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Medina DP, Fernández-Ariza J, Urbani M, Sauvage F, Torres T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS. Tuning the Acceptor Unit of Push-Pull Porphyrazines for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082129. [PMID: 33917225 PMCID: PMC8068076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of four push–pull porphyrazines of A3B type, where each unit A contains two peripheral propyl chains and the unit B is endowed with a carboxylic acid, were prepared. The carboxylic acid was attached to the β-position of the pyrrolic unit, either directly (Pz 10), or through cyanovinyl (Pz 11) and phenyl (Pz 7) groups. The fourth Pz (14) consisted in a pyrazinoporphyrazine wherein the dinitrogenated heterocycle provided intrinsic donor–acceptor character to the macrocycle and contained a carboxyphenyl substituent. The direct attachment of the carboxylic acid functions and their linkers to the porphyrazine core produces stronger perturbation on the electronic properties of the macrocycle, with respect to their connection through fused benzene or pyrazine rings in TT112 and 14, respectively. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the Pzs, which were estimated with DFT calculations, show little variation within the series, except upon introduction of the cyanovinyl spacer, which produces a decrease in both frontier orbital energetic levels. This effective interaction of cyanovinyl substitution with the macrocycle is also evidenced in UV/Vis spectroscopy, where a large splitting of the Q-band indicates strong desymmetrization of the Pz. The performance of the four Pzs as photosensitizers in DSSCs were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Paola Medina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
| | - Javier Fernández-Ariza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
| | - Maxence Urbani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Frédéric Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR7314, Hub de L’énergie, 15 rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France;
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (M.S.R.-M.)
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (M.S.R.-M.)
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2
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Ovchenkova EN, Bichan NG, Gruzdev MS, Ksenofontov AA, Gostev FE, Shelaev IV, Nadtochenko VA, Lomova TN. Carbazole-functionalized cobalt( ii) porphyrin axially bonded with C 60/C 70 derivatives: synthesis and characterization. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the structure of the fullero[60]/[70]pyrrolidine, the carbazole-functionalized cobalt(ii) porphyrin forms donor–acceptor systems of different compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. N. Ovchenkova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences Akademicheskaya str
- 1
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - N. G. Bichan
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences Akademicheskaya str
- 1
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - M. S. Gruzdev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences Akademicheskaya str
- 1
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - A. A. Ksenofontov
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences Akademicheskaya str
- 1
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - F. E. Gostev
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - I. V. Shelaev
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - V. A. Nadtochenko
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - T. N. Lomova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences Akademicheskaya str
- 1
- Ivanovo
- Russia
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3
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Sarıoğulları H, Sengul IF, Gürek AG. Lu( iii) bis-phthalocyanines containing carbazole moieties: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical properties and sensor applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis and characterization of sandwich type Lu(iii) bis-phthalocyanines bearing electropolymerizable carbazole groups were evaluated and their electrochemical sensing properties studied towards DA, UA and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayet Sarıoğulları
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim F. Sengul
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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4
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Ghazal B, Azizi K, Ewies EF, Youssef ASA, Mwalukuku VM, Demadrille R, Torres T, Makhseed S. Push-Pull Zinc Phthalocyanine Bearing Hexa-Tertiary Substituted Carbazolyl Donor Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071692. [PMID: 32272726 PMCID: PMC7254496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An asymmetrical, push–pull phthalocyanine bearing bulky tert-butylcarbazolyl moieties as electron donor and carboxylic acid as anchoring group was synthetized and tested as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The new photosensitizer was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, UV–Vis and mass spectrometry. The bulky tert-butylcarbazolyl moieties avoid the aggregation of the phthalocyanine dye. DFT studies indicate that the HOMO is delocalized throughout the π-electron system of the substituted phthalocyanine and the LUMO is located on the core of the molecule with a sizable electron density distribution on carboxyl groups. The new dye has been used as a photosensitizer in transparent and opaque dye-sensitized solar cells, which exhibit poor efficiencies related to a low Jsc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ghazal
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Kobra Azizi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ewies F. Ewies
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed S. A. Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. 11566, Cairo, Egypt;
| | | | - Renaud Demadrille
- CEA-Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
| | - Saad Makhseed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (T.T.); (S.M.); Tel.: +965-66999008 (S.M.)
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5
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Zinc phthalocyanines as light harvesters for SnO 2-based solar cells: a case study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1176. [PMID: 31980734 PMCID: PMC6981253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized and used as electron transport material (ETM) in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), featuring two peripherally substituted push-pull zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) bearing electron donating diphenylamine substituents and carboxylic acid anchoring groups as light harvesters. These complexes were designed on the base of previous computational studies suggesting that the integration of secondary amines as donor groups in the structure of unsymmetrical ZnPcs might enhance photovoltaics performances of DSSCs. In the case of TiO2-based devices, this hypothesis has been recently questioned by experimental results. Herein we show that the same holds for SnO2, despite the optimal matching of the optoelectronic characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles and diphenylamino-substituted ZnPcs, thus confirming that other parameters heavily affect the solar cells performances and should be carefully taken into account when designing materials for photovoltaic applications.
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6
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Fernández-Ariza J, Urbani M, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Torres T. Panchromatic Photosensitizers Based on Push-Pull, Unsymmetrically Substituted Porphyrazines. Chemistry 2017; 24:2618-2625. [PMID: 29205575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of five push-pull porphyrazines of A3 B type, in which unit B is an isoindole 4-carboxylic acid, has been prepared. The units A have been endowed with thioether, amine, ether and alkyl functions, either directly attached to the β-position of the pyrrolic units, or connected to the porphyrazine core through p-substituted phenyl groups. Attaching the electron-donor functions to the porphyrazine periphery produces strong perturbations in the electronic and redox properties of the dyes. Their HOMO and LUMO energies, estimated from the optical and redox data, as well as with DFT calculations, raise upon functionalization with amines, while the corresponding frontier orbital energetic levels lower upon functionalization with thioethers, p-methoxyphenyl or p-tert-butylphenyl groups. The effective interaction of peripheral substitution with the macrocycle produces chromophores with panchromatic absorption between 300 and 750-850 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Ariza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maxence Urbani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Majeed SA, Ghazal B, Nevonen DE, Goff PC, Blank DA, Nemykin VN, Makhseed S. Evaluation of the Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Properties in Solvatochromic and Electrochromic Zinc Octa(carbazolyl)phthalocyanines. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11640-11653. [PMID: 28920685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2,3,9,10,16,17,23·24-Octakis-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) phthalocyaninato zinc(II) (3) and 2,3,9,10,16,17,23·24-octakis-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole) phthalocyaninato zinc(II) (4) complexes were prepared and characterized by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. UV-vis and MCD data are indicative of the interligand charge-transfer nature of the broad band observed in 450-500 nm range for 3 and 4. The redox properties of 3 and 4 were probed by electrochemical and spectro-electrochemical methods, which are suggestive of phthalocyanine-centered first oxidation and reduction processes. Photophysics of 3 and 4 were investigated by steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrating the influence of the carbazole substituents on deactivation from the first excited state in 3 and 4. Protonation of the meso-nitrogen atoms in 3 results in much faster deactivation kinetics from the first excited state. Spectroscopic data were correlated with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations on 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen A Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University , P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Basma Ghazal
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University , P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Philip C Goff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David A Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saad Makhseed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University , P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
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8
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Zhang A, Kwan L, Stillman MJ. The spectroscopic impact of interactions with the four Gouterman orbitals from peripheral decoration of porphyrins with simple electron withdrawing and donating groups. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9081-9094. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01960b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin β-substitution with strong electron withdrawing groups splits the LUMO, red-shifts the Q band, and introduces a dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Zhang
- Stillman Bioinorganic Group
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Lydia Kwan
- Stillman Bioinorganic Group
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Martin J. Stillman
- Stillman Bioinorganic Group
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
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