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Deutsch AR, Dickinson E, Whichard VA, Lagomarsino GR, Perry JMG, Kupczik K, Hartstone-Rose A. Primate body mass and dietary correlates of tooth root surface area. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:4-26. [PMID: 36787710 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine primate postcanine tooth root surface area (TRSA) in the context of two ecological variables (diet and bite force). We also assess scaling relationships within distinct taxonomic groups and across the order as a whole. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mandibular postcanine TRSA was measured using a three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) method for catarrhine (N = 27), platyrrhine (N = 21), and strepsirrhine (N = 24) taxa; this represents the first sample of strepsirrhines. Two different body size proxies were used: cranial geometric mean (GM) using nine linear measurements, and literature-derived body mass (BM). RESULTS TRSA correlated strongly with body size, scaling with positive allometry or isometry across the order as a whole; however, scaling differed significantly between taxa for some teeth. Among Strepsirrhini, molar TRSA relative to GM differed significantly between folivores and pliant-object feeders. Additionally, P4 TRSA relative to BM differentiated folivores from both hard- and pliant-object feeders. Among Cercopithecoidea, P4 TRSA adjusted by GM differed between hard- and pliant-object feeders. DISCUSSION Dietary signals in TRSA appear primarily driven by high frequency loading experienced by folivores. Stronger and more frequent dietary signals were observed within Strepsirrhini relative to Haplorhini. This may reflect the constraints of orthognathism within the latter, constraining the adaptability of their postcanine teeth. Finally, because of the strong correlation between TRSA and BM for each tooth locus (mean r2 = 0.82), TRSA can be used to predict BM in fossil primates using provided equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria A Whichard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giulia R Lagomarsino
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan M G Perry
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Arlegi M, Pantoja-Pérez A, Veschambre-Couture C, Gómez-Olivencia A. Covariation between the cranium and the cervical vertebrae in hominids. J Hum Evol 2021; 162:103112. [PMID: 34894608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of patterns of integration is crucial for the reconstruction and understanding of how morphological changes occur in a taxonomic group throughout evolution. These patterns are relatively constant; however, both patterns and the magnitudes of integration may vary across species. These differences may indicate morphological diversification, in some cases related to functional adaptations to the biomechanics of organisms. In this study, we analyze patterns of integration between two functional and developmental structures, the cranium and the cervical spine in hominids, and we quantify the amount of divergence of each anatomical element through phylogeny. We applied these methods to three-dimensional data from 168 adult hominid individuals, summing a total of more than 1000 cervical vertebrae. We found the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) display the lowest covariation with the cranium in hominids (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei, Pongo pygmaeus). H. sapiens show a relatively different pattern of craniocervical correlation compared with chimpanzees and gorillas, especially in variables implicated in maintaining the balance of the head. Finally, the atlas and axis show lower magnitude of shape change during evolution than the rest of the cervical vertebrae, especially those located in the middle of the subaxial cervical spine. Overall, results suggest that differences in the pattern of craniocervical correlation between humans and gorillas and chimpanzees could reflect the postural differences between these groups. Also, the stronger craniocervical integration and larger magnitude of shape change during evolution shown by the middle cervical vertebrae suggests that they have been selected to play an active role in maintaining head balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Arlegi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department d'Història i Història de l'Art, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ana Pantoja-Pérez
- Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Veschambre-Couture
- UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bâtiment B8, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Fox MC, Konigsberg LW, Hsiao-Wecksler ET, Whitcome KK, Polk JD. Scaling of linear anthropometric dimensions in living humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:134-143. [PMID: 33782957 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some previous studies suggest that humans do not conform to geometric similarity (isometry) in anthropometric dimensions of the upper and lower limbs. Researchers often rely on a single statistical approach to the study of scaling patterns, and it is unclear whether these methods produce similar results and are equally robust. This study used one bivariate and one multivariate method to examine how linear anthropometric dimensions scale in a sample of adult humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Motion capture marker data from 104 adults of varying height and mass were used to calculate anthropometric dimensions. We analyzed scaling patterns in pooled and separate sexes with two methods: (1) bivariate log-log regression and (2) multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). We calculated 95% highest density/confidence intervals for each method and defined positive/negative allometry as estimates lying outside those intervals. RESULTS Results identified isometric scaling of the upper arm, thigh, and shoulder, positive allometry of the forearm and shank, and negative allometry of the pelvis in the pooled sample using both statistical methods. Patterns of allometry in the pooled sample were similar between methods but differed in magnitude. Sex-specific results differed in both pattern and magnitude between log-log regression and PCA. Only one measurement (shoulder width) departed from isometry in the sex-specific log-log regressions. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that especially in sex-specific analyses, the pattern and magnitude of allometry are sensitive to statistical methodology. When body mass was selected as the size variable, most human linear anthropometric dimensions in this sample scaled isometrically and were therefore geometrically similar within sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Fox
- Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lyle W Konigsberg
- Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Hsiao-Wecksler
- Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Biomedical & Translational Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John D Polk
- Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Biomedical & Translational Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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4
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Burrows AM, Nash LT, Hartstone‐Rose A, Silcox MT, López‐Torres S, Selig KR. Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:265-281. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical TherapyDuquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Leanne T. Nash
- School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | | | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
| | - Sergi López‐Torres
- Department of Evolutionary PaleobiologyRoman Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Keegan R. Selig
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
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Ruff CB. Functional morphology in the pages of the AJPA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:688-704. [PMID: 29574828 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Imhoff C, Giri F, Siroski P, Amavet P. Analysis of morphological variability and heritability in the head of the Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae): undisturbed vs. disturbed environments. ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:47-62. [PMID: 29576385 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of biotic and abiotic factors influencing fitness produce selective pressures that promote local adaptation and divergence among different populations of the same species. In order for adaptations to be maintained through evolutionary time, heritable genetic variation controlling the expression of the morphological features under selection is necessary. Here we compare morphological shape variability and size of the cephalic region of Salvator merianae specimens from undisturbed environments to those of individuals from disturbed environments, and estimated heritability for shape and size using geometric morphometric and quantitative genetics tools. The results of these analyzes indicated that there are statistically significant differences in shape and size between populations from the two environments. Possibly, one of the main determinants of cephalic shape and size is adaptation to the characteristics of the environment and to the trophic niche. Individuals from disturbed environments have a cephalic region with less shape variation and also have a larger centroid size when compared to individuals from undisturbed environments. The high heritability values obtained for shape and size in dorsal view and right side view indicate that these phenotypic characters have a great capacity to respond to the selection pressures to which they are subjected. Data obtained here could be used as an important tool when establishing guidelines for plans for the sustainable use and conservation of S. merianae and other species living in disturbed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Imhoff
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Federico Giri
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Siroski
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), A. del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-CONICET), Kreder 2805 (S3080HOF) Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Amavet
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), A. del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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7
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Tomita D, Yamaguchi T, Nakawaki T, Hikita Y, Adel M, Kim YI, Haga S, Takahashi M, Kawaguchi A, Isa M, Park SB, Ishida H, Maki K, Kimura R. Interferon regulatory factor 6 variants affect nasolabial morphology in East Asian populations. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:142-147. [PMID: 29065370 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interferon regulatory factor 6 gene (IRF6) is one of the most conspicuous genes among a large number of candidate risk genes for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, which is considered to be a multifactorial defect. Variants of IRF6 are also suggested to affect normal craniofacial variations, especially in the area of the nose and the upper lip. In the present study, we used lateral cephalograms to establish the relationship between IRF6 and sagittal nasolabial morphology in healthy East Asian subjects. DESIGN Genomic DNA was extracted from 215 Japanese and 226 Korean individuals, and genotyped for five IRF6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs17389541, rs642961, rs2013162, rs2235371, and rs7802. These SNPs were tested by multiple regression analyses for their association with craniofacial measurements obtained from lateral cephalometrics. RESULTS We detected a significant association between the derived variants, rs2013162 and rs2235371 and the distances between a facial bone plane indicated by distance from Nasion and Point A (NA plane) to soft tissue landmarks; the Subalare (NA-Sbal) and the Subnasale (NA-Sn) in the sagittal plane. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that IRF6 variants play an important role in the normal range of variation in nasolabial soft-tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tomita
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Yu Hikita
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mohamed Adel
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea.
| | - Shugo Haga
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Akira Kawaguchi
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Isa
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Soo-Byung Park
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea.
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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8
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Ritzman TB, Banovich N, Buss KP, Guida J, Rubel MA, Pinney J, Khang B, Ravosa MJ, Stone AC. Facing the facts: The Runx2 gene is associated with variation in facial morphology in primates. J Hum Evol 2017; 111:139-151. [PMID: 28874267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic and adaptive factors that cause variation in primate facial form-including differences among the major primate clades and variation related to feeding and/or social behavior-are relatively well understood. However, comparatively little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie diversity in facial form in primates. Because it is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal development, the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is one gene that may play a role in these genetic mechanisms. Specifically, polymorphisms in the QA ratio (determined by the ratio of the number of polyglutamines to polyalanines in one functional domain of Runx2) have been shown to be correlated with variation in facial length and orientation in other mammal groups. However, to date, the relationship between variation in this gene and variation in facial form in primates has not been explicitly tested. To test the hypothesis that the QA ratio is correlated with facial form in primates, the current study quantified the QA ratio, facial length, and facial angle in a sample of 33 primate species and tested for correlation using phylogenetic generalized least squares. The results indicate that the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene is positively correlated with variation in relative facial length in anthropoid primates. However, no correlation was found in strepsirrhines, and there was no correlation between facial angle and the QA ratio in any groups. These results suggest that, in primates, the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene may play a role in modulating facial size, but not facial orientation. This study therefore provides important clues about the genetic and developmental mechanisms that may underlie variation in facial form in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence B Ritzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Nicholas Banovich
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Buss
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Guida
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meagan A Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pinney
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bao Khang
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Bioarchaeological Research, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute of Human Origins, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Arlegi M, Gómez-Olivencia A, Albessard L, Martínez I, Balzeau A, Arsuaga JL, Been E. The role of allometry and posture in the evolution of the hominin subaxial cervical spine. J Hum Evol 2017; 104:80-99. [PMID: 28317557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cervical vertebrae not only protect the spinal cord but also are the insertion and origin points for muscles related to the movement of the head, upper limb, and trunk, among others, and are thus important elements in primate evolution. While previous work has been undertaken on the first two cervical vertebrae, there is a dearth of studies on the subaxial cervical spine in hominines. In this paper, we provide detailed morphological information on two important aspects of the subaxial cervical vertebrae (C3 - C7): mid-sagittal morphology and superior facet orientation. We studied large samples of African apes including modern humans and the most complete fossil hominin subaxial cervical vertebrae using both traditional and geometric morphometrics. There are significant differences between extant hominoids related to the relative length and orientation of the spinous process as well as to the orientation of the articular facets, which are related to size, locomotion, and neck posture. In fact, fossil hominins do not completely conform to any of the extant groups. Our assessment of mid-sagittal morphology and superior articular facet orientation shows that australopiths have more Homo-like upper subaxial cervical vertebrae coupled with more "primitive" lower cervical vertebrae. Based on these results, we hypothesize that those changes, maybe related to postural changes derived from bipedalism, did not affect the entire subaxial cervical spine at once. From a methodological point of view, the combination of traditional and geometric morphometric data provides a more integrative perspective of morphological change and evolution, which is certainly useful in human evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Arlegi
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lou Albessard
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Área de Antropología Física, Depto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Dpto. de Paleontología, Fac. Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Ella Been
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono 5545173, Israel; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 39040 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Skull 5 from Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance. J Hum Evol 2017; 104:50-79. [PMID: 28317556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fifth hominin skull (cranium D4500 and mandible D2600) from Dmanisi is massively constructed, with a large face and a very small brain. Traits documented for the first time in a basal member of the Homo clade include the uniquely low ratio of endocranial volume to basicranial width, reduced vertex height, angular vault profile, smooth nasal sill coupled with a long and sloping maxillary clivus, elongated palate, and tall mandibular corpus. The convex clivus and receding symphysis of skull 5 produce a muzzle-like form similar to that of Australopithecus afarensis. While the Dmanisi cranium is very robust, differing from OH 13, OH 24, and KNM-ER 1813, it resembles Homo habilis specimens in the "squared off" outline of its maxilla in facial view, maxillary sulcus, rounded and receding zygomatic arch, and flexed zygomaticoalveolar pillar. These characters distinguish early Homo from species of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Skull 5 is unlike Homo rudolfensis cranium KNM-ER 1470. Although it appears generally primitive, skull 5 possesses a bar-like supraorbital torus, elongated temporal squama, occipital transverse torus, and petrotympanic traits considered to be derived for Homo erectus. As a group, the Dmanisi crania and mandibles display substantial anatomical and metric variation. A key question is whether the fossils document age-related growth and sex dimorphism within a single population, or whether two (or more) distinct taxa may be present at the site. We use the coefficient of variation to compare Dmanisi with Paranthropus boisei, H. erectus, and recent Homo sapiens, finding few signals that the Dmanisi sample is excessively variable in comparison to these reference taxa. Using cranial measurements and principal components analysis, we explore the proposal that the Dmanisi skulls can be grouped within a regionally diverse hypodigm for H. erectus. Our results provide only weak support for this hypothesis. Finally, we consider all available morphological and paleobiological evidence in an attempt to clarify the phyletic relationship of Dmanisi to Homo species evolving >2.0 to 1.0 Ma.
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Burrows AM, Hartstone-Rose A, Nash LT. Exudativory in the Asian loris,Nycticebus: Evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and M3. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:663-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy; Duquesne University; Pittsburgh PA 15282
- Department of Anthropology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; the University of South Carolina School of Medicine; SC 29209 Columbia
| | - Leanne T. Nash
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ 85287-2402
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Nasif NL, Abdala F. Craniodental ontogeny of the pacaranaDinomys branickiiPeters 1873 (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha, Dinomyidae). J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of early Miocene hominoid. J Hum Evol 2015; 84:42-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Khorozyan I. RETRACTED ARTICLE: A method to assign sex to leopard Panthera pardus specimens using quantitative cranial data. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Schilling AM, Tofanelli S, Hublin JJ, Kivell TL. Trabecular bone structure in the primate wrist. J Morphol 2013; 275:572-85. [PMID: 24323904 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular (or cancellous) bone has been shown to respond to mechanical loading throughout ontogeny and thus can provide unique insight into skeletal function and locomotion in comparative studies of living and fossil mammalian morphology. Trabecular bone of the hand may be particularly functionally informative because the hand has more direct contact with the substrate compared with the remainder of the forelimb during locomotion in quadrupedal mammals. This study investigates the trabecular structure within the wrist across a sample of haplorhine primates that vary in locomotor behaviour (and thus hand use) and body size. High-resolution microtomographic scans were collected of the lunate, scaphoid, and capitate in 41 individuals and eight genera (Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Papio, Pongo, Symphalangus, Hylobates, and Ateles). We predicted that particular trabecular parameters would 1) vary across suspensory, quadrupedal, and bipedal primates based on differences in hand use and load, and 2) scale with carpal size following similar allometric patterns found previously in other skeletal elements across a larger sample of mammals and primates. Analyses of variance (trabecular parameters analysed separately) and principal component analyses (trabecular parameters analysed together) revealed no clear functional signal in the trabecular structure of any of the three wrist bones. Instead, there was a large degree of variation within suspensory and quadrupedal locomotor groups, as well as high intrageneric variation within some taxa, particularly Pongo and Gorilla. However, as predicted, Homo sapiens, which rarely use their hands for locomotion and weight support, were unique in showing lower relative bone volume (BV/TV) compared with all other taxa. Furthermore, parameters used to quantify trabecular structure within the wrist scale with size generally following similar allometric patterns found in trabeculae of other mammalian skeletal elements. We discuss the challenges associated with quantifying and interpreting trabecular bone within the wrist.
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Tsegai ZJ, Kivell TL, Gross T, Nguyen NH, Pahr DH, Smaers JB, Skinner MM. Trabecular bone structure correlates with hand posture and use in hominoids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78781. [PMID: 24244359 PMCID: PMC3828321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is capable of adapting during life in response to stress. Therefore, variation in locomotor and manipulative behaviours across extant hominoids may be reflected in differences in trabecular bone structure. The hand is a promising region for trabecular analysis, as it is the direct contact between the individual and the environment and joint positions at peak loading vary amongst extant hominoids. Building upon traditional volume of interest-based analyses, we apply a whole-epiphysis analytical approach using high-resolution microtomographic scans of the hominoid third metacarpal to investigate whether trabecular structure reflects differences in hand posture and loading in knuckle-walking (Gorilla, Pan), suspensory (Pongo, Hylobates and Symphalangus) and manipulative (Homo) taxa. Additionally, a comparative phylogenetic method was used to analyse rates of evolutionary changes in trabecular parameters. Results demonstrate that trabecular bone volume distribution and regions of greatest stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus) correspond with predicted loading of the hand in each behavioural category. In suspensory and manipulative taxa, regions of high bone volume and greatest stiffness are concentrated on the palmar or distopalmar regions of the metacarpal head, whereas knuckle-walking taxa show greater bone volume and stiffness throughout the head, and particularly in the dorsal region; patterns that correspond with the highest predicted joint reaction forces. Trabecular structure in knuckle-walking taxa is characterised by high bone volume fraction and a high degree of anisotropy in contrast to the suspensory brachiators. Humans, in which the hand is used primarily for manipulation, have a low bone volume fraction and a variable degree of anisotropy. Finally, when trabecular parameters are mapped onto a molecular-based phylogeny, we show that the rates of change in trabecular structure vary across the hominoid clade. Our results support a link between inferred behaviour and trabecular structure in extant hominoids that can be informative for reconstructing behaviour in fossil primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdi J. Tsegai
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - N. Huynh Nguyen
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H. Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeroen B. Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Kurki HK. Skeletal variability in the pelvis and limb skeleton of humans: Does stabilizing selection limit female pelvic variation? Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:795-802. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen K. Kurki
- Department of Anthropology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada V8W 2Y2
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18
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Rightmire GP. Homo erectus and Middle Pleistocene hominins: Brain size, skull form, and species recognition. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:223-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Pablos A, Martínez I, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Sala N, Arsuaga JL. Human talus bones from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). J Hum Evol 2013; 65:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Muchlinski MN, Perry JMG. Anatomical Correlates to Nectar Feeding among the Strepsirrhines of Madagascar: Implications for Interpreting the Fossil Record. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:378431. [PMID: 22567292 PMCID: PMC3335530 DOI: 10.1155/2011/378431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One possible ecological scenario for the origin of primates is the archaic pollination and coevolution hypothesis. Its proponents contend that the consumption of nectar by some early primates and the resulting cross-pollination is an example of coevolution that drove adaptive radiations in some primates. This hypothesis is perhaps ecologically sound, but it lacks the morphology-behavior links that would allow us to test it using the fossil record. Here we attempt to identify cranial adaptations to nectar feeding among the strepsirrhines of Madagascar in order to provide such links. Many Malagasy strepsirrhines are considered effective cross-pollinators of the flowers they feed from, and nectar consumption represents as much as 75% of total feeding time. Previous studies identified skeletal correlates to nectar feeding in the crania of nonprimate mammals; from these, nine cranial measurements were chosen to be the focus of the present study. Results indicate that Cheirogaleus, Varecia, and Eulemur mirror other nectar-feeding mammals in having elongated crania and/or muzzles. These strepsirrhines might be effective cross-pollinators, lending support to the coevolution hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena N. Muchlinski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, MN210 Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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21
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Auerbach BM, Sylvester AD. Allometry and apparent paradoxes in human limb proportions: Implications for scaling factors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:382-91. [PMID: 21302265 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been consistently demonstrated that human proximal limb elements exhibit negative allometry, while distal elements scale with positive allometry. Such scaling implies that longer limbs will have higher intralimb indices, a phenomenon not borne out by empirical analyses. This, therefore, creates a paradox within the limb allometry literature. This study shows that these apparently conflicting results are the product of two separate phenomena. First, the use of the geometric mean of limb elements produces allometry coefficients that are not independent, and that when using ordinary least squares regression must yield an average slope of one. This phenomenon argues against using the geometric mean as a size variable when examining limb allometry. While the employment of relevant dimensions independent of those under analysis to calculate the geometric mean--as suggested by Coleman (Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 404-415)--may be a partial method for resolving the problem, an empirically determined, independent and biologically relevant size variable is advocated. If stature is used instead of the geometric mean as an independent size variable, all major limb elements scale with positive allometry. Second, while limb allometry coefficients do indicate differential allometry in limb elements, and thus should lead to some intralimb index allometry, this pattern appears to be attenuated by other sources of limb element length variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Auerbach
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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22
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Influence of Orbit Size on Aspects of the Tarsier Postorbital Septum. INT J PRIMATOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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FARKE ANDREWA. Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity. Zool J Linn Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Coleman MN, Colbert MW. Correlations between auditory structures and hearing sensitivity in non-human primates. J Morphol 2010; 271:511-32. [PMID: 20025067 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primates show distinctions in hearing sensitivity and auditory morphology that generally follow phylogenetic patterns. However, few previous studies have attempted to investigate how differences in primate hearing are directly related to differences in ear morphology. This research helps fill this void by exploring the form-to-function relationships of the auditory system in a phylogenetically broad sample of non-human primates. Numerous structures from the outer, middle, and inner ears were measured in taxa with known hearing capabilities. The structures investigated include the overall size and shape of the pinna, the areas of the tympanic membrane and stapedial footplate, the masses and lever arm lengths of the ossicles, the volumes of the middle ear cavities, and the length of the cochlea. The results demonstrate that a variety of auditory structures show significant correlations with certain aspects of hearing (particularly low-frequency sensitivity). Although the majority of these relationships agree with expectations from auditory theory, some traditional (and possibly outdated) ideas were not supported. For example, the common misconception that higher middle ear transformer ratios (e.g., impedance transformer ratio) result in increased hearing sensitivity was not supported. Although simple correlations between form and function do not necessarily imply causality, the relationships defined in this study not only increase our understanding of auditory patterns in extant taxa but also lay the foundation to begin investigating the hearing in fossil primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Coleman
- Department of Anatomy, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, USA.
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