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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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Lowenstine LJ, Osborn KG. Respiratory System Diseases of Nonhuman Primates. NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158299 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381366-4.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schoeb TR, Eberle R, Black DH, Parker RF, Cartner SC. Diagnostic exercise: papulovesicular dermatitis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 2008; 45:592-4. [PMID: 18587109 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleven rhesus monkeys developed multifocal erythematous and a vesicular rash. Most recovered spontaneously, but a 21-year-old female became moribund and was euthanized. Findings were of vesicular dermatitis and widespread multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis of the lungs and other viscera, with intralesional intranuclear inclusions. Simian varicella virus was identified as the cause by polymerase chain reaction analysis and serologic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, Univeresity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Oya C, Ochiai Y, Taniuchi Y, Takano T, Fujima A, Ueda F, Hondo R, Yoshikawa Y. Prevalence of herpes B virus genome in the trigeminal ganglia of seropositive cynomolgus macaques. Lab Anim 2008; 42:99-103. [PMID: 18348771 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes B virus infection is almost asymptomatic in macaques (Macaca spp.), which are the natural hosts of this pathogen, but is the cause of high mortality in humans. Reactivation of the latent virus in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) results in the shedding of infectious particles into the oral mucosal membrane. Saliva contaminated with the reactivated virus from the ganglia of the natural host is considered to be important for viral transmission to humans and other monkeys. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of the herpes B virus genome in the left and right TG of seropositive asymptomatic cynomolgus macaques. The latent virus genome was detected using a polymerase chain reaction and microplate hybridization assay. We found that the virus DNA was present in one or both TG of 12 of the 30 macaques (40%) tested, with the virus being detected from both TG in five of the 12 macaques and from a single TG in the remaining seven.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nippon Veterinary and Life Sciences University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Carlson CS, O'Sullivan MG, Jayo MJ, Anderson DK, Harber ES, Jerome WG, Bullock BC, Heberling RL. Fatal disseminated cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (herpes B infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Vet Pathol 1997; 34:405-14. [PMID: 9381651 DOI: 10.1177/030098589703400504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that had been housed together for 4 months died within 2 weeks of each other after brief illnesses. Monkey No. 1 presented with collapse, watery stool, and hypothermia and died overnight. Monkey No. 2 presented with dyspnea, nasal discharge, leukopenia, and hypoproteinemia and was euthanized after 2 days. Both animals had peritoneal effusions, massive necrosis of pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric mucosa, and multifocal hepatic and pancreatic necrosis. Monkey No. 2 also had lingual ulcers and locally extensive necrosis of spleen, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes. Large numbers of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in epithelial and syncytial cells adjoining the necrotic foci in Monkey No. 2 but were absent in Monkey No. 1. Monkey No. 1 seroconverted to cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1, commonly known as herpes B) in the month before death. CHV-1 was isolated from a sample of stomach from Monkey No. 2, and electron microscopy of liver from this animal demonstrated herpesvirus particles within hepatocytes. Both animals were seropositive for simian type D retrovirus, and the virus was cultured from the liver of Monkey No. 2. A diagnosis of disseminated CHV-1 infection was made, possibly occurring secondary to immunosuppression due to infection with simian type D retrovirus. Although a high percentage of cynomolgus monkeys are apparently infected with CHV-1, disseminated disease is rare. Because infection with CHV-1 in humans is associated with a high fatality rate, familiarity with the lesions of disseminated infection with this virus is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Carlson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Silk JB. Sources of variation in interbirth intervals among captive bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1990; 82:213-30. [PMID: 2360615 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330820210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Female fitness is a function of variation in the length of females' reproductive careers, the viability of their offspring, and the frequency with which they give birth. Infant loss shortens interbirth intervals in most primate species, but we know considerably less about other factors that contribute to variation in the length of interbirth intervals within groups. In one large captive group of bonnet macaques, maternal parity, age, experience, family size, and recent reproductive history are all associated with variation in the length of intervals that follow the birth of surviving infants. Primiparous females have the longest interbirth intervals, while multiparous females who have produced surviving infants in the past and have raised their last infant successfully have the shortest interbirth intervals. Infant sex and maternal rank have no direct effect upon the length of interbirth intervals. One of the underlying causes of variation in the length of interbirth intervals after surviving births seems to be variation in the timing of conceptions among females. Females who conceive early in the mating season tend to have shorter interbirth intervals than other females. However, females who are multiparous, experienced, and have recently raised infants have late conceptions and short interbirth intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Silk
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Brack M, Gatesman T. Bilateral Posterior Parietal Atrophy in an Infant Rhesus Monkey (
Macaca mulatto
). J Med Primatol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1989.tb00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brack
- German Primate CenterKellnerweg 43400GöttingenFRG
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Silk JB. Social mechanisms of population regulation in a captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Am J Primatol 1988; 14:111-124. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/1987] [Revised: 08/17/1987] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos E. Palmer
- Laboratory of Comparative CarcinogenesisDivision of Cancer EtiologyNational Cancer InstituteFrederick Cancer Research FacilityFrederickMDUSA
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Abstract
Laws regulating the importation of primates have drastically reduced the number of primates seen as pets and, thus, the hazard both to the potential owner and veterinarian. Active disease and latent carrier states in primates potentially have severe consequences for the contact person. This potential for human transmission makes it imperative that medical and veterinary professionals collaborate to educate the public on the danger of the primate as a pet.
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Kalter SS. Overview of Simian Viruses and Recognized Virus Diseases and Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis of Viral Infections. Primates 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Silk JB, Clark-Wheatley CB, Rodman PS, Samuels A. Differential reproductive success and facultative adjustment of sex ratios among captive female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Anim Behav 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(81)80063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brack M, Eichberg JW, Heberling RL, Kalter SS. [Experimentally induced herpesvirus SA 8-pneumonia (bronchopneumonia) in Kenya baboons (papio cynocephalus) (author's transl)]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1981; 392:81-96. [PMID: 6269276 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Captive baboons of three age groups were experimentally infected with Herpesvirus SA 8-strain 0430. Intravenous inoculation of the virus induced minor, transient, interstitial pneumonia of a nonspecific type in newborn baboons. Intratracheal inoculation, in contrast, invariably produced multifocal or diffuse necrotizing inclusion body bronchopneumonia within two days in newborn, two months and one year old baboons. Differences in the outcome of the experimental intratracheal infections were noticed, depending on the animals age. All the newborns either died from the extensive pulmonary damage or had to be sacrificed because of serious illness. Older animals, in contrast, survived the initial impact with only minor clinical symptoms and repair of the necrotic and inflammatory lesions. The healing stages were characterized by interstitial fibrosis and transient tumorlike bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial proliferations, which lasted for approximately two months. Intranuclear inclusion bodies in ganglionic cells, ganglioneuritis and neuritis in different parts of the pulmonary plexus in intratracheally infected animals suggested the viral invasion of the pulmonary autonomous nervous system.
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Brack M, Eichberg JW, Heberling RL, Kalter SS. [Experimentally induced herpesvirus Sa 8 -- encephalitis in Kenya baboons (Papio cynocephalus) (author's transl)]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1980; 388:199-212. [PMID: 6259804 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ruebner BH, Kevereux D, Rorvik M, Espana C, Brown JF. Ultrastructure of Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes B ivurs). Exp Mol Pathol 1975; 22:317-25. [PMID: 165095 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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