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Yakovlieva L, Fülleborn JA, Walvoort MTC. Opportunities and Challenges of Bacterial Glycosylation for the Development of Novel Antibacterial Strategies. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745702. [PMID: 34630370 PMCID: PMC8498110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous process that is universally conserved in nature. The various products of glycosylation, such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, perform a myriad of intra- and extracellular functions. The multitude of roles performed by these molecules is reflected in the significant diversity of glycan structures and linkages found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Importantly, glycosylation is highly relevant for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. Various surface-associated glycoconjugates have been identified in bacteria that promote infectious behavior and survival in the host through motility, adhesion, molecular mimicry, and immune system manipulation. Interestingly, bacterial glycosylation systems that produce these virulence factors frequently feature rare monosaccharides and unusual glycosylation mechanisms. Owing to their marked difference from human glycosylation, bacterial glycosylation systems constitute promising antibacterial targets. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and depletion of the antibiotic pipeline, novel drug targets are urgently needed. Bacteria-specific glycosylation systems are especially promising for antivirulence therapies that do not eliminate a bacterial population, but rather alleviate its pathogenesis. In this review, we describe a selection of unique glycosylation systems in bacterial pathogens and their role in bacterial homeostasis and infection, with a focus on virulence factors. In addition, recent advances to inhibit the enzymes involved in these glycosylation systems and target the bacterial glycan structures directly will be highlighted. Together, this review provides an overview of the current status and promise for the future of using bacterial glycosylation to develop novel antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Julius A Fülleborn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Jaakkola J, Nieminen A, Kivelä H, Korhonen H, Tähtinen P, Mikkola S. Kinetic and NMR spectroscopic study of the chemical stability and reaction pathways of sugar nucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 40:178-193. [PMID: 33331238 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1856870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline cleavage of two types of sugar nucleotides has been studied by 1H and 31P NMR in order to obtain information on the stability and decomposition pathways in aqueous solutions under alkaline conditions. The reaction of glucose 1-UDP is straightforward, and products are easy to identify. The results obtained with ribose 5-UDP and ribose 5-phosphate reveal, in contrast, a more complex reaction system than expected, and the identification of individual intermediate species was not possible. Even though definite proof for the mechanisms previously proposed could not be obtained, all the spectroscopic evidence is consistent with them. Results also emphasise the significant effect of conditions, pH, ionic strength, and temperature, on the reactivity under chemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Jaakkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Nieminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Kivelä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Korhonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Tähtinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Mikkola S. Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology. Molecules 2020; 25:E5755. [PMID: 33291296 PMCID: PMC7729866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Ghirardello M, Perrone D, Chinaglia N, Sádaba D, Delso I, Tejero T, Marchesi E, Fogagnolo M, Rafie K, van Aalten DMF, Merino P. UDP-GlcNAc Analogues as Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT): Spectroscopic, Computational, and Biological Studies. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29513364 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of glycomimetics of UDP-GlcNAc, in which the β-phosphate has been replaced by either an alkyl chain or a triazolyl ring and the sugar moiety has been replaced by a pyrrolidine ring, has been synthesized by the application of different click-chemistry procedures. Their affinities for human O-GlcNAc transferase (hOGT) have been evaluated and studied both spectroscopically and computationally. The binding epitopes of the best ligands have been determined in solution by means of saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Experimental, spectroscopic, and computational results are in agreement, pointing out the essential role of the binding of β-phosphate. We have found that the loss of interactions from the β-phosphate can be counterbalanced by the presence of hydrophobic groups at a pyrroline ring acting as a surrogate of the carbohydrate unit. Two of the prepared glycomimetics show inhibition at a micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghirardello
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Chinaglia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - David Sádaba
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomas Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Marchesi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karim Rafie
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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