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Cardona Salazar DK, Caplin J, Whyms P, Alrayyes S, Nikita E, Galang-Boquiren MT, Truskoski D, Naqvi A, Nicholas CL. Nutrition, obesity, and dental development in young adolescents in Chicago. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23721. [PMID: 35064944 PMCID: PMC9177520 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity is a systemic disease with multiple downstream consequences, including shifts in timing of growth and development. It has been documented that children with high body mass index (BMI) show accelerated timing of dental development, but the mechanism for this acceleration is unknown. Prior work has suggested that inflammation and/or nutrition may play a role. We investigate the potential association between diet (caloric intake, macronutrients), obesity, and accelerated dental development. METHODS Children and adolescents (age 10-15; n = 112) were recruited from dental clinics at the University of Illinois Chicago. We collected subjects' height, weight, panoramic radiographic records, and each subject filled out a Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS The only macronutrient level associated with BMI was a negative correlation to Total Fat consumption (p = .01), though this relationship was not significant in the path analysis (p > .05). Regression analyses indicated that BMI (p = .003) and total caloric intake (controlling for BMI; rho = 0.19; p = .04) were both significantly correlated with timing of dental development. However, when a path analysis was conducted, it was revealed that only BMI was statistically significant (p = .008). CONCLUSIONS Body mass index percentile, regardless of caloric intake, is positively associated with accelerated dental development. While it is possible that excess caloric intake itself plays a minor role in timing of dental development, we do not see unambiguous evidence for this in our sample. We posit that another mechanism, such as inflammation, may be the link between obesity status and dental development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Caplin
- Department of Preventative, Pediatric, and Community Dentistry, University of New England, Portland, ME 04103
| | - Pamela Whyms
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Sahar Alrayyes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Deric Truskoski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Afsar Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Christina L. Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
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2
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Andrews C, Masters JC, Génin F, Couette S. The evolution of palate shape in the Lepilemur-Cheirogaleidae clade (Primates: Strepsirrhini). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:307-321. [PMID: 32666552 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phylogenies consistently group the folivorous Lepilemur species with the small-bodied insectivorous-frugivorous cheirogaleids. Juvenile lepilemurs and adult cheirogaleids share allometries in most aspects of skull morphology, except the palate. We investigated potential influences on palate shape in these taxa and several outgroups using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample included representatives of four extant strepsirrhine families, Cheirogaleidae (including Lepilemurinae), Lemuridae, Indriidae, and Galagidae, and one subfossil Megaladapis. Our dataset comprised 32 landmarks collected from 397 specimens representing 15 genera and 28 species, and was analyzed using generalized procrustes analyses and between group principal component analysis. We explored the influence of size, phylogeny, diet, and the propagation of loud vocalizations on palate shape. RESULTS While congeneric species clustered within the morphospace, the phylomorphospace did not mirror molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of higher-order relationships. Four palate forms were distinguished within the Cheirogaleidae. Diet, strongly linked to body size, had the single greatest influence on palate shape. The production of long-distance advertisement calls was most often associated with positive scores on the PC1 axis. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the extensive variation in palate shape among Cheirogaleidae is related to dietary shifts that accompanied changes in body size during the clade's radiation. Molecular phylogenies indicate that cheirogaleid diversification involved repeated dwarfing events, which in turn drove dietary shifts from ancestral folivory-frugivory to frugivory, gummivory, and faunivory in the descendant species. The elongated Lepilemur palate is probably related to accelerated eruption of the cheek teeth to render juveniles competent to shear leaves upon weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curswan Andrews
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation (APIES), Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,APIES, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Judith C Masters
- APIES, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Fabien Génin
- African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation (APIES), Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Sébastien Couette
- EPHE, PSL Paris Université, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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3
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Dirks W, Lemmers SAM, Ngoubangoye B, Herbert A, Setchell JM. Odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (
Mandrillus sphinx
) and the development of dental sexual dimorphism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:528-544. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dirks
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
| | - Simone A. M. Lemmers
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
| | | | - Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Internationale de Recherches Médicales Franceville Gabon
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Fannin LD, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Geissler E, Morse PE, Constantino PJ, McGraw WS. Enamel chipping in Taï Forest cercopithecids: Implications for diet reconstruction in paleoanthropological contexts. J Hum Evol 2020; 141:102742. [PMID: 32179368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antemortem enamel chipping in living and fossil primates is often interpreted as evidence of hard-object feeding (i.e., 'durophagy'). Laboratory analyses of tooth fracture have modeled the theoretical diets and loading conditions that may produce such chips. Previous chipping studies of nonhuman primates tend to combine populations into species samples, despite the fact that species can vary significantly in diet across their ranges. Chipping is yet to be analyzed across population-specific species samples for which long-term dietary data are available. Here, we test the association between enamel chipping and diet in a community of cercopithecid primates inhabiting the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast. We examined fourth premolars and first molars (n = 867) from naturally deceased specimens of Cercocebus atys, Colobus polykomos, Piliocolobus badius,Procolobus verus, and three species of Cercopithecus. We found little support for a predictive relationship between enamel chipping and diet across the entire Taï monkey community. Cercocebus atys, a dedicated hard-object feeder, exhibited the highest frequencies of (1) chipped teeth and (2) chips of large size; however, the other monkey with a significant degree of granivory, Co. polykomos, exhibited the lowest chip frequency. In addition, primates with little evidence of mechanically challenging or hard-food diets-such as Cercopithecus spp., Pi. badius, and Pr. verus-evinced higher chipping frequencies than expected. The equivocal and stochastic nature of enamel chipping in the Taï monkeys suggests nondietary factors contribute significantly to chipping. A negative association between canopy preference and chipping suggests a role of exogenous particles in chip formation, whereby taxa foraging closer to the forest floor encounter more errant particulates during feeding than species foraging in higher strata. We conclude that current enamel chipping models may provide insight into the diets of fossil primates, but only in cases of extreme durophagy. Given the role of nondietary factors in chip formation, our ability to reliably reconstruct a range of diets from a gradient of chipping in fossil taxa is likely weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Fannin
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA.
| | - Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
| | - Elise Geissler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7305, USA
| | - Paul E Morse
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-9976, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, USA
| | - Paul J Constantino
- Department of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT, 05439, USA
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
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Hogg R. Permanent Record: The Use of Dental and Bone Microstructure to Assess Life History Evolution and Ecology. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Primary bone microanatomy records developmental aspects of life history in catarrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2016; 92:60-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Veitschegger K, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Tooth Eruption Sequences in Cervids and the Effect of Morphology, Life History, and Phylogeny. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Joganic JL. Skeletal and dental development in a sub-adult western lowland gorilla(gorilla gorilla gorilla). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:174-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Joganic
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; MO 63130
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9
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López-Torres S, Schillaci MA, Silcox MT. Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150340. [PMID: 26473056 PMCID: PMC4593690 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Darwinius is an adapoid primate from the Eocene of Germany, and its only known specimen represents the most complete fossil primate ever found. Its describers hypothesized a close relationship to Anthropoidea, and using a Saimiri model estimated its age at death. This study reconstructs the ancestral permanent dental eruption sequences for basal Euprimates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, and stem and crown Strepsirrhini. The results show that the ancestral sequences for the basal euprimate, haplorhine and stem strepsirrhine are identical, and similar to that of Darwinius. However, Darwinius differs from anthropoids by exhibiting early development of the lower third molars relative to the lower third and fourth premolars. The eruption of the lower second premolar marks the point of interruption of the sequence in Darwinius. The anthropoid Saimiri as a model is therefore problematic because it exhibits a delayed eruption of P2. Here, an alternative strepsirrhine model based on Eulemur and Varecia is presented. Our proposed model shows an older age at death than previously suggested (1.05-1.14 years), while the range for adult weight is entirely below the range proposed previously. This alternative model is more consistent with hypotheses supporting a stronger relationship between adapoids and strepsirrhines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi López-Torres
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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10
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Morse PE, Daegling DJ, McGraw WS, Pampush JD. Dental wear among cercopithecid monkeys of the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:655-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Morse
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL
| | | | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH
| | - James D. Pampush
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL
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11
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Sešelj M. Relationship between dental development and skeletal growth in modern humans and its implications for interpreting ontogeny in fossil hominins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 150:38-47. [PMID: 23283663 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sešelj
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, NY 10003, USA.
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12
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Schwartz GT. Growth, Development, and Life History throughout the Evolution of Homo. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/667591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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14
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Guatelli-Steinberg D, Ferrell RJ, Spence J. Linear enamel hypoplasia as an indicator of physiological stress in great apes: Reviewing the evidence in light of enamel growth variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:191-204. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Hogg RT, Walker RS. Life-History Correlates of Enamel Microstructure in Cebidae (Platyrrhini, Primates). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:2193-206. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Guthrie EH, Frost SR. Pattern and pace of dental eruption in Tarsius. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:446-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Bolter DR. A comparative study of growth patterns in crested langurs and vervet monkeys. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:948671. [PMID: 22567303 PMCID: PMC3335615 DOI: 10.1155/2011/948671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The physical growth patterns of crested langurs and vervet monkeys are investigated for several unilinear dimensions. Long bone lengths, trunk height, foot length, epiphyseal fusion of the long bones and the pelvis, and cranial capacity are compared through six dental growth stages in male Trachypithecus cristatus (crested langurs) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkeys). Results show that the body elements of crested langurs mature differently than those of vervets. In some dimensions, langurs and vervets grow comparably, in others vervets attain adult values in advance of crested langurs, and in one feature the langurs are accelerated. Several factors may explain this difference, including phylogeny, diet, ecology, and locomotion. This study proposes that locomotor requirements affect differences in somatic growth between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R. Bolter
- Department of Anthropology, Modesto College, 435 College Avenue, Modesto, CA 95350, USA
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18
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Catlett KK, Schwartz GT, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL. "Life history space": a multivariate analysis of life history variation in extant and extinct Malagasy lemurs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 142:391-404. [PMID: 20091842 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate life history variation are constrained by the fact that all large-bodied extant primates are haplorhines. However, large-bodied strepsirrhines recently existed. If we can extract life history information from their skeletons, these species can contribute to our understanding of primate life history variation. This is particularly important in light of new critiques of the classic "fast-slow continuum" as a descriptor of variation in life history profiles across mammals in general. We use established dental histological methods to estimate gestation length and age at weaning for five extinct lemur species. On the basis of these estimates, we reconstruct minimum interbirth intervals and maximum reproductive rates. We utilize principal components analysis to create a multivariate "life history space" that captures the relationships among reproductive parameters and brain and body size in extinct and extant lemurs. Our data show that, whereas large-bodied extinct lemurs can be described as "slow" in some fashion, they also varied greatly in their life history profiles. Those with relatively large brains also weaned their offspring late and had long interbirth intervals. These were not the largest of extinct lemurs. Thus, we distinguish size-related life history variation from variation that linked more strongly to ecological factors. Because all lemur species larger than 10 kg, regardless of life history profile, succumbed to extinction after humans arrived in Madagascar, we argue that large body size increased the probability of extinction independently of reproductive rate. We also provide some evidence that, among lemurs, brain size predicts reproductive rate better than body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierstin K Catlett
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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19
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Kelley J, Schwartz GT. Dental development and life history in living African and Asian apes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1035-40. [PMID: 20080537 PMCID: PMC2824272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906206107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history inference is an important aim of paleoprimatology, but life histories cannot be discerned directly from the fossil record. Among extant primates, the timing of many life-history attributes is correlated with the age at emergence of the first permanent molar (M1), which can therefore serve as a means to directly compare the life histories of fossil and extant species. To date, M1 emergence ages exist for only a small fraction of extant primate species and consist primarily of data from captive individuals, which may show accelerated dental eruption compared with free-living individuals. Data on M1 emergence ages in wild great apes exist for only a single chimpanzee individual, with data for gorillas and orangutans being anecdotal. This paucity of information limits our ability to make life-history inferences using the M1 emergence ages of extinct ape and hominin species. Here we report reliable ages at M1 emergence for the orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus (4.6 y), and the gorilla, Gorilla gorilla (3.8 y), obtained from the dental histology of wild-shot individuals in museum collections. These ages and the one reported age at M1 emergence in a free-living chimpanzee of approximately 4.0 y are highly concordant with the comparative life histories of these great apes. They are also consistent with the average age at M1 emergence in relation to the timing of life-history events in modern humans, thus confirming the utility of M1 emergence ages for life-history inference and providing a basis for making reliable life-history inferences for extinct apes and hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Kelley
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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20
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Guatelli-Steinberg D, Ferrell RJ, Spence J, Talabere T, Hubbard A, Schmidt S. Sex differences in anthropoid mandibular canine lateral enamel formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:216-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Smith TM. Incremental dental development: methods and applications in hominoid evolutionary studies. J Hum Evol 2007; 54:205-24. [PMID: 18045649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This survey of dental microstructure studies reviews recent methods used to quantify developmental variables (daily secretion rate, periodicity of long-period lines, extension rate, formation time) and applications to the study of hominoid evolution. While requisite preparative and analytical methods are time consuming, benefits include more precise identification of tooth crown initiation and completion than conventional radiographic approaches. Furthermore, incremental features facilitate highly accurate estimates of the speed and duration of crown and root formation, stress experienced during development (including birth), and age at death. These approaches have provided insight into fossil hominin and Miocene hominoid life histories, and have also been applied to ontogenetic and taxonomic studies of fossil apes and humans. It is shown here that, due to the rapidly evolving nature of dental microstructure studies, numerous methods have been applied over the past few decades to characterize the rate and duration of dental development. Yet, it is often unclear whether data derived from different methods are comparable or which methods are the most accurate. Areas for future research are identified, including the need for validation and standardization of certain methods, and new methods for integrating nondestructive structural and developmental studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Smith
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Dirks W, Bowman JE. Life history theory and dental development in four species of catarrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:309-20. [PMID: 17706270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental development was reconstructed in several individuals representing four species of catarrhine primates--Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates lar, Semnopithecus entellus priam, and Papio hamadryas--using the techniques of dental histology. Bar charts assumed to represent species-typical dental development were constructed from these data and estimated ages at first and third molar emergence were plotted on them along with ages at weaning, menarche, and first reproduction from the literature. The estimated age at first molar emergence appears to occur at weaning in the siamang, lar gibbon, and langur, and just after weaning in the baboon. Age at menarche and first reproduction occur earlier relative to dental development in both cercopithecoids than in the hylobatids, suggesting that early reproduction may be a derived trait in cercopithecoids. The results are examined in the context of life history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dirks
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK.
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Harvati K, Frost SR. Dental Eruption Sequences in Fossil Colobines and the Evolution of Primate Life Histories. INT J PRIMATOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mahoney P, Smith TM, Schwartz GT, Dean C, Kelley J. Molar crown formation in the Late Miocene Asian hominoids, Sivapithecus parvada and Sivapithecus indicus. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:61-8. [PMID: 17512035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, studies of enamel development have provided a broad temporal and geographic perspective on evolutionary developmental biology in Miocene hominoids. Here we report some of the first data for molar crown development in one hominoid genus, Sivapithecus. The data are compared to a range of extant and extinct hominoids. Crown formation times (CFTs), daily rates of enamel secretion (DSR), Retzius line number and periodicity, and relative enamel thickness (RET) were calculated in a mandibular first molar of Sivapithecus parvada and a maxillary first molar of Sivapithecus indicus from the Siwalik sequence of Pakistan. A CFT of 2.40 years for the protoconid of S. parvada and 2.25 years for the protocone of S. indicus lie within the range of first molar (M1) formation times for the majority of Miocene hominoids (1.96-2.40 years, excluding Proconsul heseloni), and are similar to an M(1) from Gorilla (2.31 years) and M(1)s from Pan (2.22-2.39 years). This is unlike the longer CFTs in modern humans, which appear to be linked with their extended growth period. In contrast to extant great apes and humans, daily rates of enamel secretion are rapid in the Sivapithecus M1s during the early stages of growth, which seems to be a common pattern for most Miocene apes. The rapid accumulation of cuspal enamel in the Sivapithecus molars produced thicker enamel than either Pan or Gorilla in a comparable period of time. Future studies on larger samples of living and fossil hominoids are needed to clarify trends in crown development, which may be better understood in the context of life history strategies coupled with good data on body mass and brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, Sheffield S1 4ET, England.
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Christopher Dean M. Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life-history evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 273:2799-808. [PMID: 17015331 PMCID: PMC1664636 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of fundamental milestones define the pace at which animals develop, mature, reproduce and age. These include the length of gestation, the age at weaning and at sexual maturity, the number of offspring produced over a lifetime and the length of life itself. Because a time-scale for dental development can be retrieved from the internal structure of teeth and many of these life-history variables tend to be highly correlated, we can discover more than might be imagined about fossil primates and more, in particular, about fossil hominids and our own evolutionary history. Some insights into the evolutionary processes underlying changes in dental development are emerging from a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling enamel and dentine formation. Our own 18-20-year period of growth and development probably evolved quite recently after ca 17 million years of a more ape-like life-history profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christopher Dean
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Henderson E. Platyrrhine dental eruption sequences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 134:226-39. [PMID: 17596854 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To determine dental eruption sequences of extant platyrrhines, 367 mandibles and maxillae of informative juvenile specimens from all 16 genera were scored for presence of permanent teeth including three intermediate eruption stages following Harvati (Am J Phys Anthropol 112 (2000) 69-85). The timing of molar eruption relative to that of the anterior dentition is variable in platyrrhines. Aotus is precocious, with all molars erupting in succession before replacement of any deciduous teeth, while Cebus is delayed in M2-3 eruption relative to I1-2. Callitrichines have a distinct tendency toward delayed canine and premolar development. Platyrrhine eruption sequences presented here show some evidence of conformity to Schultz's Rule, with relatively early replacement of deciduous dentition in "slower"-growing animals. The relationship of dental eruption sequences to degree of folivory, body mass, brain mass, and dietary quality is also examined. The early eruption of molars relative to anterior teeth in Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao, in comparison to genera such as Ateles, Lagothrix, and Alouatta, showing relatively later eruption of the molars, appears to be consistent with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Schultz (Am J Phys Anthropol 19 (1935) 489-581) postulated early relative molar eruption as the primitive dental eruption schedule for primates. The extremely early molar eruption of Aotus versus Callicebus (where both incisors erupt before M2 and M3, with M3 usually last) may lend support to the status of Aotus as a basal taxon. The early relative molar eruption of the fossil platyrrhine species Branisella boliviana is also consistent with this hypothesis (Takai et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 111 (2000) 263-281).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Henderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405, USA.
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Godfrey LR, Schwartz GT, Samonds KE, Jungers WL, Catlett KK. The secrets of lemur teeth. Evol Anthropol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nargolwalla MC, Begun DR, Dean MC, Reid DJ, Kordos L. Dental development and life history in Anapithecus hernyaki. J Hum Evol 2006; 49:99-121. [PMID: 15935440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sample of Anapithecus from Rudabánya, Hungary, is remarkable in preserving a large number of immature individuals. We used perikymata counts, measurements of root length and cuspal enamel thickness, and observations of the sequence of tooth germs that cross match specific developmental stages in Anapithecus to construct the first composite picture and time scale for dental development in a pliopithecoid (Catarrhini, Primates). We conclude that the age of eruption of M1 in Anapithecus was similar to various macaque species (approximately 1.45 months), but that M2 and M3 emergence were close to 2.2 and 3.2 years, respectively (both earlier than expected for similarly sized cercopithecoids). There may have been little difference in individual tooth formation times between cercopithecoids and Anapithecus, but the degree of molar overlap during M1, M2, and M3 crown development, which is extreme in Anapithecus, is fundamentally different. Overall dental development in Anapithecus was very rapid. Old World monkeys appear derived in lacking significant molar overlap, and hominoids may be derived in having longer tooth formation times, both resulting in longer overall dental development times. This is consistent with the general conclusion that the Pliopithecoidea is an outgroup to the Cercopithecoidea and the Hominoidea. On the other hand, rapid dental formation in Anapithecus may be an apomorphy indicative of an unusually rapid life history or unique pressures related to diet and maturation. Folivory and/or predation pressure may be responsible for generating selection to more rapidly erupt permanent teeth and possibly attain adult body masses in Anapithecus. Whatever the case, Anapithecus, with an M3 emergence of approximately 3.2 years, is dramatically faster than any extant catarrhine of similar body mass. This represents yet another unusual attribute of this poorly known fossil catarrhine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nargolwalla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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Schwartz GT, Mahoney P, Godfrey LR, Cuozzo FP, Jungers WL, Randria GFN. Dental development in Megaladapis edwardsi (Primates, Lemuriformes): Implications for understanding life history variation in subfossil lemurs. J Hum Evol 2005; 49:702-21. [PMID: 16256170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Teeth grow incrementally and preserve within them a record of that incremental growth in the form of microscopic growth lines. Studying dental development in extinct and extant primates, and its relationship to adult brain and body size as well as other life history and ecological parameters (e.g., diet, somatic growth rates, gestation length, age at weaning), holds the potential to yield unparalleled insights into the life history profiles of fossil primates. Here, we address the absolute pace of dental development in Megaladapis edwardsi, a giant extinct lemur of Madagascar. By examining the microstructure of the first and developing second molars in a juvenile individual, we establish a chronology of molar crown development for this specimen (M1 CFT = 1.04 years; M2 CFT = 1.42 years) and determine its age at death (1.39 years). Microstructural data on prenatal M1 crown formation time allow us to calculate a minimum gestation length of 0.54 years for this species. Postnatal crown and root formation data allow us to estimate its age at M1 emergence (approximately 0.9 years) and to establish a minimum age for M2 emergence (>1.39 years). Finally, using reconstructions or estimates (drawn elsewhere) of adult body mass, brain size, and diet in Megaladapis, as well as the eruption sequence of its permanent teeth, we explore the efficacy of these variables in predicting the absolute pace of dental development in this fossil species. We test competing explanations of variation in crown formation timing across the order Primates. Brain size is the best single predictor of crown formation time in primates, but other variables help to explain the variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Schwartz
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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