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Narang P, Jandial Z, Aramayo JDB, Crawford J, Levy ML. Artificial cranial deformation in Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:3051-3055. [PMID: 37594563 PMCID: PMC10643289 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein lies a brief historical review of the practice of artificial cranial deformation (ACD) in Tiwanaku, Bolivia, a pre-Columbian archeological ruin once regarded as one of the most powerful pre-Inca regions whose influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile from 600 to 1000 AD. We describe the history, purpose, and implications of ACD from both a neuroanatomical and cultural perspective. METHODS A literature review was conducted through PubMed on the history of artificial cranial deformation in South America, concentrating on the Tiwanaku region. The authors searched all available data with no specific time reference, using the mentioned keywords: ACD, neuroanatomical implications of ACD, cultural and social functions of ACD, Tiwanaku society, and Andean civilization. RESULTS Early Andean civilization was hierarchical and stratified. In Tiwanaku, the practice of ACD served to delineate one's social class, caste, lineage, and vocation. This was especially useful for warriors, who distinguished their fellow combatants from insurgents by differences in their cranial structure. ACD was usually conducted within the first few months of an infant's life before morphogenetic features became permanent. Two popular cranial styles-tabular and annular-were achieved by applying various mechanical apparatus and resulted in several cranial shapes (conical, box-like, flattened, etc.). Neuroanatomically, each deformation technique and the duration for which mechanical stress was applied influenced the solidification of cranial bones and shaped the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones differently. Cognitive deficits and plagiocephalic defects were recorded in limitation and may have been overlooked as the era's occupational demands were more labor-intensive than knowledge-driven. CONCLUSION In Tiwanaku, the custom of ACD was used to demonstrate group identity, with alterations of the cranial shape corresponding to a particular headdress. ACD was used to distinguish an individual's social identity, separating different groups of society into castes, classes, and slaves (Brain, 1979). The custom has also been used to mark territory and emphasize ethnic differences among groups, with potential cognitive implications that were largely unrecorded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Crawford
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Levy
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Intragroup variation in the Pre-Columbian Cuba population: A perspective from cranial morphology. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The paper aims to study intragroup variation inside the two pre-Columbian Cuban populations: the aceramic Archaic and the ceramic Taino groups, based on their cranial morphology. The latter applied artificial cranial deformation to all its members, so the groups are referred to as “non-deformed” and “deformed” samples here. Studies across different disciplines suggest evidence of cultural and biological diversity inside the non-deformed group, while local variations of applying the deforming device can be responsible for shape variation across the deformed group. Cranial metrics and non-metric cranial traits of the 92 crania of Cuban origin were analyzed, although the sample size varied between the analyses due to the incompleteness of the crania. Geometric morphometrics was applied to the deformed crania to study the shape variation across the sample. Three deformed crania from the Dominican Republic were analyzed together with the deformed Cuban sample to test the variability of the practice between the islands. Principal component analysis and the Mantel test did not reveal any geographic differences in the cranial metric traits. No morphological differences associated with the antiquity of materials could be seen either based on the available data. The principal component analysis of the Procrustes coordinates of the cranial vault outline in the lateral norm revealed continuous variability of cranial shapes from the ones with more flattened frontal and occipital bones to the more curved outlines, which is probably explained by individual variation. Non-metric traits variation revealed bilateral asymmetry in the expression of the occipito-mastoidal ossicles among the deformed crania. In conclusion, the study did not support assumptions about morphological diversity inside the studied samples or proved the impossibility of available craniological data to reflect possible intragroup differentiation at the moment.
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Torres-Rouff C. Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 29:94-101. [PMID: 31331786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This broad literature review considers advances in the study of cranial vault modification with an emphasis on investigations of Andean skeletal remains over the last two decades. I delimit three broad categories of research, building on Verano's synthesis of the state of Andean paleopathology in 1997. These are associations with skeletal pathological conditions, classification and morphology, and social identity. Progress is noted in each of these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology as well as the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice. The article concludes with avenues for future research on head shaping in the Andes specifically and paleopathology more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Torres-Rouff
- Department of Anthropology & Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States; Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.
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Fernandes D, Sirak K, Cheronet O, Howcroft R, Čavka M, Los D, Burmaz J, Pinhasi R, Novak M. Cranial deformation and genetic diversity in three adolescent male individuals from the Great Migration Period from Osijek, eastern Croatia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216366. [PMID: 31433816 PMCID: PMC6703674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three individuals dating to the Great Migration Period (5th century CE) were discovered in a pit at the Hermanov vinograd site in Osijek, Croatia. We were inspired to study these individuals based on their unusual burial context as well as the identification of two different types of artificial cranial deformation in two of the individuals. We combine bioarchaeological analysis with radiographic imaging, stable isotopes analysis, and ancient DNA to analyze their dietary patterns, molecular sex, and genetic affinities in the context of the archaeological data and their bioarchaeological attributes. While all three individuals were adolescent males with skeletal evidence of severe malnutrition and similar diets, the most striking observation is that they had major differences in their genetic ancestry. Results of the genetic analyses of the nuclear ancient DNA data for these individuals indicate that the individual without artificial cranial deformation shows broadly West Eurasian associated-ancestry, the individual with tabular oblique-type has East Asian ancestry and the third individual with circular erect-type has Near Eastern associated-ancestry. Based on these results, we speculate that artificial cranial deformation type may have been a visual indicator membership in a specific cultural group, and that these groups were interacting intimately on the Pannonian Plain during the Migration Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel Howcroft
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mislav Čavka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MN); (RP)
| | - Mario Novak
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail: (MN); (RP)
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Scott NA, Strauss A, Hublin JJ, Gunz P, Neubauer S. Covariation of the endocranium and splanchnocranium during great ape ontogeny. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208999. [PMID: 30566462 PMCID: PMC6300334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
That great ape endocranial shape development persists into adolescence indicates that the splanchnocranium succeeds brain growth in driving endocranial development. However, the extent of this splanchnocranial influence is unknown. We applied two-block partial least squares analyses of Procrustes shape variables on an ontogenetic series of great ape crania to explore the covariation of the endocranium (the internal braincase) and splanchnocranium (face, or viscerocranium). We hypothesized that a transition between brain growth and splanchnocranial development in the establishment of final endocranial form would be manifest as a change in the pattern of shape covariation between early and adolescent ontogeny. Our results revealed a strong pattern of covariation between endocranium and splanchnocranium, indicating that chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans share a common tempo and mode of morphological integration from the eruption of the deciduous dentition onwards to adulthood: a reflection of elongating endocranial shape and continuing splanchnocranial prognathism. Within this overarching pattern, we noted that species variation exists in magnitude and direction, and that the covariation between the splanchnocranium and endocranium is somewhat weaker in early infancy compared to successive age groups. When correcting our covariation analyses for allometry, we found that an ontogenetic signal remains, signifying that allometric variation alone is insufficient to account for all endocranial-splanchnocranial developmental integration. Finally, we assessed the influence of the cranial base, which acts as the interface between the face and endocranium, on the shape of the vault using thin-plate spline warping. We found that not all splanchnocranial shape changes during development are tightly integrated with endocranial shape. This suggests that while the developmental expansion of the brain is the main driver of endocranial shape during early ontogeny, endocranial development from infancy onwards is moulded by the splanchnocranium in conjunction with the neurocranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A. Scott
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Martinstrasse, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - André Strauss
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Neubauer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
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Lucea A, Salicrú M, Turbón D. Quantitative discrimination of deformation in Fueguian crania. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23185. [PMID: 30260059 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Artificial deformation of the cranium in humans has been related to powerful environmental-cultural stimuli that modify vectors of growth and development when the cranium is still malleable. Osteological differentiation into deformed and nondeformed remains enables the morphological information of individuals that make up ethnic groups or populations to be separately contrasted, the invariant measurements of deformation to be identified, the information provided by archeological remains to be placed in a social context, the cranial variation to be related to genetic variation (individuals without deformation), and predictions to be made (in the absence of direct genetic information). METHODS With samples of reduced size and many variables, we propose a decision rule based on: (a) pre-selecting variables (Kruskal-Wallis and Λ-Wilks test); (b) applying logistic regression to obtain the optimal classification criterion; and (c) defining a multi-criterion decision rule to bring about greater robustness. RESULTS After applying the decision rule to a sample of 180 crania (71 from the Selknam, 74 from the Yamana, and 35 from the Alakaluf ethnic groups), it was possible to identify the Selknam men with frontal deformation and the Yamana women with flattening of the parietal regions at the height of the bregma. CONCLUSIONS From there on with the information provided by the graphical representation of the populations in the most informative dimensions and the homogeneity contrast between sexes, we related the frontal deformation in Selknam men to dragging firewood, vegetable matter, domestic utensils, and heavy pieces of meat from the hunt. On the other hand, the flattening of the parietal areas at the height of the bregma in Yamana women is related to loading and transporting vegetables and animals in baskets or leather sacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Lucea
- Zoology and Anthropology Sub-Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Salicrú
- Statistics Sub-Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Turbón
- Zoology and Anthropology Sub-Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kuzminsky SC, Reyes Báez O, Arriaza B, Méndez C, Standen VG, San Román M, Muñoz I, Durán Herrera Á, Hubbe M. Investigating cranial morphological variation of early human skeletal remains from Chile: A 3D geometric morphometric approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:223-237. [PMID: 29090737 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Archaeological and genetic research has demonstrated that the Pacific Coast was a key route in the early colonization of South America. Research examining South American skeletons >8000 cal BP has revealed differences in cranial morphology between early and late Holocene populations, which may reflect distinct migration events and/or populations. However, genetic, cultural, and some skeletal data contradict this model. Given these discrepancies, this study examines ∼9000 years of prehistory to test the hypothesis that Early skeletons have a distinct cranial morphology from later skeletons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 3D digital models, craniofacial landmarks, and geometric morphometric analyses, we compared Early Holocene crania (n = 4) to later Chilean samples (n = 90) frequently absent in continental assessments of craniofacial variation. PCA, Mahalanobis distances, posterior and typicality probabilities were used to examine variation. RESULTS Two of the earliest skeletons from northern Chile show clear affinities to individuals from later sites in the same region. However, the hypothesis cannot be rejected as one Early individual from northern Chile and one individual from inland Patagonia did not always show clear affinities to coastal populations. DISCUSSION Biological affinities among northern populations and other regions of Chile align with genetic and archaeological data, supporting cultural and biological continuity along the Pacific Coast. In Patagonia, archaeological data are in accordance with skeletal differences between the Early inland steppe individual and coastal populations. This study incorporates 3D methods and skeletal datasets not widely used in assessments of biological affinity, thus contributing to a critical body of research examining the ancient population history of western South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Kuzminsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo R.P Gustavo Le Paige, Universidad Católica del Norte, Gustavo Le Paige 380, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.,Anthropology Department, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Omar Reyes Báez
- Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01890 Casilla 113D, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Bernardo Arriaza
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - César Méndez
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Moraleda 16, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Vivien G Standen
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, 18 de Septiembre 2222, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile
| | - Manuel San Román
- Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01890 Casilla 113D, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Iván Muñoz
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, 18 de Septiembre 2222, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile
| | | | - Mark Hubbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo R.P Gustavo Le Paige, Universidad Católica del Norte, Gustavo Le Paige 380, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.,Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
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Torres-Rouff C, Knudson KJ. Integrating Identities: An Innovative Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Approach to Analyzing the Multiplicity of Identities in the Mortuary Record. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/692026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Fukase H, Ito T, Ishida H. Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese Archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:343-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Fukase
- Division of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
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Alfonso-Durrruty MP, Giles BT, Misarti N, San Roman M, Morello F. Antiquity and geographic distribution of cranial modification among the prehistoric groups of Fuego-Patagonia, Chile. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:607-23. [PMID: 26301877 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nineteenth and twentieth century documents testify that four ethnic groups, generally classified as terrestrial hunters or canoe nomads, inhabited Fuego-Patagonia. Archaeologically, however, their presence and temporal depth remains unknown. This study analyzes the antiquity and geographic distribution of cranial modification, a highly visible symbol of social identity, in Fuego-Patagonia, Chile, to assess whether it expressed ethnic affiliation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 adult skulls from Southern Patagonia (n = 32; 53.3%) and Tierra del Fuego (n = 28; 46.7%) were examined for age-at-death, sex and cranial modification with standard methods. Individuals were further categorized as terrestrial (n = 26; 43.3%), marine (n = 21; 35%) or indetermined hunter-gatherers (n = 13; 21.7%) based on the archaeological site's characteristics, geographic location, and isotopic information. RESULTS Thirty percent (n = 18) of the skulls in this study were modified, and most of the modified skulls (n = 15) presented a tabular-erect shape. No statistically significant differences were identified between Fuegians and Patagonians, males or females, or between the different types of adaptation and geographic locations. DISCUSSION Thus, this Late Holocene, widely distributed practice, was not a reflection of ethnicity, but a material expression of information circulation and the complex social relations that these small-size groups had with one another. These results suggest that the emergence of modern ethnic identities in the region is a historic process that resulted from the interaction of local groups with European and Criollos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta P Alfonso-Durrruty
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Osteology Laboratory, 008 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS
| | - Bretton T Giles
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Osteology Laboratory, 008 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS.,Center for the Environmental Management of Military Lands, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, 407 Pershing Court, Fort Riley, KS
| | - Nicole Misarti
- Water and Environmental Research Center (WERC), University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 458 Duckering, WERC, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK
| | - Manuel San Roman
- Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Ave. Manuel Bulnes, 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Flavia Morello
- Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Ave. Manuel Bulnes, 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Clavel J, Merceron G, Escarguel G. Missing Data Estimation in Morphometrics: How Much is Too Much? Syst Biol 2014; 63:203-18. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Clavel
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UMR 5276, CNRS, UCB Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Campus de la Doua, 2 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; and 2IPHEP, UMR 7262, CNRS & Université de Poitiers, Bat. B35, 6 rue M. Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UMR 5276, CNRS, UCB Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Campus de la Doua, 2 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; and 2IPHEP, UMR 7262, CNRS & Université de Poitiers, Bat. B35, 6 rue M. Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Escarguel
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UMR 5276, CNRS, UCB Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Campus de la Doua, 2 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; and 2IPHEP, UMR 7262, CNRS & Université de Poitiers, Bat. B35, 6 rue M. Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Holton NE, Yokley TR, Froehle AW, Southard TE. Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: implications for genus Homo facial evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:52-60. [PMID: 24318941 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have hypothesized that nasal morphology, both in archaic Homo and in recent humans, is influenced by body mass and associated oxygen consumption demands required for tissue maintenance. Similarly, recent studies of the adult human nasal region have documented key differences in nasal form between males and females that are potentially linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, composition, and energetics. To better understand this potential developmental and functional dynamic, we first assessed sexual dimorphism in the nasal cavity in recent humans to determine when during ontogeny male-female differences in nasal cavity size appear. Next, we assessed whether there are significant differences in nasal/body size scaling relationships in males and females during ontogeny. Using a mixed longitudinal sample we collected cephalometric and anthropometric measurements from n = 20 males and n = 18 females from 3.0 to 20.0+ years of age totaling n = 290 observations. We found that males and females exhibit similar nasal size values early in ontogeny and that sexual dimorphism in nasal size appears during adolescence. Moreover, when scaled to body size, males exhibit greater positive allometry in nasal size compared to females. This differs from patterns of sexual dimorphism in overall facial size, which are already present in our earliest age groups. Sexually dimorphic differences in nasal development and scaling mirror patterns of ontogenetic variation in variables associated with oxygen consumption and tissue maintenance. This underscores the importance of considering broader systemic factors in craniofacial development and may have important implications for the study of patters craniofacial evolution in the genus Homo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242; Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
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Torres-Rouff C, Knudson KJ, Hubbe M. Issues of affinity: exploring population structure in the Middle and Regional Developments Periods of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:370-82. [PMID: 24104607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Middle Period (AD 400-1000) in northern Chile's Atacama oases is characterized by an increase in social complexity and regional interaction, much of which was organized around the power and impact of the Tiwanaku polity. Despite the strong cultural influence of Tiwanaku and numerous other groups evident in interactions with Atacameños, the role of immigration into the oases during this period is unclear. While archaeological and bioarchaeological research in the region has shown no evidence that clearly indicates large groups of foreign immigrants, the contemporary increase in interregional exchange networks connecting the oases to other parts of the Andes suggests residential mobility and the possibility that movement of people both into and out of the oases accompanied these foreign influences. Here, we analyze biodistance through cranial non-metric traits in a skeletal sample from prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama to elucidate the extent of foreign influence in the oases and discuss its implications. We analyzed 715 individuals from the Middle Period (AD 400-1000) and later Regional Developments Period (AD 1000-1450), and found greater phenotypic differences between Middle Period cemeteries than among cemeteries in the subsequent period. We argue that this greater diversity extends beyond the relationship between the oases and the renowned Tiwanaku polity and reflects the role of the oases and its different ayllus as a node and way station for the Middle Period's myriad interregional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Torres-Rouff
- Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA; Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
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Holton N, Yokley T, Butaric L. The morphological interaction between the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses in living humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:414-26. [PMID: 23382025 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand how variation in nasal architecture accommodates the need for effective conditioning of respired air, it is necessary to assess the morphological interaction between the nasal cavity and other aspects of the nasofacial skeleton. Previous studies indicate that the maxillary sinuses may play a key role in accommodating climatically induced nasal variation such that a decrease in nasal cavity volume is associated with a concomitant increase in maxillary sinus volume. However, due to conflicting results in previous studies, the precise interaction of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses, in humans, is unclear. This is likely due to the prior emphasis on nasal cavity size, whereas arguably, nasal cavity shape is more important with regard to the interaction with the maxillary sinuses. Using computed tomography scans of living human subjects (N=40), the goal of this study is to assess the interaction between nasal cavity form and maxillary sinus volume in European- and African-derived individuals with differences in nasal cavity morphology. First, we assessed whether there is an inverse relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volumes. Next, we examined the relationship between maxillary sinus volume and nasal cavity shape using multivariate regression. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volume, indicating that the maxillary sinuses do not accommodate variation in nasal cavity size. However, maxillary sinus volume is significantly correlated with variation in relative internal nasal breadth. Thus, the maxillary sinuses appear to be important for accommodating nasal cavity shape rather than size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Intentional modification of the infant's head has been commonly practiced at all times and in virtually every region of the inhabited world. Motives included aesthetic perception of the human head, greater attractiveness, symbolization of ethnic identity, demonstration of noble origin or sociocultural status, and supposed health benefits. The desired shape was achieved by repeated hand massage, or by using devices like cradleboards, which were applied throughout infancy. In some regions, infant head shaping was the rule rather than the exception. Whereas chronic modification of the skull during the first year of life had no adverse effects, one-time postnatal head shaping by the midwife was a dangerous procedure. Recommended by Soran in the second century CE, it remained in practice for 17 centuries. With the advent of positional plagiocephaly following the back-to-sleep campaign, head shaping has regained acceptance and is now being widely used again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Obladen
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT. Estimation of stature and body mass from the skeleton among coastal and mid-altitude andean populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 147:264-79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Auerbach BM. Methods for estimating missing human skeletal element osteometric dimensions employed in the revised fully technique for estimating stature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:67-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
The practice of induced skull deformity has long existed in numerous disparate cultures, but for the first time in history it can be applied to adults. While extremely limited in application, some ideas have persisted in the far fringes of modern Western culture with remarkable tenacity. Practitioners of extreme body modification undergo procedures, outside the sphere of traditional medical practice, to make striking, permanent, nontraditional esthetic tissue distortions with the goal of transgressing societal norms. The International Trepanation Advocacy Group represents another example of a fringe cultural movement, whose goal, rather than being purely aesthetic in nature, is to promote elective trepanation as a method for achieving a heightened level of consciousness. Both movements have relatively short and well-defined histories. Despite their tiny numbers of adherents, neurosurgeons may be called on to address relevant patient concerns preprocedurally, or complications postprocedurally, and would benefit from awareness of these peculiar subcultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gump
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Norton Neuroscience Institute, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Enchev Y, Nedelkov G, Atanassova-Timeva N, Jordanov J. Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformations. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 29:E3. [PMID: 21121717 DOI: 10.3171/2010.9.focus10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paleoneurosurgery represents a comparatively new developing direction of neurosurgery dealing with archaeological skull and spine finds and studying their neurosurgical aspects. Artificial skull deformation, as a bone artifact, naturally has been one of the main paleoneurosurgical research topics. Traditionally, the relevant neurosurgical literature has analyzed in detail the intentional skull deformations in South America's tribes. However, little is known about the artificial skull deformations of the Proto-Bulgarians, and what information exists is mostly due to anthropological studies. The Proto-Bulgarians originated from Central Asia, and distributed their skull deformation ritual on the Balkan Peninsula by their migration and domination. Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformation was an erect or oblique form of the anular type, and was achieved by 1 or 2 pressure bandages that were tightened around a newborn's head for a sufficiently long period. The intentional skull deformation in Proto-Bulgarians was not associated with neurological deficits and/or mental retardation. No indirect signs of chronic elevated intracranial pressure were found on the 3D CT reconstruction of the artificially deformed skulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Enchev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Seidemann RM, Stojanowski CM, Rich FJ. The Identification of a Human Skull Recovered from an eBay Sale. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:1247-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mitteroecker P, Bookstein F. THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF MODULARITY AND INTEGRATION IN THE HOMINOID CRANIUM. Evolution 2008; 62:943-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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