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Templ J, Schnürch M. A Guide for Mono-Selective N-Methylation, N-Ethylation, and N-n-Propylation of Primary Amines, Amides, and Sulfonamides and Their Applicability in Late-Stage Modification. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304205. [PMID: 38353032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of mono-alkylation methodologies targeting crucial nitrogen moieties - amines, amides, and sulfonamides - found in organic building blocks and pharmaceuticals. Emphasizing the intersection of chemical precision with drug discovery, the central challenge addressed is achieving one-pot mono-selective short-chain N-alkylations (methylations, ethylations, and n-propylations), preventing undesired overalkylation. Additionally, sustainable, safe, and benign alternatives to traditional alkylating agents, including alcohols, carbon dioxide, carboxylic acids, nitriles, alkyl phosphates, quaternary ammonium salts, and alkyl carbonates, are explored. This review, categorized by the nature of the alkylating agent, aids researchers in selecting suitable methods for mono-selective N-alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Ji J, Huo Y, Dai Z, Chen Z, Tu T. Manganese-Catalyzed Mono-N-Methylation of Aliphatic Primary Amines without the Requirement of External High-Hydrogen Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318763. [PMID: 38300154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of mono-N-methylated aliphatic primary amines has traditionally been challenging, requiring noble metal catalysts and high-pressure H2 for achieving satisfactory yields and selectivity. Herein, we developed an approach for the selective coupling of methanol and aliphatic primary amines, without high-pressure hydrogen, using a manganese-based catalyst. Remarkably, up to 98 % yields with broad substrate scope were achieved at low catalyst loadings. Notably, due to the weak base-catalyzed alcoholysis of formamide intermediates, our novel protocol not only obviates the addition of high-pressure H2 but also prevents side secondary N-methylation, supported by control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yinghao Huo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhaowen Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhening Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Wang X, Wang H, Zhao K, Yuan H, Shi F, Cui X. Active Pd Catalyst for the Selective Synthesis of Methylated Amines with Methanol. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5025-5035. [PMID: 36692494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Selective N-methylation of amines with methanol is an important reaction in the synthesis of high-value-added fine chemicals, including dyes, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. However, N-methylated amines possess higher reactivities and are prone to further transform into N,N-dimethylated amines. Therefore, it is still a challenge to controllably regulate the selectivity of N-methylation using heterogeneous catalysts without the use of base. Herein, we developed a series of Pd/Zn(Al)O catalysts with abundant basic sites, and the selectivity of N-methylation was controlled by a heterogeneous Pd/Zn(Al)O catalyst with a Zn/Al ratio of 10 and a Pd loading of 0.4 wt % in the pressure of H2. The experimental results showed that the appropriate basic properties of the catalyst were beneficial to form the desired N-methylated amine. The low loading of Pd in the catalyst was highly dispersed on the support, providing sufficient active sites. These were attributed to the Zn vacancies formed by Al-doped Zn, which were beneficial to form the highly active and stable Pd sites. Furthermore, a series of amines and nitrobenzenes with different functional groups were well tolerated for the selective synthesis of N-methylated amines in the absence of base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hangkong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xinjiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Recent advances in the catalytic N-methylation and N-trideuteromethylation reactions using methanol and deuterated methanol. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jiang L, Wang Y, Sun H, Fu T, Hou Z, Guo F. Phosphine‐Functionalized Syndiotactic Polystyrenes: Synthesis and Application to Immobilization of Transition Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202113. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Yinran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Hanyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Tingting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Fang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
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Chen L, Zhou X, Chen Z, Wang C, Wang S, Teng H. A versatile way for the synthesis of monomethylamines by reduction of N-substituted carbonylimidazoles with the NaBH 4/I 2 system. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1032-1039. [PMID: 36105729 PMCID: PMC9443423 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An economical and versatile protocol for the one-pot synthesis of monomethylamines by reduction of N-substituted carbonylimidazoles with NaBH4/I2 in THF at reflux temperature is described. This method used no special catalyst and various monomethylamines can be easily obtained in moderate to good yields from a wide range of raw materials including amines (primary amines and secondary amines), carboxylic acids and isocyanates. Besides, an interesting reduction selectivity was observed. Exploration of the reaction process shows that it undergoes a two-step pathway via a formamide intermediate and the reduction of the formamide intermediate to monomethylamine as the rate-determining step. This work can contribute significantly expanding the applications of N-substituted carbonylimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxu Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shunjie Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hanbing Teng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Cho JH, Ha Y, Cho A, Park J, Choi J, Won Y, Kim H, Kim BM. A bimetallic PdCu–Fe 3O 4 catalyst with an optimal d-band centre for selective N-methylation of aromatic amines with methanol. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient and selective N-methylation of aniline with methanol is possible with Pd1Cu0.6–Fe3O4 nanoparticle catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwank-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoo Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahra Cho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwank-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwank-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdae Won
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwank-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kabadwal LM, Bera S, Banerjee D. Recent advances in sustainable organic transformations using methanol: expanding the scope of hydrogen-borrowing catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress relating to sustainable approaches using methanol as a C1-alkylating agent for C–Me and N–Me bond formation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
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