1
|
Steinberg ER, Bressa MJ, Mudry MD. Sex chromosome systems in Neotropical Primates: What have we learnt so far from cytogenetics and genomics? J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1589-1600. [PMID: 35731796 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical Primates (Platyrrhini) show great diversity in their life histories, ecology, behaviour and genetics. This diversity extends to their chromosome complements, both to autosomes and to sex chromosomes. In this contribution, we will review what is currently known about sex chromosomes in this group, both from cytogenetic and from genomic evidence. The X and Y chromosomes in Neotropical Primates, also known as New World Monkeys, have striking structural differences compared with Old World Monkeys when Catarrhini sex chromosomes are considered. The XY bivalent displays a different meiotic behaviour in prophase I, and their Y chromosome shows extensive genomic differences. Even though the most widespread sex chromosome system is the XX/XY and thus considered the ancestral one for Platyrrhini, modifications of this sexual system are observed within this group. Multiple sex chromosome systems originated from Y-autosome translocations were described in several genera (Aotus, Callimico and Alouatta). In the howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, an independent origin of the sexual systems in South American and Mesoamerican species was postulated. All the above-mentioned evidence suggests that the Y chromosome of Platyrrhini has a different evolutionary history compared with the Catarrhini Y. There is still much to understand regarding their sex chromosome systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruth Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Bressa
- Grupo de Citogenética de Insectos. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steinberg ER, Nieves M, Fantini L, Mudry MD. Primates karyological diagnosis and management programs applications. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:455-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana R. Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariela Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lucía Fantini
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marta D. Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steinberg ER, Nieves M, Mudry MD. Multiple sex chromosome systems in howler monkeys (Platyrrhini, Alouatta). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2014; 8:43-69. [PMID: 24744833 PMCID: PMC3978242 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In light of the multiple sex chromosome systems observed in howler monkeys (Alouatta Lacépède, 1799) a combined cladistic analysis using chromosomal and molecular characters was applied to discuss the possible origin of these systems. Mesoamerican and South American howlers were karyologically compared. FISH analysis using the chromosome painting probes for the #3 and #15 human chromosomes was applied to corroborate the homeology of the sexual systems. We found that the HSA3/15 syntenic association, present in the sex chromosome systems of South American Howlers, is not present in those of Mesoamerican ones. The autosomes involved in the translocation that formed the sexual systems in the Mesoamerican and South American species are different, thus suggesting an independent origin. Parsimony analysis resolved the phylogenetic relationships among howler species, demonstrating utility of the combined approach. A hypothesis for the origin of the multiple sex chromosome systems for the genus is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruth Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE) - Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA) - Ciudad Universitaria - Pab. II -4° piso - Labs 43-46 - (C1428EGA) - Buenos Aires - Argentina
| | - Mariela Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE) - Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA) - Ciudad Universitaria - Pab. II -4° piso - Labs 43-46 - (C1428EGA) - Buenos Aires - Argentina
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE) - Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA) - Ciudad Universitaria - Pab. II -4° piso - Labs 43-46 - (C1428EGA) - Buenos Aires - Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fantini L, Mudry MD, Nieves M. Genome size of two cebus species (primates: platyrrhini) with a fertile hybrid and their quantitative genomic differences. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:33-41. [PMID: 21811058 DOI: 10.1159/000330127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome size or C-value is defined as the total amount of DNA contained within a haploid chromosome set and is regarded as a species-specific constant. Speciation among neotropical primates seems to be accompanied by marked quantitative changes in DNA content. A direct correlation between genome size and the presence of heterochromatin has also been proposed. In this work, we analyzed the genome of a female fertile hybrid between Cebus libidinosus and C. nigritus using interspecies comparative genomic hybridization (iCGH), in order to detect quantitative differences between the hybrid and the parental genomes. We also estimated the genome sizes of C. libidinosus and C. nigritus. Both species, considered subspecies of C. apella until 2001, have a highly homologous karyotype but are easily distinguishable at the chromosomal level due to the noncentromeric heterochromatin block on C. libidinosus chromosome 11. Our findings on C-value quantification support the species status for C. libidinosus and C. nigritus, each having a different genome size. The iCGH analysis of the hybrid revealed quantitative differences in comparison to both parental species. The hybrid genome contains a greater amount of DNA in the heterochromatic blocks related to those in the genomes of both parental species. In view of observations in previous and the present work, some hypotheses about genome dynamics of neotropical primates are proposed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Fantini
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. luciafantini @ ege.fcen.uba.ar
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia-Cruz R, Pacheco S, Brieño MA, Steinberg ER, Mudry MD, Ruiz-Herrera A, Garcia-Caldés M. A comparative study of the recombination pattern in three species of Platyrrhini monkeys (primates). Chromosoma 2011; 120:521-30. [PMID: 21735165 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information through recombination during meiotic synapsis, a process that increases genetic diversity and is fundamental to sexual reproduction. Meiotic studies in mammalian species are scarce and mainly focused on human and mouse. Here, the meiotic recombination events were determined in three species of Platyrrhini monkeys (Cebus libidinosus, Cebus nigritus and Alouatta caraya) by analysing the distribution of MLH1 foci at the stage of pachytene. Moreover, the combination of immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridisation has enabled us to construct recombination maps of primate chromosomes that are homologous to human chromosomes 13 and 21. Our results show that (a) the overall number of MLH1 foci varies among all three species, (b) the presence of heterochromatin blocks does not have a major influence on the distribution of MLH1 foci and (c) the distribution of crossovers in the homologous chromosomes to human chromosomes 13 and 21 are conserved between species of the same genus (C. libidinosus and C. nigritus) but are significantly different between Cebus and Alouatta. This heterogeneity in recombination behaviour among Ceboidea species may reflect differences in genetic diversity and genome composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garcia-Cruz
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stanyon R, Garofalo F, Steinberg ER, Capozzi O, Di Marco S, Nieves M, Archidiacono N, Mudry MD. Chromosome painting in two genera of South American monkeys: species identification, conservation, and management. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:40-50. [PMID: 21335958 DOI: 10.1159/000324415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies showed that a number of New World primate taxa, particularly the genera Alouatta, Aotus, and Callicebus, have highly derived karyotypes. Cytogenetics in these primates, at every level of analysis, has contributed to the recognition of species and revealed that their number was certainly underestimated by researchers relying solely on traditional morphological data. Further attention was drawn to Alouatta and Aotus because they are characterized by translocations of the Y chromosome to autosomes, generating multiple sex chromosome systems. Here we present a report on the hybridization of human chromosome-specific paints on metaphases from 4 individuals originally assigned to Alouatta caraya and 1 individual of Aotuslemurinus. This is only the third karyotype studied with chromosome painting out of more than 10 known karyomorphs in Aotus. The banded chromosomes matched those of karyotype II as defined by Ma et al. [1976a], and we were able to more precisely assign the origin of the sample to A. l. griseimembra. Our results on the Argentinean Alouatta caraya samples were generally comparable to the banding and hybridization pattern of previous studies of A. caraya including the presence of an X(1)X(1)X(2)X(2)/X(1)X(2)Y(1)Y(2) sex chromosome system. The karyotype of the Brazilian Alouatta sample labeled as A. caraya differs from the 3 Argentinean samples by at least 10 chromosome rearrangements. The diploid number, G banding, and hybridization pattern of this female cell line was almost identical to previous painting results on Alouatta guariba guariba. Therefore we must conclude that this cell line is actually from an A. guariba guariba individual. The contribution of cytogenetic tools in identifying species or in this case assigning individuals or cell lines to their precise taxonomic allocation is stressed. Gathering further molecular cytogenetic data on New World primates should be conservation and management priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stanyon
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Laboratori di Antropologia, Firenze, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Cruz R, Robles P, Steinberg ER, Camats N, Brieño MA, Garcia-Caldés M, Mudry MD. Pairing and recombination features during meiosis in Cebus paraguayanus (Primates: Platyrrhini). BMC Genet 2009; 10:25. [PMID: 19500368 PMCID: PMC2702343 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among neotropical Primates, the Cai monkey Cebus paraguayanus (CPA) presents long, conserved chromosome syntenies with the human karyotype (HSA) as well as numerous C+ blocks in different chromosome pairs.In this study, immunofluorescence (IF) against two proteins of the Synaptonemal Complex (SC), namely REC8 and SYCP1, two recombination protein markers (RPA and MLH1), and one protein involved in the pachytene checkpoint machinery (BRCA1) was performed in CPA spermatocytes in order to analyze chromosome meiotic behavior in detail. RESULTS Although in the vast majority of pachytene cells all autosomes were paired and synapsed, in a small number of nuclei the heterochromatic C-positive terminal region of bivalent 11 remained unpaired. The analysis of 75 CPA cells at pachytene revealed a mean of 43.22 MLH1 foci per nucleus and 1.07 MLH1 foci in each CPA bivalent 11, always positioned in the region homologous to HSA chromosome 21. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that C blocks undergo delayed pairing and synapsis, although they do not interfere with the general progress of pairing and synapsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garcia-Cruz
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Robles
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana R Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), CONICET, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nuria Camats
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brieño
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Caldés
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, UBA, Cdad, Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to Piso, Lab 46 (1428 EHA), Cdad, Autónoma de Bs As, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta D Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), CONICET, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, UBA, Cdad, Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to Piso, Lab 46 (1428 EHA), Cdad, Autónoma de Bs As, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steinberg ER, Nieves M, Ascunce MS, Palermo AM, Mudry MD. Morphological and Genetic Characterization of Saimiri boliviensis. INT J PRIMATOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|