Regioselective Synthesis of Thiocyanate-Containing Isoxazolines via FeIII /K2 S2 O8 -Mediated Radical Thiocyanation/Cyclization Cascade Reaction of β,γ-Unsaturated Oximes

Manganese-Catalyzed 5-Endo-trig Oxygenative Cyclization of α,β-Unsaturated Oximes under Air and Ambient Conditions for the Synthesis of 4,5-Dihydroisoxazoles

The stereoselective 5-endo-trig oxygenative cyclization of α,β-unsaturated oximes was achieved using molecular oxygen (O2) and a manganese catalyst. Several 4-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles were obtained in high yields by directly incorporating O2 from the atmosphere (eliminating the necessity for a pure oxygen environment) and using an unprecedentedly low loading of Mn(acac)3 (as little as 0.020 mol %) without additional additives. Because of its desirable features, such as operational simplicity, inexpensive catalyst, mild reaction conditions (open flask conditions at room temperature), and broad substrate compatibility, this novel reaction provides an attractive synthetic approach to producing 4-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles.

Recent Advancement on the Indirect or Combined Alternative Thiocyanate Sources for the Construction of S-CN Bonds

The process of thiocyanation is a notable chemical conversion owing to the extensive range of applications associated with thiocyanate compounds in the field of organic chemistry. In past centuries, the thiocyanation reaction incorporated metal thiocyanates or thiocyanate salts as sources of thiocyanate, which are environmentally detrimental and undesirable. In recent literature, there have been numerous instances where combined or indirect alternative sources of thiocyanate have been employed as agents for thiocyanation, showcasing their noteworthy applications. The present literature review focuses on elucidating the ramifications associated with the utilization of indirect or combined alternative sources of thiocyanate in various thiocyanation reactions.

Electrochemical thiocyanation of barbituric acids

The electrochemical thiocyanation of barbituric acids with NH₄SCN was disclosed in an undivided cell under constant current conditions. The electrosynthesis is the most efficient at a record high current density (j_anode ≈50-70 mA cm^-2). NH₄SCN has a dual role as the source of the SCN group and as the electrolyte. Electrochemical thiocyanation of barbituric acids starts with the generation of (SCN)₂ from the thiocyanate anion. The addition of thiocyanogen to the double bond of the enol tautomer of barbituric acid gives thiocyanated barbituric acid. A variety of thiocyanated barbituric acids bearing different functional groups were obtained in 18-95% yields and were shown to exhibit promising antifungal activity.

Recent advances in the oxime-participating synthesis of isoxazolines

Isoxazoline compounds are used as important intermediates for the synthesis of organic molecules, which are widely used in the chemical and life science industries. Oxime-participating cyclization has emerged as an efficient strategy for the construction of isoxazolines. This review is devoted to highlighting the main achievements (since 2010) in the development of methodologies for the synthesis of isoxazolines. According to the reaction mechanism, the oxime-participating synthesis of isoxazolines can be mainly classified into four reaction types: iminoxyl radical-initiated intramolecular cyclization, intermolecular radical addition-initiated cyclization, intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization, and [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Meanwhile, miscellaneous examples are also illustrated, such as [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition. Representative reactions will be discussed for each of the highlighted synthetic strategies. In addition, the enantioselective synthesis of isoxazolines is also illustrated in this review.

Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis

N-Oxyl radicals (compounds with an N-O• fragment) represent one of the richest families of stable and persistent organic radicals with applications ranging from catalysis of selective oxidation processes and mechanistic studies to production of polymers, energy storage, magnetic materials design and spectroscopic studies of biological objects. Compared to other N-oxyl radicals, oxime radicals (or iminoxyl radicals) have been underestimated for a long time as useful intermediates for organic synthesis, despite the fact that their precursors, oximes, are extremely widespread and easily available organic compounds. Furthermore, oxime radicals are structurally exceptional. In these radicals, the N-O• fragment is connected to an organic moiety by a double bond, whereas all other classes of N-oxyl radicals contain an R2N-O• fragment with two single C-N bonds. Although oxime radicals have been known since 1964, their broad synthetic potential was not recognized until the last decade, when numerous selective reactions of oxidative cyclization, functionalization, and coupling mediated by iminoxyl radicals were discovered. This review is focused on the synthetic methods based on iminoxyl radicals developed in the last ten years and also contains some selected data on previous works regarding generation, structure, stability, and spectral properties of these N-oxyl radicals. The reactions of oxime radicals are classified into intermolecular (oxidation by oxime radicals, oxidative C-O coupling) and intramolecular. The majority of works are devoted to intramolecular reactions of oxime radicals. These reactions are classified into cyclizations involving C-H bond cleavage and cyclizations involving a double C=C bond cleavage.

NCS-promoted thiocyanation and selenocyanation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines

An efficient NCS-promoted thiocyanation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines with NH₄SCN or KSCN was developed. Moreover, in the presence of KSeCN, the selenocyanation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines was also achieved.

Enantioselective 5-exo-Fluorocyclization of Ene-Oximes

The enantioselective 5-exo-fluorocyclization of ene-oxime compounds was demonstrated under phase-transfer catalysis. Although deprotonative fluorinations competed, the chemical yields and the ee values of the desired isoxazoline products were generally moderate to good. The absolute stereochemistry of the major isomer was determined to be S by comparison with the literature after transformation of the product to the corresponding iodinated isoxazoline.

Iminyl radical-promoted imino sulfonylation, imino cyanogenation and imino thiocyanation of γ,δ-unsaturated oxime esters: synthesis of versatile functionalized pyrrolines

We reported an iminyl radical-promoted imino-functionalization of γ,δ-unsaturated oxime esters to synthesize versatile functionalized pyrrolines.

Metal-Involving Synthesis and Reactions of Oximes

This review classifies and summarizes the past 10-15 years of advancements in the field of metal-involving (i.e., metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed) reactions of oximes. These reactions are diverse in nature and have been employed for syntheses of oxime-based metal complexes and cage-compounds, oxime functionalizations, and the preparation of new classes of organic species, in particular, a wide variety of heterocyclic systems spanning small 3-membered ring systems to macroheterocycles. This consideration gives a general outlook of reaction routes, mechanisms, and driving forces and underlines the potential of metal-involving conversions of oxime species for application in various fields of chemistry and draws attention to the emerging putative targets.