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Galland M, Friess M. A three-dimensional geometric morphometrics view of the cranial shape variation and population history in the New World. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:646-61. [PMID: 26924543 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Craniofacial variation in past and present Amerindians has been attributed to the effect of multiple founder events, or to one major migration followed by in situ differentiation and possibly recurrent contacts among Circum-Arctic groups. Our study aims to: (i) detect morphological differences that may indicate several migrations; (ii) test for the presence of genetic isolation; and (iii) test the correlation between shape data and competing settlement hypotheses by taking into account geography, chronology, climate effects, the presence of genetic isolation and recurrent gene flow. METHODS We analyzed a large sample of three-dimensional (3D) cranial surface scans (803 specimens) including past and modern groups from America and Australasia. Shape variation was investigated using geometric morphometrics. Differential external gene flow was evaluated by applying genetic concepts to morphometric data (Relethford-Blangero approach). Settlement hypotheses were tested using a matrix correlation approach (Mantel tests). RESULTS Our results highlight the strong dichotomy between Circum-Arctic and continental Amerindians as well as the impact of climate adaptation, and possibly recurrent gene flow in the Circum-Arctic area. There is also evidence for the impact of genetic isolation on phenetic variation in Baja California. Several settlement hypotheses are correlated with our data. CONCLUSIONS The three approaches used in this study highlight the importance of local processes especially in Baja California, and caution against the use of overly simplistic models when searching for the number of migration events. The results stress the complexity of the settlement of the Americas as well as the mosaic nature of the processes involved in this process. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:646-661, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Galland
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés & UMR 7206, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Friess
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés & UMR 7206, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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Byrd RM. Phenotypic variation of transitional forager-farmers in the Sonoran Desert. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:579-90. [PMID: 25229162 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examines phenotypic variation and biological distances estimated using morphological traits from three Early Agricultural period (EAP) (2100 BC-AD 50) site-complexes in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The hypothesis tested is that EAP forager-farmers were phenotypically homogenous as suggested by patterns in material culture and works to refine inferences regarding gene flow and biological affinity during subsistence transitions. Seven measurements from 62 EAP male and female crania were collected and used to calculate phenotypic variances, biological distances, and FST values with RMET 5.0 software. Analyses were applied to both pooled site-complex samples and to males and females separately. Results show differential variation between site-complex population samples, multiple significant biological distances, and significant FST values for the EAP regional sample that indicate widespread phenotypic heterogeneity rather than homogeneity. Significantly lower than expected variance in the Cienega Creek male sample is inferred to suggest a small closely related population present during the Cienega phase. Greater than expected male variation is attributed to higher frequencies of gene flow in the La Playa and Santa Cruz River site-complex samples. These EAP males are inferred to be more mobile across the Sonoran Desert landscape and representative of multiple biological affinities compared with females. This study provides evidence supporting the canalization of phenotypic variation when associated with human populations becoming increasingly sedentary due to transitioning subsistence practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Byrd
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
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MORITA WATARU, KUSAKA SOICHIRO, YANO WATARU, NAKATSUKASA MASATO. Dental metric variability associated with human migration from skeletal remains of two Jomon sites (Yoshigo and Inariyama) in the Atsumi Peninsula area. ANTHROPOL SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WATARU MORITA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - SOICHIRO KUSAKA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - WATARU YANO
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama
| | - MASATO NAKATSUKASA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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Nakashima A, Ishida H, Shigematsu M, Goto M, Hanihara T. Nonmetric cranial variation of Jomon Japan: Implications for the evolution of eastern Asian diversity. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:782-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Hanihara T. Metric and nonmetric dental variation and the population structure of the Ainu. Am J Hum Biol 2009; 22:163-71. [PMID: 19593740 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow and genetic drift are important factors affecting geographic variations in human phenotypic traits. In the present study, the effects of gene flow from an outside source on the pattern of within- and among-group variation of the Ainu from Sakhalin Island and three local groups of Hokkaido are examined by applying an R-matrix approach to metric and nonmetric dental data. The comparative samples consist of their ancestral and neighboring populations, such as the Neolithic Jomon, the subsequent Epi-Jomon/Satsumon, the Okhotsk culture people who migrated from Northeast Asia to the northeastern part of Hokkaido during a period 1600-900 years B.P., and modern non-Ainu Japanese. The results obtained by using the census population sizes of the regional groups of the Ainu as an estimate of relative effective population size suggest the possibility of an admixture between the Okhotsk culture people and the indigenous inhabitants in Hokkaido, at least in the coastal region along the Sea of Okhotsk. Such gene flow from Northeast Asian continent may have exerted an effect on the genetic structure of the contemporary Ainu. The present findings indicate that the population structure, as represented by genetic drift and gene flow, tend to be obscured in the results obtained by standard statistical methods such as Mahalanobis' generalized distance and Smith's MMDs. The present extension of the R-matrix approach to metric and nonmetric dental data provide results that can be interpreted in terms of a genetically, archaeologically, and prehistorically suggested pattern of gene flow and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Hanihara
- Department of Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan.
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Martínez-Abadías N, Esparza M, Sjøvold T, González-José R, Santos M, Hernández M. Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions. J Anat 2009; 214:19-35. [PMID: 19166470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non-genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assessed the heritability of craniofacial traits, but complex patterns of correlation among traits have been disregarded. This is a pitfall as the human skull is strongly integrated. Here we reconsider the evolutionary potential of craniometric traits by assessing their heritability values as well as their patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlation using a large pedigree-structured skull series from Hallstatt (Austria). The sample includes 355 complete adult skulls that have been analysed using 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Heritability estimates for 58 cranial linear distances were computed using maximum likelihood methods. These distances were assigned to the main functional and developmental regions of the skull. Results showed that the human skull has substantial amounts of genetic variation, and a t-test showed that there are no statistically significant differences among the heritabilities of facial, neurocranial and basal dimensions. However, skull evolvability is limited by complex patterns of genetic correlation. Phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation are consistent but do not support traditional hypotheses of integration of the human shape, showing that the classification between brachy- and dolicephalic skulls is not grounded on the genetic level. Here we support previous findings in the mouse cranium and provide empirical evidence that covariation between the maximum widths of the main developmental regions of the skull is the dominant factor of integration in the human skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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ISHIDA HAJIME, HANIHARA TSUNEHIKO, KONDO OSAMU, FUKUMINE TADAHIKO. Craniometric divergence history of the Japanese populations. ANTHROPOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HAJIME ISHIDA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara
| | - TSUNEHIKO HANIHARA
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara
| | - OSAMU KONDO
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - TADAHIKO FUKUMINE
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara
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KOMESU ATSUKO, HANIHARA TSUNEHIKO, AMANO TETSUYA, ONO HIROKO, YONEDA MINORU, DODO YUKIO, FUKUMINE TADAHIKO, ISHIDA HAJIME. Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture. ANTHROPOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.070323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ATSUKO KOMESU
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | | | | | - HIROKO ONO
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University
| | - MINORU YONEDA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
| | - YUKIO DODO
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University
| | - TADAHIKO FUKUMINE
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - HAJIME ISHIDA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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Hanihara T. Morphological variation of major human populations based on nonmetric dental traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 136:169-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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HANEJI KUNIAKI, HANIHARA TSUNEHIKO, SUNAKAWA HAJIME, TOMA TAKASHI, ISHIDA HAJIME. Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: a comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations. ANTHROPOL SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.060206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KUNIAKI HANEJI
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | | | - HAJIME SUNAKAWA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - TAKASHI TOMA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - HAJIME ISHIDA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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Stojanowski CM, Schillaci MA. Phenotypic approaches for understanding patterns of intracemetery biological variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; Suppl 43:49-88. [PMID: 17103428 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews studies of phenotypic inheritance and microevolutionary processes in archaeological populations using data on cranial and dental phenotypic variation, often referred to as paleogenetics or biodistance analysis. The estimation of biological distances between populations, or among individuals within populations, is one component of bioarchaeological research on past populations. In this overview, five approaches that focus on morphological variation within cemeteries are summarized: kinship and cemetery structure analysis, postmarital residence analysis, sample aggregate phenotypic variability, temporal microchronology, and age-structured phenotypic variation. Previous research, theoretical justifications, and methods are outlined for each topic. Case studies are presented that illustrate these theoretical and methodological bases, as well as demonstrate the kinds of inferences possible using these approaches. Kinship and cemetery structure analysis seeks to identify the members of family groups within larger cemeteries or determine whether cemeteries were kin-structured. Analysis of sex-specific phenotypic variation allows estimation of postmarital residence practices, which is important for understanding other aspects of prehistoric social organization. Analysis of aggregate phenotypic variability can be used to infer site formation processes or cemetery catchment area. The study of temporal microchronologies can be used to evaluate provisional archaeological chronologies or study microevolutionary processes such as adaptive selection or changing patterns of gene flow. Finally, age-structured phenotypic variation can be reflective of selection processes within populations or it can be used as a measure of morbidity, growth arrest, and early mortality within past populations. Use of phenotypic data as a genotypic proxy is theoretically sound, even at small scales of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Nystrom KC. Late Chachapoya population structure prior to Inka conquest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 131:334-42. [PMID: 16617430 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Archaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford-Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Nystrom
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA.
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