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Zubčić G, You J, Zott FL, Ashirbaev SS, Kolympadi Marković M, Bešić E, Vrček V, Zipse H, Šakić D. Regioselective Rearrangement of Nitrogen- and Carbon-Centered Radical Intermediates in the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2574-2583. [PMID: 38516723 PMCID: PMC11000220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag (HLF) reaction serves as a late-stage functionalization technique for generating pyrrolidine heterocyclic ring systems. Contemporary HLF protocols utilize in situ halogenated sulfonamides as precursors in the radical-mediated rearrangement cycle. Despite its well-established reaction mechanism, experiments toward the detection of radical intermediates using EPR techniques have only recently been attempted. However, the obtained spectra lack the distinct features of the N-centered radicals expected for the employed reactants. This paper presents phenylbutylnitrone spin-trapped C-centered and N-centered radicals, generated via light irradiation from N-halogen-tosyl-sulfonamide derivatives and detected using EPR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations are used to explain the observed regioselectivity of the HLF reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijel Zubčić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiangyang You
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković
Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fabian L. Zott
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Salavat S. Ashirbaev
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Maria Kolympadi Marković
- Faculty
of Physics, and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Erim Bešić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Davor Šakić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Sennari G, Yamagishi H, Sarpong R. Remote C-H Amination and Alkylation of Camphor at C8 through Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7850-7857. [PMID: 38447162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Camphor continues to serve as a versatile chiral building block for chemical synthesis. We have developed a novel method to functionalize the camphor skeleton at C8 using an intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction. The key advance involves the use of a camphor-derived aminonitrile, which is converted to the corresponding nitrogen-centered radical under photoredox conditions to effect the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer at C8. The resulting carbon-centered radical at C8 was utilized in a C-H amination to access topologically complex proline derivatives. Furthermore, the total synthesis of several sesquiterpenoids was accomplished by engaging the radical generated at C8 in alkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Festa AA, Storozhenko OA, Voskressensky LG, Van der Eycken EV. Visible light-mediated halogenation of organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37975853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of visible light and photoredox catalysis emerged as a powerful and sustainable tool for organic synthesis, showing high value for distinctly different ways of bond creation. Halogenated compounds are the cornerstone of contemporary organic synthesis: it is almost impossible to develop a route towards a pharmaceutical reagent, agrochemical, natural product, etc. without the involvement of halogen-containing intermediates. Moreover, the halogenated derivatives as final products became indispensable for drug discovery and materials science. The idea of this review is to understand and summarise the impact of visible light-promoted chemistry on halogenation and halofunctionalisation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Festa
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Storozhenko
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid G Voskressensky
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Herron AN, Hsu CP, Yu JQ. δ-C-H Halogenation Reactions Enabled by a Nitrogen-Centered Radical Precursor. Org Lett 2022; 24:3652-3656. [PMID: 35549294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates with the ability to undergo diverse reactions such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), β-scission, and addition across unsaturated systems. A long-standing impediment to the wider adoption of these intermediates in synthesis has been the difficulty of their generation. Herein we disclose a new hydrazonyl carboxylic acid precursor to nitrogen-centered radicals and its application toward remote C-H fluorination and chlorination reactions of sulfonyl-protected alkyl amines via 1,5-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair N Herron
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ching-Pei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Muñoz-Molina JM, Bafaluy D, Funes-Ardoiz I, de Aguirre A, Maseras F, Belderrain TR, Pérez PJ, Muñiz K. Mechanistic Studies on the Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Piperidines via Copper-Catalyzed Intramolecular C–H Amination. Organometallics 2022; 41:1099-1105. [PMID: 35572769 PMCID: PMC9092462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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We have recently
developed a method for the synthesis of pyrrolidines
and piperidines via intramolecular C–H amination of N-fluoride amides using [TpxCuL] complexes as precatalysts [Tpx =
tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand and L = THF or CH3CN]. Herein,
we report mechanistic studies on this transformation, which includes
the isolation and structural characterization of a fluorinated copper(II)
complex, [(TpiPr2OH)CuF] [TpiPr = hydrotris(3,5-diisopropylpyrazolyl)borate],
pertinent to the mechanistic pathway. The effects of the nature of
the Tpx ligand in the copper catalyst
as well as of the halide in the N–X amides employed as reactants
have been investigated both from experimental and computational perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Muñoz-Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Daniel Bafaluy
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adiran de Aguirre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tomás R. Belderrain
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Kilian Muñiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Recent Progresses in the Preparation of Chlorinated Molecules: Electrocatalysis and Photoredox Catalysis in the Spotlight. REACTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among halogenated molecules, those containing chlorine atoms are fundamental in many areas such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, agrochemicals and natural metabolites. Despite the fact that many reactions have been developed to install chlorine on organic molecules, most of them rely on toxic and hazardous chlorinating reagents as well as harsh conditions. In an attempt to move towards more sustainable approaches, photoredox catalysis and electrocatalysis have emerged as powerful alternatives to traditional methods. In this review, we collect the most recent and significant examples of visible-light- or current-mediated chlorination published in the last five years.
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Padma Priya V, Natarajan K, Nandi GC. Advances in the photoredox catalysis of S(VI) compounds. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Li X, Jin J, Chen P, Liu G. Catalytic remote hydrohalogenation of internal alkenes. Nat Chem 2022; 14:425-432. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kwon K, Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Roizen JL. Strategies to Generate Nitrogen-centered Radicals That May Rely on Photoredox Catalysis: Development in Reaction Methodology and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2353-2428. [PMID: 34623809 PMCID: PMC8792374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, nitrogen-centered radicals have been recognized as potent synthetic intermediates. This review is a survey designed for use by chemists engaged in target-oriented synthesis. This review summarizes the recent paradigm shift in access to and application of N-centered radicals enabled by visible-light photocatalysis. This shift broadens and streamlines approaches to many small molecules because visible-light photocatalysis conditions are mild. Explicit attention is paid to innovative advances in N-X bonds as radical precursors, where X = Cl, N, S, O, and H. For clarity, key mechanistic data is noted, where available. Synthetic applications and limitations are summarized to illuminate the tremendous utility of photocatalytically generated nitrogen-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - R Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
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Visible-Light-Induced Catalytic Selective Halogenation with Photocatalyst. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237380. [PMID: 34885962 PMCID: PMC8659127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Halide moieties are essential structures of compounds in organic chemistry due to their popularity and wide applications in many fields such as natural compounds, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Thus, many methods have been developed to introduce halides into various organic molecules. Recently, visible-light-driven reactions have emerged as useful methods of organic synthesis. Particularly, halogenation strategies using visible light have significantly improved the reaction efficiency and reduced toxicity, as well as promoted reactions under mild conditions. In this review, we have summarized recent studies in visible-light-mediated halogenation (chlorination, bromination, and iodination) with photocatalysts.
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Zhu Y, Yu W. Photoinduced C(sp 3)-H chlorination of amides with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10228-10232. [PMID: 34806744 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol was developed for the site-selective C(sp3)-H chlorination of amides with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride as the chlorinating agent. The reaction features a tandem sequence that involves a (diacetoxyiodo)benzene-mediated and chloride anion-involved N-H chlorination followed by photoinitiated chlorine atom transfer. A wide variety of carboxamides and sulfonamides were chlorinated at the δ-position by using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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12
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Zhu Y, Shi J, Yu W. Photoinduced Site-Selective C(sp3)–H Chlorination of Aliphatic Amides. Org Lett 2020; 22:8899-8903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingcheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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