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Bernardi-Gómez C, Valdivieso-Cortadella S, Llorente M, Aureli F, Amici F. Vigilance has mainly a social function in a wild group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23559. [PMID: 37839064 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Vigilance is a widespread behavior that allows individuals to socially acquire information and/or effectively detect potential risks posed by predators and conspecifics. In this study, we aimed to investigate how social factors (i.e., subgroup size, number of males and immatures in the subgroup, presence of fission and fusion events, subgroup activity), individual characteristics (i.e., sex, presence of dependent offspring) and possible vulnerability to predation (i.e., being in smaller subgroups or lower in the canopy) explain variation in vigilance behavior in a wild group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). We collected vigilance data during focal samples of all adults, subadults and juveniles of the group (N = 38), and ran generalized linear mixed models with a Bayesian approach. We found that the proportion of time both sexes spent in vigilance increased with subgroup size and during fusion events. Individuals also spent more time in vigilance when the subgroup was resting or socializing compared to other activities. Moreover, the proportion of time spent in vigilance increased in subgroups with more immatures. An alternative model with similar fit suggested that the proportion of time spent in vigilance increased in females when subgroups included more adult and subadult males. Overall, these results suggest that our study group mainly directed vigilance toward conspecifics (i.e., social vigilance), probably as a result of the relatively low predation pressure experienced, and contribute to the understanding of the multiple social factors affecting vigilance in group-living primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miquel Llorente
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca "Llenguatge i Cognició", Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Federica Amici
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Griffiths BM, Jin Y, Griffiths LG, Gilmore MP. Physical, landscape, and chemical properties of Amazonian interior forest mineral licks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3263-3276. [PMID: 36266599 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral licks, sites where animals go to consume soil, are key resources for herbivorous birds and mammals in the Amazon, providing supplemental dietary nutrients and toxin adsorption functions. However, because they are often difficult to find, the properties of mineral licks are poorly understood. Here, we undertake the largest survey of Amazonian mineral licks to date to determine the landscape, physical, and chemical properties of these critical sites. We used a generalized linear mixed-effects modeling framework to assess how soil samples from 83 mineral licks differ from nearby control soils in a series of physical and chemical characteristics, then used Jaccard's index of similarity and a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine how those samples differed among themselves. We found that mineral licks were generally located in specific ranges of landscape variables. Soils from mineral licks had elevated concentrations of almost all minerals measured. There was very little similarity between consumed and control samples, and within each sample type. We suggest that these mineral licks have the potential to provide multiple services to visiting species, demonstrating their ecological importance. The high levels of dissimilarity between samples indicate that a large sample of mineral licks is needed to draw conclusions in studies pertaining to geophagy. We emphasize that studying mammal and bird visitation at these sites could provide critical conservation and physiological information on cryptic and understudied species of Amazonian herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Griffiths
- The Earth Commons, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- , Arlington, VA, USA.
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Lesa G Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 South College Ave, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael P Gilmore
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
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3
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Pottie S, Bello R, Shanee S. Geophagy in large-headed capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella macrocephalus) in the Reserva Nacional Tambopata, Peru. Primates 2023; 64:381-387. [PMID: 36933155 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Many primate species have been observed descending to the forest floor to intentionally consume soil (geophagy) at licks. The practice of geophagy is assumed to provide health benefits, such as mineral supplementation and/or gastrointestinal tract protection. We collected data on geophagy events through the use of camera traps at Tambopata National Reserve in southeastern Peru. Two geophagy sites were monitored for 42 months, during which time we observed repeated geophagy events by a group of large-headed capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella macrocephalus). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind for the species. Geophagy was rare, with only 13 events recorded over the study period. All but one event took place during the dry season, and 85% of events took place in the late afternoon between 1600 and 1800 hours. The monkeys were observed consuming soil both in situ and ex situ, and displayed heightened vigilance behavior during geophagy events. Although the small sample size makes it difficult to draw clear conclusions as to the drivers of this behavior, the seasonal timing of the events and the high percentage of clay in the consumed soils suggest that these events are linked to the detoxification of secondary plant compounds in the monkeys' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Pottie
- Wild Sun Rescue Center, Cabuya, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
| | - Raul Bello
- Kawsay Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, #373 Jr Andalucia, San Martin, Moyobamba, Peru
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Macas-Pogo P, Mejía Valenzuela E, Arévalo-Serrano G. Activity pattern and predatory behaviour of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) (Carnivora, Felidae) in mineral licks of the Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/neotropical.18.e95027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, is one of the opportunistic predators of the tropical forests that includes birds, small and medium mammals, amphibians and reptiles in its diet. Aiming to observe its behaviour within its natural habitat, 10 cameras were installed in 10 mineral licks within the Yasuni National Park (Ecuador). Both images and videos of ocelot predation events were collected. Hence, the frequency of activity of this specie was determined with the register of captures obtained. Three events are described: the first one, an image of an ocelot stalking a Mazama deer was taken, while in the second scene, a video of stalking an anuran was obtained and in the third event, a video of the ocelot capturing a flying bat was recorded. The use of camera traps allowed us to collect valuable behavioural information about this feline and provide evidence of the importance of the mineral licks for this and other wild species.
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Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121105119. [PMID: 36215474 PMCID: PMC9586308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use.
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Berger J, Biel M, Hayes FP. Species conflict at Earth’s edges – Contests, climate, and coveted resources. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.991714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conflict between species is an infrequently witnessed biological phenomenon. Potential drivers of such contests can include climate change, especially at Earth’s high elevation and latitudinal extremes where temperatures warm 2–5 times faster than elsewhere and hydro-geomorphic processes such as glacial recession and soil erosion affect species access to abiotic resources. We addressed a component of this broader issue by empirical assessments of mammalian conflict over access to four abiotic resources – minerals, water, snow, and shade – by annotation of past studies and by empirical data collection. Evidence for Nearctic and Palearctic mammals indicates that when desert waters are in short supply, contests intensify, generally favoring larger species regardless of their status as native or exotic. Our empirical data indicate that contests between two large and approximately similarly-sized mammals – mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) – along a 2,500 km gradient at three high-altitude (above tree-line) sites in the Rocky Mountains of North America, result in striking asymmetries; goats dominated > 95% of interactions. Despite far fewer observations of encounters to access shade or snow patches, an increasingly prominent dialog needs to be held about rarely explored biological phenomena where less is known than we might otherwise presume, whether induced by climate or increasing anthropological alteration because of underpinnings to understand community structure and conservation planning. Observations on the frequency and intensity by which individuals escalate behavior to access abiotic resources remains an underappreciated arena to help identify the proximate importance of scarcity in the natural environment. Notwithstanding Darwin’s prediction some 165 years ago that populations in extreme environments (high-latitude, high-altitude) are more likely to be impacted by abiotic variables than biotic, conflict between species may be reflective of climate degradation coupled with the changing nature of coveted resources.
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Salt-lick use in Malaysian tropical rainforests reveals behavioral differences by food habit in medium and large-sized mammals. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Razali NB, Mansor MS, Ismail NA, Patah PA, Husin SM, Hussein MSR, Nor SM. The use of salt licks by birds in Peninsular Malaysia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bello R, Heymann E, Pottie S. Report of an attack on a howler monkey Alouatta sara by a group of collared peccaries Dicotyles tajacu at a mammal clay lick in Madre de Dios, Peru. Primate Biol 2022; 9:29-31. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-9-29-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Howler monkeys Alouatta are almost exclusively arboreal. They will,
however, occasionally descend to the forest floor to conduct geophagy at
clay licks if these are present within their home range. They do this to
incorporate certain minerals into their diet and/or for detoxification
purposes. Clay licks are risky areas however, especially for arboreal
mammals, as visiting them requires the monkeys to leave the safety of the trees. This has been
confirmed by observed predation attempts on howler monkeys by large felines
at clay licks. We report an additional risk for howler monkeys descending to
the forest floor that has not previously been considered, namely
potential attacks by collared peccaries Dicotyles tajacu. Camera traps were placed at three
different clay licks in the Taricaya Ecological Reserve, located in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon, to monitor the fauna within the reserve. On
4 June 2017, the camera traps registered a lethal attack on a
howler monkey by a group of collared peccaries at one of the clay licks.
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10
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Buys B, van Loon S, Puijk AD. New observations on chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing in Boé, Guinea Bissau. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2021-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing at trees has been described by Kühl, H.S., Kalan, A.K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D'Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., Jones, S., Kehoe, L., Regnaut, S., Tickle, A., et al. (2016). Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Sci. Rep. 6: 1–8, but we lack important details about the social and ecological context for this rare behavior. Further observations may enhance future research, as the described observations have not yet been shared in the literature. We analyzed camera trap records from 2010 to 2020 of various research projects conducted in the Boé sector of Gabu Province in south-east Guinea Bissau, West-Africa, to identify ecological and social factors that might potentially influence chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing behavior (on a total of 298 records). From September 2019 until November 2019, we filmed five trees over 48 days to conduct a further exploratory study of this behavior. We discuss the importance of study design when investigating a little-described phenomenon, and the threat posed to chimpanzee populations in West-Africa by the expected expansion of mining activities. More knowledge on chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing is needed as the chimpanzee population is under stress because of increased mining activities in the area. With habitat rapidly being disturbed and destroyed, this population and its rare behavior are increasingly at risk of extermination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartelijntje Buys
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
| | - Sem van Loon
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk D. Puijk
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
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11
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Stewart HD, Tighe E, Griffiths BM. Patterns of visitation of the Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) at Amazonian mineral licks. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Ma H, Ma C, Fan P. Adult male-female social bond advertising: The primary function of coordinated singing intensity in a small ape. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23351. [PMID: 34855237 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult male and female coordinated singing occur in diverse animal taxa. Adult male-female social bond advertising and strengthening have been proposed as two important functional hypotheses of coordinated singing. Here we studied these two functions in four groups of cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), a small ape that lives in polygynous family groups and adult members coordinated their sex-specific songs to produce complex duets or trios (three members sing together), using 6-year field behavioral data. In this study, we used the number of successful great call sequences per bout or per minute, and latency period from start of the adult male call to the first successful great call sequence to represent singing intensity. We used the proportion of proximity, behavioral synchronization, and grooming between adult male and female to represent bond strength. We used linear mixed-effects model to investigate the correlation between singing intensity and adult male-female social bond strength. We found a negative correlation between all three bond strength indicators and female latency period (N = 209), and a positive correlation between the number of successful great call sequences per bout (N = 253) and per minute (N = 254) and proximity. We used paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test to investigate if adult gibbons increase bond strength after singing. We found proximity (hourly level: N = 45; daily level: N = 54), behavioral synchronization (hourly level: N = 57; daily level: N = 49), and grooming (daily level: N = 34) in most of the groups did not increase significantly after singing in an hourly or daily level. Together, these results indicate that cao vit gibbon coordinated singing serves primarily in adult male-female social bond advertising and distinct singing intensity indicators advertise different information on adult male-female social bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Changyong Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Griffiths BM, Cooper WJ, Bowler M, Gilmore MP, Luther D. Dissimilarities in species assemblages among Amazonian mineral licks. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Griffiths
- School of Integrative Studies George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - Mark Bowler
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of Suffolk Ipswich UK
- Suffolk Sustainability Institute Ipswich UK
| | - Michael P. Gilmore
- School of Integrative Studies George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - David Luther
- Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
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MacDonald GJ, Islam K. Do social factors explain seasonal variation in dawn song characteristics of paired male Cerulean Warblers ( Setophaga cerulea)? BIOACOUSTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2019.1682671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal Islam
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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Ellis KM, Abondano LA, Montes-Rojas A, Link A, Di Fiore A. Reproductive seasonality in two sympatric primates (Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) from Amazonian Ecuador. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23220. [PMID: 33264469 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With their large body size and "slow" life histories, atelin primates are thought to follow a risk-averse breeding strategy, similar to capital breeders, in which they accumulate energy reserves in anticipation of future reproductive events such as gestation and lactation. However, given the paucity of longitudinal data from wild populations, few studies to date have been able to compare the timing of reproductive events (e.g., copulations, conceptions, and births) in relation to shifting resource availability over multiple years. We examined the reproductive patterns of two atelin species-white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) and lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)-in relation to habitat-wide estimates of fruit availability at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (TBS) in Amazonian Ecuador. Our sample included 4 years of data on births (N = 36) and copulations (N = 170) for Lagothrix, 10 years of data on births (N = 35) and copulations (N = 74) for Ateles, and 7 years of data on ripe fruit availability. Reproductive events were distinctly seasonal. For both species, births were concentrated between May and September, a time period in which ripe fruit was relatively scarce, while inferred conceptions occurred between September and January, when ripe fruit availability was increasing and maintained at high-levels throughout the forest. Interannual variation in births was relatively stable, except for in 2016 when twice as many infants were born following a strong El Niño event that may have led to unusually high levels of fruit productivity during the 2015 breeding season. Although copulations were observed year-round, an overwhelming majority (>90% for Lagothrix and >80% for Ateles) took place between August and February when females were most likely to conceive. Collectively, these data follow the reproductive patterns observed in other atelin primates, and, as proposed by others, suggest that atelins may follow a risk-averse breeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Ellis
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura A Abondano
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Andrés Montes-Rojas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
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Griffiths BM, Bowler M, Gilmore MP, Luther D. Temporal patterns of visitation of birds and mammals at mineral licks in the Peruvian Amazon. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14152-14164. [PMID: 33391706 PMCID: PMC7771178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral licks are key ecological resources for many species of birds and mammals in Amazonia, providing essential dietary nutrients and clays, yet little is known about which species visit and their behaviors at the mineral licks. Studying visitation and behavior at mineral licks can provide insight into the lives of otherwise secretive and elusive species. We assessed which species visited mineral licks, when they visited, and whether visits and the probability of recording groups at mineral licks were seasonal or related to the lunar cycle. We camera trapped at 52 mineral licks in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon and detected 20 mammal and 13 bird species over 6,255 camera nights. Generalized linear models assessed visitation patterns and records of groups in association with seasonality and the lunar cycle. We report nocturnal curassows (Nothocrax urumutum) visiting mineral licks for the first time. We found seasonal trends in visitation for the black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus), blue-throated piping guan (Pipile cumanensis), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Lunar trends in visitation occurred for the paca (Cuniculus paca), Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and red brocket deer. The probability of recording groups (>1 individual) at mineral licks was seasonal and related to lunar brightness for tapir. Overall, our results provide important context for how elusive species of birds and mammals interact with these key ecological resources on a landscape scale. The ecological importance of mineral licks for these species can provide context to seasonal changes in species occupancy and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Griffiths
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| | - Mark Bowler
- School of Science, Technology and EngineeringUniversity of SuffolkIpswichUK
- Suffolk Sustainability InstituteIpswichUK
| | | | - David Luther
- Department of Biology and Smithsonian Mason School of ConservationGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
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17
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Kroesen LP, Hik DS, Cherry SG. Patterns of decadal, seasonal and daily visitation to mineral licks, a critical resource hotspot for mountain goats Oreamnos americanus in the Rocky Mountains. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Kroesen
- L. P. Kroesen (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-0664) ✉ and D. S. Hik (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8994-9305), Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser Univ., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David S. Hik
- L. P. Kroesen (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-0664) ✉ and D. S. Hik (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8994-9305), Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser Univ., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Seth G. Cherry
- S. G. Cherry (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-3629), Parks Canada Agency, Radium Hot Springs, BC, Canada
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Griffiths BM, Gilmore MP, Bowler M. Predation of a Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) by an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) at a mineral lick in the Peruvian Amazon. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Boyle WA, Shogren EH, Brawn JD. Hygric Niches for Tropical Endotherms. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:938-952. [PMID: 32693967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biotic selective pressures dominate explanations for the evolutionary ecology of tropical endotherms. Yet, abiotic factors, principally precipitation regimes, shape biogeographical and phenological patterns in tropical regions. Despite its importance, we lack a framework for understanding when, why, and how rain affects endotherms. Here, we review how tropical birds and mammals respond to rain at individual, population, and community levels, and propose a conceptual framework to interpret divergent responses. Diverse direct and indirect mechanisms underlie responses to rainfall, including physiological, top-down, and food-related drivers. Our framework constitutes a roadmap for the empirical studies required to understand the consequences of rainfall variability. Identifying the patterns and mechanisms underpinning responses to temporal variation in precipitation is crucial to anticipate consequences of anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Alice Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Elsie H Shogren
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Brawn
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Selecting between iron-rich and clay-rich soils: a geophagy field experiment with black-and-white colobus monkeys in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Primates 2020; 62:133-142. [PMID: 32676864 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Geophagy, the intentional consumption of soil, has been observed in humans and numerous other animal species. Geophagy has been posited to be adaptive, i.e., consumed soil protects against gastrointestinal distress and/or supplements micronutrients. We conducted a field experiment in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, to investigate geophagic behaviors, including soil preference, the quantity of soil eaten, and competition for access to preferred soils. We placed pairs of artificial tree stumps at two existing geophagy sites. One stump contained soil from the surrounding area, Sonso, that could supplement bioavailable iron. The other stump contained soil from a neighboring community, Waibira, that was richer in clay minerals, which could provide protection from plant secondary compounds. We monitored activity and engagement with the stumps for 10 days using camera traps. After 5 days, we reversed the type of soil that was in the stumps at both sites (i.e., a crossover design). Only Colobus guereza (black-and-white colobus monkeys) interacted with the stumps. These monkeys used visual and olfactory cues to select between the two soils and exclusively ate the clay-rich soil, consuming 9.67 kg of soil over 4.33 h. Our findings lend the greatest plausibility to the protection hypothesis. Additionally, monkeys competed for access to the stumps, and 13% of the videos captured aggression, including pushing, excluding, and chasing other individuals from the experimental stumps. Nine episodes of vigilance and flight behavior were also observed. Given that intentionally ingested soil is a valuable resource that may confer health benefits, geophagy sites should be conserved and protected.
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Geophagy in Wild Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) Is Brief and Rare. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Geophagy in the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza, Peru: site characterization and soil composition. Primates 2020; 61:507-518. [PMID: 32095910 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Geophagy is the intentional consumption of soil and has been observed in various animal taxa including human and nonhuman primates. Among the numerous adaptive hypotheses proposed to explain this behavior, two of them stand out: soil either protects the gastrointestinal tract from secondary plant compounds, parasites and pathogens, and/or supplements micronutrients in the diet. Few studies have characterized the physical and chemical characteristics of soils consumed by nonhuman primates. Here, we describe the composition of soils consumed by yellow-tailed woolly monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) in comparison with soils taken from surrounding areas. We also studied the physical aspects of geophagy sites in terms of accessibility, dimensions and vegetation density. This study took place at the La Esperanza field site, in northern Peru, between 2016 and 2018. We conducted focal follows, placed camera traps at geophagy sites and sampled soils. In total, we recorded 77 geophagy events. Our results highlight some aspects of soil and site selection in these arboreal primates, who face an increased predation risk when descending to the ground. Animals preferred smaller sites with denser surrounding vegetation. Composition of consumed soils was similar between geophagy sites. Soils were poor in micronutrients, but contained around 20% clay. High clay content, coupled with the fact that geophagy was performed significantly more in the dry season, when leaf consumption is highest, lends support to geophagy as a mechanism for protection of the gastrointestinal tract in L. flavicauda.
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Microhabitat Use in Angolan Colobus Monkeys (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) at Nabugabo, Uganda Demonstrates Intraspecific Variability. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clink DJ, Hamid Ahmad A, Klinck H. Gibbons aren't singing in the rain: presence and amount of rainfall influences ape calling behavior in Sabah, Malaysia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1282. [PMID: 31992788 PMCID: PMC6987162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Early morning calling occurs across diverse taxa, which may be related to optimal conditions for sound transmission. There exists substantial inter- and intra-specific variation in calling time which is influenced by intrinsic, social and/or environmental factors. Here, we investigate environmental predictors of calling in gibbons. We hypothesized that male solos- which occur earlier and tend to be longer than duets-would be more influenced by environmental variables, if earlier, longer calling bouts are energetically costly, and therefore limited by overnight energy expenditure. Our top model for male solo events included amount of rain in the previous 24 hours, and explained 30% of the variance, whereas the top model for duet events (which included presence and amount of rainfall) explained only 5% of the variance. Rain the previous night led to a later start time of male solos (~30 minutes), but our top model for duet start time did not include any reliable predictors. Male solo events appear to be more influenced by environmental factors, and duets may be influenced more by social factors. Our results are in line with previous studies that show that changes in overnight conditions -which may alter energy expenditure -can influence early morning calling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J Clink
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Holger Klinck
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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Semel BP, Baden AL, Salisbury RL, McGee EM, Wright PC, Arrigo‐Nelson SJ. Assessing the function of geophagy in a Malagasy rain forest lemur. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Lee Baden
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College New York NY USA
- Department of Anthropology The Graduate Center of City University of New York New York NY USA
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
| | - Rachael Lee Salisbury
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science California University of Pennsylvania California PA USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McGee
- Department of Biological Sciences San Jose State University San Jose CA USA
| | | | - Summer Joyce Arrigo‐Nelson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science California University of Pennsylvania California PA USA
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Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera. INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Pebsworth PA, Huffman MA, Lambert JE, Young SL. Geophagy among nonhuman primates: A systematic review of current knowledge and suggestions for future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168 Suppl 67:164-194. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Pebsworth
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced StudiesIndian Institute of Science Campus Bangalore India
- Department of AnthropologyThe University of Texas San Antonio Texas
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Department of Behavior and EcologyPrimate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Program in Environmental Studies, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Sera L. Young
- Department of Anthropology, Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern University Evanston Illinois
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Monaco ET, Borries C, Nikolei J, Chalise MK, Ganzhorn JU, Wesche K, Koenig A. The function of geophagy in Nepal gray langurs: Sodium acquisition rather than detoxification or prevention of acidosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:170-179. [PMID: 30462349 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Geophagy has several hypothesized functions, among them (1) detoxification of plant secondary compounds, for example, tannins, (2) buffering stomach pH to alleviate acidosis caused by high sugar intake, and (3) supplementing the diet with mineral nutrients. We tested these hypotheses in Nepal gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus), a foregut fermenter for which fruits and leaves dominate the diet at different times of the year. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected data on feeding time per food item for 21 unprovisioned adult langurs at Ramnagar, Nepal, for 1 year using instantaneous sampling (773 observation hours). We combined these data with relative sugar and tannin content of food items to estimate diet content. We collected rainfall data to distinguish the wet season (May-September) from the dry season (October-April). We collected soil samples from consumption and control sites to test for pH and sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations. RESULTS Langurs consumed soil from two sources: termite structures (in almost all months) and river banks and beds (mainly in the dry season). Soil feeding was not positively correlated with dietary tannin or sugar content (GLMM). Soil pH was not high enough to buffer stomach contents. Only sodium was significantly higher in consumed soil. DISCUSSION The most likely function of geophagy was the acquisition of sodium. This conclusion is consistent with reports for other animals. Buffering stomach pH, an often-suggested function for animals with ruminant-like digestion, was not supported. Detoxification, often proposed for animals with a diet high in secondary compounds, was also not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot T Monaco
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Carola Borries
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Julia Nikolei
- Institute of Biology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mukesh K Chalise
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Wesche
- Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden, Zittau, Germany
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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de Luna AG, Link A, Montes A, Alfonso F, Mendieta L, Di Fiore A. Increased folivory in brown spider monkeys Ateles hybridus living in a fragmented forest in Colombia. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Smith RL, Payne CJ. Consumption of the bark of Albizia niopoides (Mimosaceae) by Sapajus cay Illiger, 1815 (Cebidae: Primates) in the Atlantic Forest fragment of Rancho Laguna Blanca in Eastern Paraguay. MAMMALOGY NOTES 2017. [DOI: 10.47603/manovol4n1.7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of reports of self-medication in capuchins focus on fur-rubbing behaviours (Fragaszy et al., 2004; Paukner & Suomi, 2012; Meuner et al., 2008). Here, we report on observations of Hooded Capuchins in Rancho Laguna Blanca (RLB), feeding on the bark of the tree Albizia niopoides (Mimosaceae), a possible case of self-medication.
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Eppley TM, Donati G, Ganzhorn JU. Determinants of terrestrial feeding in an arboreal primate: The case of the southern bamboo lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:328-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Eppley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Texas at Austin; 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biozentrum Grindel; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Gipsy Lane Oxford OX3 0BP United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Gipsy Lane Oxford OX3 0BP United Kingdom
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biozentrum Grindel; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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Ampeng A, Shukor MN, Sahibin AR, Idris WMR, Ahmad S, Mohammad H, Madeline GP, Ali N, Bujang M, Hashim I, Bujang A, Md-Zain BM. Patterns of mineral lick use by Northwest Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, Malaysia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Karubian J, Ottewell K, Link A, Di Fiore A. Genetic consequences of seed dispersal to sleeping trees by white-bellied spider monkeys. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Male-directed infanticide in spider monkeys (Ateles spp.). Primates 2014; 56:173-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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A Novel Use of Camera Traps to Study Demography and Life History in Wild Animals: A Case Study of Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Tisovec KC, Cassano CR, Boubli JP, Pardini R. Mixed-species Groups of Marmosets and Tamarins Across a Gradient of Agroforestry Intensification. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina C. Tisovec
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão Travessa 14 n°101 CEP: 05508-090 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Camila R. Cassano
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 CEP: 45662-900 Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - Jean P. Boubli
- School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M5 4WT U.K
| | - Renata Pardini
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão Travessa 14 n°101 CEP: 05508-090 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Gessner J, Buchwald R, Wittemyer G. Assessing species occurrence and species-specific use patterns of bais (forest clearings) in Central Africa with camera traps. Afr J Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gessner
- Vegetation Science and Nature Conservation Group; Carl von Ossietzky University; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Rainer Buchwald
- Vegetation Science and Nature Conservation Group; Carl von Ossietzky University; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
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Link A, Di Fiore A. Effects of predation risk on the grouping patterns of white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) in Western Amazonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:579-90. [PMID: 23504960 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Predation is proposed to be one of the most important factors influencing the evolution of mammalian societies. Although predation risk is thought to influence both the behavior and grouping patterns of most diurnal primates, evidence supporting this hypothesis is still limited. The spatial and temporal patterns of mineral lick use by one group of white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) were evaluated, based on the growing evidence that mineral licks are perceived as areas of relative high predation risk by Neotropical primates. The area immediately surrounding the mineral lick was the most intensively used area within the home range of the study group, particularly by large subgroups of monkeys, and there were differences in mean subgroup size on days of mineral lick visitation versus days without lick visits. Additionally, on days of mineral lick visitation, subgroup size reached its maximum specifically during the period of lick visitation. Finally, on visit days subgroups showed a greater increase in size and higher fusion rates in the 2 hr before arriving at the lick in comparison with matched time windows on non-visit days. Together, these results provide an example of how primates employ behavioral strategies that might reduce the effects of predation. This study also demonstrates how taxa characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics can allow us to test hypotheses regarding the effects of socioecological variables on primate grouping patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Link
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Blake JG, Mosquera D, Salvador J. Use of mineral licks by mammals and birds in hunted and non-hunted areas of Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. Anim Conserv 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Blake
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - D. Mosquera
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini; Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Quito; Ecuador
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Barnett AA, Boyle SA, Norconk MM, Palminteri S, Santos RR, Veiga LM, Alvim THG, Bowler M, Chism J, DI Fiore A, Fernandez-Duque E, Guimarães ACP, Harrison-Levine A, Haugaasen T, Lehman S, Mackinnon KC, DE Melo FR, Moreira LS, Moura VS, Phillips CR, Pinto LP, Port-Carvalho M, Setz EZF, Shaffer C, DA Silva LR, DA Silva SDOSB, Soares RF, Thompson CL, Vieira TM, Vreedzaam A, Walker-Pacheco SE, Spironello WR, Maclarnon A, Ferrari SF. Terrestrial activity in pitheciins (Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia). Am J Primatol 2012; 74:1106-27. [PMID: 22930419 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical monkeys of the genera Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia (Pitheciidae) are considered to be highly arboreal, spending most of their time feeding and traveling in the upper canopy. Until now, the use of terrestrial substrates has not been analyzed in detail in this group. Here, we review the frequency of terrestrial use among pitheciin taxa to determine the ecological and social conditions that might lead to such behavior. We collated published and unpublished data from 14 taxa in the three genera. Data were gleaned from 53 published studies (including five on multiple pitheciin genera) and personal communications of unpublished data distributed across 31 localities. Terrestrial activity was reported in 61% of Pithecia field studies (11 of 18), in 34% of Chiropotes studies (10 of 29), and 36% of Cacajao studies (4 of 11). Within Pithecia, terrestrial behavior was more frequently reported in smaller species (e.g. P. pithecia) that are vertical clingers and leapers and make extensive use of the understory than in in the larger bodied canopy dwellers of the western Amazon (e.g. P. irrorata). Terrestrial behavior in Pithecia also occurred more frequently and lasted longer than in Cacajao or Chiropotes. An apparent association was found between flooded habitats and terrestrial activity and there is evidence of the development of a "local pattern" of terrestrial use in some populations. Seasonal fruit availability also may stimulate terrestrial behavior. Individuals also descended to the ground when visiting mineral licks, escaping predators, and responding to accidents such as a dropped infant. Overall, the results of this review emphasize that terrestrial use is rare among the pitheciins in general and is usually associated with the exploitation of specific resources or habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Barnett
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, Roehampton University, London, England.
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Halenar LB. Reconstructing the locomotor repertoire of Protopithecus brasiliensis. II. Forelimb morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:2048-63. [PMID: 22042627 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The majority of previous publications have suggested that the large-bodied subfossil Protopithecus brasiliensis was a suspensory ateline with a locomotor repertoire similar to that of extant Ateles and Brachyteles. This is unexpected, as the cranial morphology of Protopithecus is very similar to Alouatta, a genus usually classified as a deliberate quadrupedal climber. Complicating matters further, as Protopithecus is twice as large as Ateles and Brachyteles, its ability to be as suspensory as those two genera is suspect and a terrestrial component of the locomotor repertoire has also been hypothesized. The forelimbs of Protopithecus, while relatively elongated as would be expected in a suspensory animal, are also quite robust and show several adaptations for climbing. To test these hypotheses about the fossil locomotor repertoire, three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques were used to quantify the shapes of the fossil distal humerus and proximal ulna and then compare them to a broad sample of extant primates with varying body sizes and locomotor patterns. Results indicate that Protopithecus is similar to Ateles and Brachyteles in terms of its forelimb joint surface morphology; however, the overall locomotor repertoire of the fossil is reconstructed as more flexible to include forelimb suspension, climbing, and potentially some terrestrial ground use. The combination of suspensory locomotion and quadrupedal climbing supported here indicates the beginnings of the evolutionary transition from a more acrobatic style of locomotion in the last common ancestor of alouattins and atelins to the current pattern of howler locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Halenar
- The Graduate Center, Department of Anthropology, City University of New York, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, USA.
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Link A, de Luna AG, Arango R, Diaz MC. Geophagy in brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus) in a lowland tropical rainforest in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 82:25-32. [PMID: 21494049 DOI: 10.1159/000326056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spider monkeys and howler monkeys are the only Neotropical primates that eat soil from mineral licks. Not all species within these genera visit mineral licks, and geophagy has been restricted to populations of Ateles belzebuth belzebuth,Ateles belzebuth chamek and Alouatta seniculus in western Amazonian rainforests. With the aid of a camera trap we studied the visitation patterns of a group of brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus) to a mineral lick at Serrania de Las Quinchas, in Colombia. Spider monkeys visited the lick frequently throughout the year, with a monthly average of 21.7 ± 7.2 visits per 100 days of camera trapping (n = 14 months). Spider monkeys visited the mineral lick almost always on days with no rain, or very little (<3 mm) rain, suggesting that proximate environmental variables might determine spider monkeys' decisions to come to the ground at the licks. This study expands the geographical occurrence of mineral lick use by spider monkeys providing additional data for future assessments on the biogeographical correlates of mineral lick use by platyrrhines.
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