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Attwood M, Xu X, Newns M, Meng Z, Ingle RA, Wu H, Chen X, Xu W, Ng W, Abiola TT, Stavros VG, Oxborrow M. N-Heteroacenes as an Organic Gain Medium for Room-Temperature Masers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:4498-4509. [PMID: 37332679 PMCID: PMC10268955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of future quantum devices such as the maser, i.e., the microwave analog of the laser, could be well-served by the exploration of chemically tunable organic materials. Current iterations of room-temperature organic solid-state masers are composed of an inert host material that is doped with a spin-active molecule. In this work, we systematically modulated the structure of three nitrogen-substituted tetracene derivatives to augment their photoexcited spin dynamics and then evaluated their potential as novel maser gain media by optical, computational, and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. To facilitate these investigations, we adopted an organic glass former, 1,3,5-tri(1-naphthyl)benzene to act as a universal host. These chemical modifications impacted the rates of intersystem crossing, triplet spin polarization, triplet decay, and spin-lattice relaxation, leading to significant consequences on the conditions required to surpass the maser threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Attwood
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Michael Newns
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Zhu Meng
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Rebecca A. Ingle
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Hao Wu
- Center
for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic
Quantum Architecture and Measurements, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Weidong Xu
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Wern Ng
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Temitope T. Abiola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition
Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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Spruner von Mertz F, Molenda R, Boldt S, Villinger A, Ehlers P, Langer P. Synthesis and Properties of Diphenylbenzo[j]naphtho[2,1,8-def][2,7]phenanthrolines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204011. [PMID: 36795006 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of hitherto unknown 5,14-diphenylbenzo[j]naphtho[2,1,8-def][2,7]phenanthrolines, containing a 5-azatetracene and a 2-azapyrene subunit, were prepared by combination of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with a one-pot Povarov/cycloisomerization reaction. In the final key step four new bonds are formed in one step. The synthetic approach allows for a high degree of diversification of the heterocyclic core structure. The optical and electrochemical properties were studied experimentally and by DFT/TD-DFT and NICS calculations. Due to the presence of the 2-azapyrene subunit, the typical electronic nature and characteristics of the 5-azatetracene moiety are lost and the compounds are electronically and optically more related to 2-azapyrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Molenda
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boldt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Novel NBN-Embedded Polymers and Their Application as Fluorescent Probes in Fe 3+ and Cr 3+ Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102025. [PMID: 35631907 PMCID: PMC9145644 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The isosteric replacement of C═C by B–N units in conjugated organic systems has recently attracted tremendous interest due to its desirable optical, electronic and sensory properties. Compared with BN-, NBN- and BNB-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NBN-embedded polymers are poised to expand the diversity and functionality of olefin polymers, but this new class of materials remain underexplored. Herein, a series of polymers with BNB-doped π-system as a pendant group were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization from NBN-containing vinyl monomers, which was prepared via intermolecular dehydration reaction between boronic acid and diamine moieties in one pot. Poly{2-(4-Vinylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]diazaborinine} (P1), poly{N-(4-(1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]diazaborinin-2(3H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide} (P2) and poly{N-(4-(1H-benzo[d][1,3,2]diazaborol-2(3H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide} (P3) were successfully synthesized. Their structure, photophysical properties and application in metal ion detection were investigated. Three polymers exhibit obvious solvatochromic fluorescence. As fluorescent sensors for the detection of Fe3+ and Cr3+, P1 and P2 show excellent selectivity and sensitivity. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved by Fe3+ is 7.30 nM, and the LOD achieved by Cr3+ is 14.69 nM, which indicates the great potential of these NBN-embedded polymers as metal fluorescence sensors.
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