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Patil PP, Mutnuri S. Study of helminth eggs ( Ascaris suum) inactivation by anaerobic digestion and electrochemical treatment. Gates Open Res 2024; 7:93. [PMID: 39324031 PMCID: PMC11422576 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14573.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The use of insufficiently treated wastewater or Faecal sludge in agriculture raises concerns because of the pathogen content. Helminth eggs (HE) are one of the most crucial pathogens for ensuring public health and safety. Widely used disinfection treatment methods do not guarantee the complete inactivation of helminth eggs. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion and electrochemical process on helminth ( Ascaris suum) egg inactivation. Methods Lab-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted by spiking A. suum eggs in a serum bottle. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), pH, biogas production and its composition, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were analyzed along with A. suum inactivation every third day for the initial 15 days and fifth day for 45 days. In the second set of experiments, a hypochlorite (4700 ppm) solution was generated by electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution in a membrane-less electrochemical cell. The hypochlorite was diluted (940, 470, 235, and 156ppm) in wastewater, spiked with A. suum eggs and then examined for inactivation at regular intervals. Results The results of the anaerobic digestion treatment documented 98% inactivation of A. suum eggs (0.15 eggs/mL) in 35 days and remained at 0.14 eggs/mL until day 45. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between non-viable eggs and pH and a negative relationship with all the other parameters. Electrochemical treatment achieved 10% inactivation at 940 ppm concentration in 24h. Conclusions This study revealed that the inactivation of A. suum eggs by anaerobic digestion or electrochemical treatment is a combined effect of more than one parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Pratap Patil
- Faecal Sludge Management Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, NH17 B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Srikanth Mutnuri
- Faecal Sludge Management Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, NH17 B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
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David K, Appleton CA, Mukaratirwa S. Environmental contamination and risk factors for geohelminth transmission in three informal settlements in Durban metropole, South Africa. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:794-805. [PMID: 33184546 PMCID: PMC7596138 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Informal settlements/slums are characterised by a lack of adequate sanitation and safe drinking water. Contaminated soil and water sources combined with poor hygiene and environmental conditions results in the transmission of soil transmitted helminths to humans. The aim of the present study was to assess environmental contamination and risk factors for geohelminth transmission in three informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. Each settlement had different types of sanitation facilities namely; flush toilets, pit latrines and chemical toilets. Thirty adult members from 30 households from each settlement were interviewed to determine their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour on geohelminth transmission. Furthermore, two hundred soil samples were collected from areas considered potential sources of infection and processed for the detection and identification of geohelminth eggs. Prevalence and intensities of geohelminth infections from school-age children were also assessed. From the total collection in the three settlements, 31.6% (95/190) were positive for geohelminth eggs with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Taenia spp. eggs being recovered. Quarry Road West (57%; 114/200) showed the highest levels of soil contamination followed by Briardene (27%; 54/200) and Smithfield (11%; 22/200). Stool samples collected from 135 children were found to contain parasite eggs of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Prevalences and intensities of infection were highest in Quarry Road West for both A. lumbricoides (42%, 57/135; 6.0eggs/g) and T. trichiura (10%, 14/135; 1.9eggs/g) and 9.6% (13/135) harboured dual infections. Open defaecation by community members was observed as the main contributing factor for the presence of geohelminth eggs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelleen David
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Appleton
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Tasdemir D, MacIntosh AJJ, Stergiou P, Kaiser M, Mansour NR, Bickle Q, Huffman MA. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic properties of plants ingested by wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in Yakushima Island. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112270. [PMID: 31589965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Primates forage on a variety of plant parts to balance their dietary intake to meet requirements of energy, nutrition and maintenance, however the reason(s) leading them to ingest some plants which have no nutritional value and/or contain bioactive or even toxic secondary metabolites is recently gaining closer attention. The growing literature suggests that primates consume plants for medicinal purposes (self-medication) as well, particularly when infected with parasites and pathogens (bacteria, viruses, microbes). Interestingly, some of the plants they consume are also used by humans for similar purposes or may have potential uses for humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of a 16-month study of the parasite ecology of a sub-species of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on the island of Yakushima, we surveyed their feeding habits and collected a subset of plants and plant parts observed being ingested by macaques. The ethnomedicinal value of these plants was surveyed and methanolic extracts of 45 plant parts were tested in vitro against important parasites of humans, including four protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania donovani, and the trematode flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Potential toxicity of the extracts was also assessed on mammalian cells. RESULTS A wide range of ethnomedicinal uses in Asia for these plants is noted, with 37% associated with the treatment of parasites, pathogens and related symptoms. Additionally, the 45 extracts tested showed broad and significant activity against our test organisms. All extracts were active against T. b. rhodesiense. The majority (over 80%) inhibited the growth of P. falciparum and L. donovani. Half of the extracts also displayed antiprotozoal potential against T. cruzi while only several extracts were active against both larval and adult stages of S. mansoni. Cytotoxicity was generally low, although several extracts lacked specific toxicity to test parasites. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated a number of plants and their parts to have antiparasitic activity not previously reported in the ethnopharmacological literature. Enhanced understanding of the primate diets, particularly during periods of intensified parasite infection risk may help to further narrow down plants of interest for lead compound development. The study of animal self-medication is a complementary approach, with precedence, to drug discovery of new lead drug compounds against human parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24106, Kiel, Germany; Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Andrew J J MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, 484-8506, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Polyxeni Stergiou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nuha R Mansour
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Bickle
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, 484-8506, Inuyama, Japan.
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ENTAMOEBA SPP. IN WILD FORMOSAN ROCK MACAQUES (MACACA CYCLOPIS) IN AN AREA WITH FREQUENT HUMAN-MACAQUE CONTACT. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:608-618. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-04-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reynolds V, Pascual-Garrido A, Lloyd AW, Lyons P, Hobaiter C. Possible mineral contributions to the diet and health of wild chimpanzees in three East African forests. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22978. [PMID: 31090097 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present new data on the ingestion of minerals from termite mound soil by East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, the Gombe National Park and the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Termite mound soil is here shown to be a rich source of minerals, containing high concentrations of iron and aluminum. Termite mound soil is not, however, a source of sodium. The concentrations of iron and aluminum are the highest yet found in any of the mineral sources consumed. Levels of manganese and copper, though not so high as for iron and aluminum, are also higher than in other dietary sources. We focus on the contribution of termite mound soil to other known sources of mineral elements consumed by these apes, and compare the mineral content of termite soil with that of control forest soil, decaying wood, clay, and the normal plant-based chimpanzee diet at Budongo. Samples obtained from Mahale Mountains National Park and Gombe National Park, both in Tanzania, show similar mineral distribution across sources. We suggest three distinct but related mechanisms by which minerals may come to be concentrated in the above-mentioned sources, serving as potentially important sources of essential minerals in the chimpanzee diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Reynolds
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
| | - Alejandra Pascual-Garrido
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Lloyd
- School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lyons
- School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Marys College, South Street, St Andrews, Scotland
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Naidoo D, Appleton CC, Archer CE, Foutch GL. The inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs by short exposure to high temperatures. JOURNAL OF WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION 2018; 9:19-27. [PMID: 33384869 PMCID: PMC7734377 DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2018.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ascaris sp. is the most prominent and resilient helminth of human health importance found in faecal sludge, making Ascaris sp. an ideal index organism for inactivation testing. Heat treatment destroys helminths,allowingfor safe handling and possible reuse of sludge. Technology developmentfocuses on rapid heating to minimize equipment size and cost. This study evaluates Ascaris suum eggs' viability with short heating time. Ascaris eggs were placed in a water bath at temperatures from 60 to 80 °C for various exposure times (5 seconds to 4 minutes) and were immediately processed and analysed via light microscopy. For all samples within these temperature and time ranges, less than 10% viable eggs were recovered. For 70, 75 and 80 °C, complete inactivation was observed for exposure time of 5 seconds and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Naidoo
- (corresponding author) Pollution Research Group, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - C C Appleton
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - C E Archer
- (corresponding author) Pollution Research Group, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G L Foutch
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri Kansas City, 64110, USA and Chemical Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Pebsworth PA, Huffman MA, Lambert JE, Young SL. Geophagy among nonhuman primates: A systematic review of current knowledge and suggestions for future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168 Suppl 67:164-194. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Pebsworth
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced StudiesIndian Institute of Science Campus Bangalore India
- Department of AnthropologyThe University of Texas San Antonio Texas
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Department of Behavior and EcologyPrimate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Program in Environmental Studies, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Sera L. Young
- Department of Anthropology, Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern University Evanston Illinois
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Septien S, Singh A, Mirara SW, Teba L, Velkushanova K, Buckley CA. 'LaDePa' process for the drying and pasteurization of faecal sludge from VIP latrines using infrared radiation. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 25:147-158. [PMID: 30116087 PMCID: PMC6086309 DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper studies a faecal sludge treatment process, LaDePa (Latrine Dehydration and Pasteurization), which includes: (i) the characterization of the rheological and plastic behaviour of faecal sludge in the feeding section; (ii) the study of the drying and pasteurization performance of the process using a laboratory-scale prototype; and (iii) an evaluation of the processed faecal sludge for reuse in agriculture or as a biofuel. Experiments conducted using a rheometer show that the faecal sludge exhibits shear thinning behaviour, i.e. viscosity decrease with shear rate increase. Plasticity tests in a cone penetrometer showed that the faecal sludge has a more liquid than plastic behaviour, which may affect extrusion quality, unless a plasticizer is added, as sawdust in this study. The extent of drying and pasteurization of the samples was determined based on moisture content and the presence of viable Ascaris eggs respectively. As the intensity of infrared radiation was increased, drying was faster and more efficient in terms of energy consumption. However, the pellets were thermally degraded at temperatures above 200 °C. After processing in the LaDePa, Ascaris eggs were deactivated or severely damaged so that they would be not able to develop. The last part of the study was conducted by determining the content of nutrients (C, N, P, K) and calorific value. The results showed that the processed pellets have suitable characteristics for reuse in agriculture and as a biofuel: similar nutrient content to manure and compost, and similar calorific value to wood. Drying did not affect the nutrient content and calorific value of the dry bone of faecal sludge. LaDePa is a process for the treatment of faecal sludge from pit latrine. Faecal sludge behaves as a shear thinning fluid and exhibits a low plasticity. Drying performance was higher as the infrared radiation intensity increased. Pasteurization of faecal sludge is achieved during the process. Dried sludge has suitable characteristics for reuse in agriculture or as biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Septien
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - A Singh
- Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - S W Mirara
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - L Teba
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - K Velkushanova
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - C A Buckley
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Grego S, Barani V, Hegarty-Craver M, Raj A, Perumal P, Berg AB, Archer C. Soil-transmitted helminth eggs assessment in wastewater in an urban area in India. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:34-43. [PMID: 29424716 PMCID: PMC7734373 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and sanitation are inextricably linked to prevalence and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections, a public health concern in resource-limited settings. India bears a large burden of disease associated with poor sanitation. Transformative onsite sanitation technologies are being developed that feature elimination of pathogens including helminth eggs in wastewater treatment. We are conducting third-party testing of multiple sanitation technology systems in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) India. To ensure stringent testing of the pathogen removal ability of sanitation technologies, the presence of helminth eggs in wastewater across the town of Coimbatore was assessed. Wastewater samples from existing test sites as well as desludging trucks servicing residential and non-residential septic tanks, were collected. The AmBic methodology (based on washing, sieving, sedimenting and floating) was used for helminth egg isolation. We tested 29 different source samples and found a 52% prevalence of potentially infective helminth eggs. Identification and enumeration of helminth species is reported against the septage source (private residential vs. shared toilet facility) and total solids content. Trichuris egg counts were higher than those of hookworm and Ascaris from desludging trucks, whereas hookworm egg counts were higher in fresh wastewater samples. Surprisingly, no correlation between soil transmitted helminth eggs and total solids was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Grego
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina NC-27709, USA E-mail:
| | - Viswa Barani
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, India
| | - Meghan Hegarty-Craver
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina NC-27709, USA E-mail:
| | - Antony Raj
- RTI Global India, 21 Nehru Place, New Delhi 110019, India
| | | | - Adrian B Berg
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina NC-27709, USA E-mail:
| | - Colleen Archer
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Mawioo PM, Hooijmans CM, Garcia HA, Brdjanovic D. Microwave treatment of faecal sludge from intensively used toilets in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 184:575-584. [PMID: 27784577 PMCID: PMC5108292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Toilet facilities in highly dense areas such as the slum and emergency settlements fill up rapidly; thus, requiring frequent emptying. Consequently, big quantities of fresh faecal sludge (FS) containing large amounts of pathogens are generated. Fast and efficient FS treatment technologies are therefore required for safe treatment and disposal of the FS in such conditions. This study explores the applicability of a microwave (MW) technology for the treatment of fresh FS obtained from urine-diverting dry toilets placed in slum settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Two sample fractions containing 100 g and 200 g of FS were exposed to MW irradiation at three input MW power levels of 465, 1085 and 1550 W at different exposure times ranging from 0.5 to 14 min. The variation in the FS temperature, pathogen reduction via the destruction of E. coli and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, and vol/wt reduction were measured during the MW treatment. It was demonstrated that the MW technology can rapidly and efficiently achieve complete reduction of E. coli and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, and over 70% vol/wt reduction in the fresh FS. Furthermore, the successful evaluation of the MW technology under real field conditions demonstrated that MW irradiation can be applied for rapid treatment of fresh FS in situations such as urban slum and emergency conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Mawioo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Christine M Hooijmans
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hector A Garcia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Damir Brdjanovic
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Bonnell TR, Ghai RR, Goldberg TL, Sengupta R, Chapman CA. Spatial patterns of persistence for environmentally transmitted parasites: Effects of regional climate and local landscape. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Springer A, Kappeler PM. Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar. Primate Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-3-51-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Intestinal parasites impact host health, survival and reproductive success and therefore exert selective pressures on hosts' ecology and behavior. Thus, characterizing and comparing the parasitic fauna of different wildlife hosts sharing the same habitat can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in parasitism, as well as the role of parasites as possible conservation threats. Several host traits have been proposed to generate differences in parasite diversity among different host species, including phylogeny, host body mass, host longevity, diet, and differences in ranging and social behavior. Here, we provide an overview of intestinal helminths and protozoa detected by fecal microscopy in six sympatric lemur species in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. The described patterns indicate that host phylogeny and diet may play an important role in shaping intestinal parasite assemblages in this system, as the closely related, omnivorous cheirogaleids showed the strongest overlap in parasite communities. No indication was found for an effect of body mass or longevity on parasite species richness. Regarding the effect of sociality, the two group-living lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi and Eulemur rufifrons, harbored directly transmitted parasites at higher prevalence than solitary foragers, but not at higher diversity. Effects of season and sex on parasite prevalence confirm the results of previous studies, with higher prevalence in the energetically demanding dry season and a male bias in parasitism. We highlight the opportunities of exploring the parasitic fauna of wildlife from a community ecology and evolutionary perspective, and identify prospects for future research on lemur parasitism.
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Ota N, Hasegawa H, McLennan MR, Kooriyama T, Sato H, Pebsworth PA, Huffman MA. Molecular identification of Oesophagostomum spp. from 'village' chimpanzees in Uganda and their phylogenetic relationship with those of other primates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150471. [PMID: 26716002 PMCID: PMC4680617 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oesophagostomum spp. are parasitic nematodes of mammals, including humans and other primates. To identify species and determine phylogeny, we analysed DNA sequences of adult and larval Oesophagostomum from wild chimpanzees in Bulindi, Uganda, which inhabit degraded forest fragments amid villages. Oesophagostome larvae and/or eggs from baboons in Tanzania and South Africa and from a Japanese macaque were also sequenced. Based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (Cox1) of mtDNA, O. stephanostomum and O. bifurcum were identified from chimpanzees. Bulindi is the second locality where molecular detection of O. bifurcum in wild chimpanzees has been made. While most O. stephanostomum had ITS2 genotypes recorded previously, three new genotypes were detected. Among four ITS2 genotypes of O. bifurcum from chimpanzees, one was identical to that from various monkey species in Kibale, Uganda, and baboons from Tanzania and South Africa; another was shared by a baboon from Tanzania. No genotype was identical with that of the cryptic species reported from humans and monkeys in Kibale. Phylogeny based on Cox1 sequences of O. stephanostomum showed locality-dependent clades, whereas those of O. bifurcum formed clades composed of worms from different hosts and localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Ota
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Matthew R. McLennan
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Takanori Kooriyama
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 7s53-8515, Japan
| | - Paula A. Pebsworth
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Foerster S, Kithome K, Cords M, Monfort SL. Social status and helminth infections in female forest guenons (Cercopithecus mitis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:55-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Foerster
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC
- National Museums of Kenya; Institute of Primate Research; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Kiio Kithome
- National Museums of Kenya; Institute of Primate Research; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University; NY
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15
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Belcher D, Foutch GL, Smay J, Archer C, Buckley CA. Viscous heating effect on deactivation of helminth eggs in ventilated improved pit sludge. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:1119-1126. [PMID: 26398027 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Viscous heating by extrusion of faecal material obtained from ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines can be used to deactivate soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs by increasing the temperature of faecal sludge uniformly. Viscous heating can deactivate STH eggs present in sludge to make the material safer to transport, dispose of, or use in agricultural applications or as an energy source. The mechanical energy required to generate the shear rate can originate from any source. No other heat source or additive is required. Here we determined a baseline for the deactivation of STH eggs using viscous heating. To characterize equipment performance, three parameters were investigated: (1) minimum temperature required for deactivation; (2) local maximum temperatures for various flow rates and moisture contents (MCs); and (3) thermal efficiency. Excess water is undesirable since low viscosities require extended residence time and increased energy input. The minimum temperature to achieve greater than 90% helminth egg deactivation is 70 °C. For the laboratory-scale equipment tested, the maximum allowable mass flow rate for VIP sludge with 77% MC was found to be 3.6 g/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Belcher
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - G L Foutch
- Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA E-mail:
| | - J Smay
- Materials Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA
| | - C Archer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Westville 3630, South Africa
| | - C A Buckley
- Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Patterns of infection by intestinal parasites in sympatric howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) and spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) populations in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Primates 2014; 55:383-92. [PMID: 24585246 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In primate populations, endoparasite species richness and prevalence are associated with host traits such as reproductive and social status, age, sex, host population density, and environmental factors such as humidity. We analyzed the species richness and prevalence of intestinal parasites in two sympatric primate populations, one of Alouatta palliata and one of Ateles geoffroyi, found in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We identified three species of intestinal parasites (Controrchis sp., Trypanoxyuris sp., and Strongyloides sp.) in these two primate species. We did not find any differences in species richness between the primate species. However, the prevalences of Controrchis sp. and Trypanoxyuris sp. were higher in Alouatta palliata. Similarly, males and lactating females of Alouatta palliata showed higher Controrchis sp. prevalences. We did not observe any differences in parasite richness and prevalence between seasons. Infectious diseases in endangered primate populations must be considered in conservation strategies, especially when defining protected areas.
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17
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MacIntosh AJJ. Ecology and Epidemiology of Nematode Infection in Japanese Macaques:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2354/psj.30.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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