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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Mondal S, Chakraborty S, Khanra S, Chakraborty S, Pal S, Brandão P, Paul ND. A Phosphine-Free Air-Stable Mn(II)-Catalyst for Sustainable Synthesis of Quinazolin-4(3 H)-ones, Quinolines, and Quinoxalines in Water. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5250-5265. [PMID: 38554095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of a new phosphine-free, well-defined, water-soluble, and air-stable Mn(II)-catalyst [Mn(L)(H2O)2Cl](Cl) ([1]Cl) featuring a 1,10-phenanthroline based tridentate pincer ligand, 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L), in dehydrogenative functionalization of alcohols to various N-heterocycles such as quinazolin-4(3H)-ones, quinolines, and quinoxalines are reported here. A wide array of multisubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in water under air following two pathways via the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols with 2-aminobenzamides and 2-aminobenzonitriles, respectively. 2-Aminobenzyl alcohol and ketones bearing active methylene group were used as coupling partners for synthesizing quinoline derivatives, and various quinoxaline derivatives were prepared by coupling vicinal diols and 1,2-diamines. In all cases, the reaction proceeded smoothly using our Mn(II)-catalyst [1]Cl in water under air, affording the desired N-heterocycles in satisfactory yields starting from cheap and readily accessible precursors. Gram-scale synthesis of the compounds indicates the industrial relevance of our synthetic strategy. Control experiments were performed to understand and unveil the plausible reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
| | - Subhankar Khanra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
| | - Santana Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
| | - Shrestha Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
| | - Paula Brandão
- Departamento de Química/CICECO, Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Botanic Garden, Howrah, Shibpur 711103, India
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Guin AK, Mondal R, Chakraborty G, Pal S, Paul ND. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Functionalization of Alcohols to Pyrroles: A Comparison between Metal-Ligand Cooperative and Non-cooperative Approaches. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7106-7123. [PMID: 35583483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of two ruthenium-based pincer-type catalysts, [1]X (X = Cl, PF6) and 2, containing two different tridentate pincer ligands, 2-pyrazolyl-(1,10-phenanthroline) (L1) and 2-arylazo-(1,10-phenanthroline) (L2a/2b, L2a = 2-(phenyldiazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline; L2b = 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline), and their application in the synthesis of substituted pyrroles via dehydrogenative alcohol functionalization reactions. In catalyst [1]X (X = Cl, PF6), the tridentate scaffold 2-pyrazolyl-(1,10-phenanthroline) (L1) is apparently redox innocent, and all the redox events occur at the metal center, and the coordinated ligands remain as spectators. In contrast, in catalysts 2a and 2b, the coordinated azo-aromatic scaffolds are highly redox-active and known to participate actively during the dehydrogenation of alcohols. A comparison between the catalytic activities of these two catalysts was made, starting from the simple dehydrogenation of alcohols to further dehydrogenative functionalization of alcohols to various substituted pyrroles to understand the advantages/disadvantages of the metal-ligand cooperative approach. Various substituted pyrroles were prepared via dehydrogenative coupling of secondary alcohols and amino alcohols, and the N-substituted pyrroles were synthesized via dehydrogenative coupling of aromatic amines with cis-2-butene-1,4-diol and 2-butyne-1,4-diol, respectively. Several control reactions and spectroscopic experiments were performed to characterize the catalysts and establish the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Rakesh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Gargi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
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Das KM, Pal A, Adarsh NN, Thakur A. A novel quinoline-based NNN-pincer Cu(II) complex as a superior catalyst for oxidative esterification of allylic C(sp 3)-H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3540-3549. [PMID: 35393991 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time that the quinoline-based NNN-pincer Cu(II) complex acts as an air stable superior catalyst for the oxidative cross-coupling of the allyl sp3 C-H bond with an acid for the synthesis of allyl esters in a homogeneous system at ambient temperature. The synthesized catalyst, 1, has been well characterized by various analytical techniques (HRMS, single crystal X-ray diffraction, CV, EPR, UV-vis spectroscopy) and showed excellent catalytic activity for the oxidative esterification of allylic C(sp3)-H bonds at 40 °C within a very short period of time (1 h) using only 1 mol% of the catalyst. A wide variety of aromatic allylic esters were synthesized in moderate to good yields, which could be extended to aliphatic allyl esters as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Nayarassery N Adarsh
- Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, New York, 13699, USA
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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Khalili D, Roosta M, Khalafi-Nezhad A, Ebrahimi E. From methylarenes to Esters: Efficient oxidative Csp3-H activation promoted by CuO decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reduced graphene oxide supported CuO (rGO/Fe3O4-CuO) as the heterogeneous catalyst in cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions has been demonstrated for the synthesis of esters using methyl aromatics, aldehydes/benzyl alcohols...
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Chen XY, Yang S, Ren BP, Shi L, Lin DZ, Zhang H, Liu HY. Copper porphyrin-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative coupling of alkanes with carboxylic acids: Esterification and decarboxylation dual pathway. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Yang
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Dayun Huang
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
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Adam MSS, El-Hady OM, Ullah F. Biological and catalytic potential of sustainable low and high valent metal-Schiff base sulfonate salicylidene pincer complexes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34311-34329. [PMID: 35529964 PMCID: PMC9074042 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06816c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ONO-Pincer Schiff base salicylidene (HSaln ligand) complexes with VO2+, UO2 2+, MoO2 2+ and Mn2+ ions (MSaln complexes = VOSaln, UO2Saln, MoO2Saln and MnSaln, respectively) were synthesized and fully characterized by different physico-chemical tools. The VOSaln complex was further treated with 1,10-phenanthroline which afforded a new VO-complex (VOSaln-Ph). All complexes and their ligands, as eco-friendly reagents, were explored for their biological potential as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Reactivity of MSaln complexes against the tested pathogen strains exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect compared to the coordinated ligand (HSaln) and applicable standard drugs. Moreover, the MSaln complex-DNA interaction was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, viscosity and gel electrophoresis techniques affording binding strengths in the order: UO2Saln > MnSaln > MoO2Saln > VOSaln-Ph > VOSaln. Additionally, the biological potential of the investigated compounds was further explored by molecular docking to illustrate the nature of the drug-DNA interactions. All MSaln complexes show respectable anti-proliferative potential as anticancer agents against selected human carcinoma cell lines. Aside from the biological activities these complexes (MSaln complexes) were also investigated for catalytic efficiency in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling system of phenylboronic acid with 2-bromopyridine in water, sustainably. The results indicated that the MnSaln catalyst performed well with high yield. The catalytic potential of MnSaln was compared in water, water-ionic liquid mixtures and ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaker S Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P. O. Box 380, Al Hofuf Al Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University Sohag-82534 Egypt
| | - Omar M El-Hady
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University Sohag-82534 Egypt
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg University 515 Portage Avenue Winnipeg Manitoba R3B 2E9 Canada
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