focus of much of this work has been on developing new glycosylation reactions that permit the mild and selective construction of deoxyglycosides. This Review covers classical approaches to deoxyglycoside synthesis, as well as more recently developed chemistry that aims to control the selectivity of the reaction through rational design of the promoter. Where relevant, the application of this chemistry to natural product synthesis will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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15
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Wang HY, Blaszczyk SA, Xiao G, Tang W. Chiral reagents in glycosylation and modification of carbohydrates. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:681-701. [PMID: 29206256 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play a significant role in numerous biological events, and the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates is vital for further studies to understand their various biological functions. Due to the structural complexity of carbohydrates, the stereoselective formation of glycosidic linkages and the site-selective modification of hydroxyl groups are very challenging and at the same time extremely important. In recent years, the rapid development of chiral reagents including both chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts has significantly improved the stereoselectivity for glycosylation reactions and the site-selectivity for the modification of carbohydrates. These new tools will greatly facilitate the efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. In this tutorial review, we will summarize these advances and highlight the most recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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16
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Liu JL, Zhang YT, Liu HF, Zhou L, Chen J. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Stereoselective Glycosylation of 2-Nitrogalactals. Org Lett 2017; 19:5272-5275. [PMID: 28906121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed glycosylation of 2-nitrogalactals with alcohols and phenol has been developed for the first time. A wide variety of 1,2-cis-2-nitroglycosides can be obtained with good to excellent yields and high to excellent α-selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hang-Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Williams
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol U.K
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol U.K
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