1
|
Żochowski P, Cegła M, Berent J, Grygoruk R, Szlązak K, Smędra A. Experimental and numerical study on failure mechanisms of bone simulants subjected to projectile impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 39:e3687. [PMID: 36690586 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the human bones failure mechanisms under projectile impact conditions can be made through performing of a large number of ballistic trials. But the amount of data that can be collected during ballistic experiments is limited due to the high dynamics of the process and its destructive character. Numerical analyses may support experimental methodologies allowing to better understand the principles of the phenomenon. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to create and to verify a numerical model of commercially available synthetic bone material-Synbone®. The model could be used in the future as a supporting tool facilitating forensic studies or designing processes of personal protection systems (helmets, bulletproof vests, etc.). Although Synbone® is commonly used in the ballistic experiments, the literature lacks reliable numerical models of this material. In order to define a numerical model of Synbone®, mechanical experiments characterizing the response of the material to the applied loads in a wide range of strains and strain rates were carried out. Based on the mechanical tests results, an appropriate material model was selected for the Synbone® composite and the values of constants in its equations were determined. Material characterization experiments were subsequently reproduced with numerical simulations and a high correlation of the results was obtained. The final validation of the material model was based on the comparison of the ballistic impact experiments and simulation results. High similarity obtained (relative error lower than 10%) demonstrates that the numerical model of Synbone® material was properly defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Cegła
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Zielonka, Poland
| | - Jarosław Berent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Department of Criminal Proceedings and Forensics, Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Roman Grygoruk
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Szlązak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Smędra
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christensen AM, Rickman JM. Cone cracking in human bone: A CT case review series. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Rickman JM, Painter J, Hazael R. A scanning electron microscopy study of projectile entry fractures in cortical bone; genesis and microarchitectural features. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:629-648. [PMID: 34902053 PMCID: PMC8847251 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The present paper presents a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the genesis and microarchitecture of experimentally induced cortical entry fractures in porcine scapulae impacted at velocities ranging from 54 to 897 m/s. SEM observation was conducted on polyurethane replicas cast from negative silicone moulds. Analysis of the sequence of fracture processes operative during projectile impact revealed the presence of ring cracks at the site of impact, confirming that penetration in sandwich bones is achieved by cone crack propagation. Despite impulsive loading, two forms of plastic deformation were identified in the cortical bone surrounding the entry fracture up to a maximum velocity of 871 m/s. Microscopic radial and concentric cracks were associated with projectile impact, and the role of pores and pits as stress concentrators was captured. Possible underlying mechanisms for the observed plastic deformation are described, and the diagnostic utility of SEM analysis is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Rickman
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA UK
| | - Jonathan Painter
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA UK
| | - Rachael Hazael
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCool WC, Anderson AS, Kennett DJ. Using a multimethod life history approach to navigate the osteological paradox: A case study from Prehispanic Nasca, Peru. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:816-833. [PMID: 33782949 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We leverage recent bioarchaeological approaches and life history theory to address the implications of the osteological paradox in a study population. The goal of this article is to evaluate morbidity and mortality patterns as well as variability in the risk of disease and death during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; 950-1450 C.E.) in the Nasca highlands of Peru. We demonstrate how the concurrent use of multiple analytical techniques and life history theory can engage the osteological paradox and provide salient insights into the study of stress, frailty, and resilience in past populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crania from LIP burial contexts in the Nasca highlands were examined for cribra orbitalia (n = 325) and porotic hyperostosis (n = 270). All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis assessed demographic differences in lesion frequency and severity. Hazard models were generated to assess differences in survivorship. The relationship between dietary diversity and heterogeneity in morbidity was assessed using stable δ15 N and δ13 C isotope values for bone collagen and carbonate. One hundred and twenty-four crania were directly AMS radiocarbon dated, allowing for a diachronic analysis of morbidity and mortality. RESULTS The frequency and expression of both orbital and vault lesions increases significantly during the LIP. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis indicates cranial lesions co-vary with frailty rather than robusticity or longevity. Hazard models show (1) decreasing survivorship with the transition into the LIP, (2) significantly lower adult life expectancy for females compared to males, and (3) individuals with cranial lesions have lower survivorship across the life course. Stable isotope results show very little dietary diversity. Mortality risk and frequency of pathological skeletal lesions were highest during Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) of the LIP. CONCLUSION Results provide compelling evidence of increasing physiological stress and mortality in the Nasca highlands during the LIP, but also reveal substantial heterogeneity in frailty and the risk of death. Certain members of society experienced a heavier disease burden and higher mortality compared to their contemporaries. Elevated levels of disease and lethal trauma among females account for some of the sex differences in survivorship but cannot explain the large degree of female-biased mortality. We hypothesize that parental investment in males or increased female fertility rates may explain these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weston C McCool
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Amy S Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
McCool WC, Tung TA, Coltrain JB, Accinelli Obando AJ, Kennett DJ. The character of conflict: A bioarchaeological study of violence in the Nasca highlands of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (950-1450 C.E.). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:614-630. [PMID: 33382102 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates. DISCUSSION There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weston C McCool
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murphy MS, Juengst SL. Patterns of trauma across Andean South America: New discoveries and advances in interpretation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 29:35-44. [PMID: 31668511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In his review article John W. Verano covered trauma, warfare, trophy taking, and human sacrifice, but his discussion mostly focused on the results of studies of museum or private collections and the recent discovery of the mass human sacrifice from Huaca de la Luna. Due to the renewed interest in the paleopathology of South America, a trend which Verano observed, these types of investigations have grown exponentially in the past twenty years since his initial publication. Here we synthesize the published data on the study and interpretation of traumatic injuries across time and space and we tease out some of the themes that have emerged in the twenty odd years since the seminal paper written by Verano. We searched and analyzed publications from 1997 to 2017 that pertained specifically to Andean South America through the review of library databases and then narrowed our search to trauma-related topics. In our literature review and meta-analysis of published studies on traumatic injuries, we found that nearly one-third of publications related to the field of paleopathology in Andean South America dealt with subjects we classified under trauma (N = 116/378), such as trephination, violence, sacrifice, warfare, etc. Large sample sizes, population-focused research, advances in methods of analysis, and hypothesis driven investigations have led to sophisticated and nuanced interpretations along a wide range of themes so that we understand a great deal more about violence, sacrifice, trephination, warfare and their sociopolitical and environmental contexts in prehistoric and early colonial Andean South America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Murphy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, United States.
| | - Sara L Juengst
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Crack propagation through sandwich bones due to low-velocity projectile impact. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1443-1459. [PMID: 31175410 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Projectile impact in sandwich bones typically results in formation of conoidal wounds exhibiting a larger region of damage on the inner cortical plate termed the bevel. To date, a number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain the formation of this wound type. The plug and spall hypothesis suggests that the conoidal morphology is produced by a two-phase mechanism of shear plug formation followed by internal bevel production during projectile exit. In contrast, the cone crack hypothesis suggests that such wounds are produced by cone crack propagation through the three laminae of the sandwich bone, resulting in the formation of bioceramic conoids consisting of all three bone laminae. In order to test these hypotheses, 28 non-human sandwich bones were impacted with 6-mm carbon steel spheres at velocities ranging from 26 to 96 metres per second (m/s). Impacts were filmed utilizing high-speed videography and fracture morphology analysed using micro-computerized tomography (μ-CT). Sequential increase in velocity successfully captured the genesis of conoidal wounds. Low-velocity impact produced circular depressed fractures in the outer cortex exhibiting angulated cortical fracture edges. An increase in velocity resulted in translaminar fracture and production of one intact and three fragmentary bioceramic conoids. At the highest velocities, conoids were fragmented and lost in the ejecta plume, with attached fragments undergoing dynamic movement during and after perforation. Significantly, projectile exit was not required for bevel production. The implications of these findings in wound interpretation are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rickman JM, Shackel J. A novel hypothesis for the formation of conoidal projectile wounds in sandwich bones. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:501-519. [PMID: 30338345 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When perforated by a projectile, sandwich bones typically exhibit wounds with a distinct conoidal morphology that is widely utilised both in wound diagnosis and trajectory determinations. However, the dynamic fracture mechanisms underlying this intriguing wound type have yet to be experimentally verified. The most frequently quoted hypothesis for their formation, plug and spall, is difficult to reconcile with the conoidal morphology exhibited by such wounds. The present article carries out a high-speed videographic and micro-computerised tomographic (μ-CT) analysis of perpendicularly produced projectile wounds induced from 139.15 to 896.84 metres per second (m/s) in pig scapulae. Fundamental data on energy absorption, wound shape and bevel symmetry are presented. Cross-sectional fracture morphology revealed by μ-CT raises the novel hypothesis that tensile stresses induced by the projectile in the outer cortex elicit cone crack formation and that this cone crack then propagates catastrophically through the entire sandwich structure. This process results in the momentary formation of a bioceramic conoid, a conoidal volume of bone consisting of all three sandwich bone layers separated from the parent bone by the internal bevel. Fragmentation of the separated volume leaves the conoidal wound behind as its counterpart. The significance of this hypothesis in terms of differential diagnosis and interpretation of bevel shape is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Rickman
- Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.
| | - James Shackel
- Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bird CE, Fleischman JM. A Rare Case of an Intact Bone Plug Associated with a Gunshot Exit Wound. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1074-7. [PMID: 25832722 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This case study presents an unusual manifestation of gunshot trauma in skeletal tissue from a post-World War II human rights abuse sample uncovered in Vilnius, Lithuania. After briefly reviewing the typical wound appearance of projectile trauma in the cranium, we discuss the presence of an intact bone plug associated with a gunshot exit wound in an individual from the Tuskulenai Case. While this individual demonstrated typical gunshot entry and exit wounds to the cranium consistent with high-velocity trauma, the bone plug indicates that the projectile likely lost much of its kinetic energy while traveling through the cranium resulting in a low-velocity impact at the exit site. This study reviews a similar instance of a bone plug recovered from a bioarcheological sample in Peru and emphasizes the importance of thorough archeological excavations of mass graves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cate E Bird
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, 77054
| | - Julie M Fleischman
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Dr., Room 355, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Knudson KJ, Torres-Rouff C, Stojanowski CM. Investigating human responses to political and environmental change through paleodiet and paleomobility. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:179-201. [PMID: 25641703 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioarchaeological approaches are well suited for examining past responses to political and environmental changes. In the Andes, we hypothesized that political and environmental changes around AD 1100 resulted in behavioral changes, visible as shifts in paleodiet and paleomobility, among individuals in the San Pedro de Atacama oases and Loa River Valley. To investigate this hypothesis, we generated carbon and oxygen isotope data from cemeteries dating to the early Middle Horizon (Larache, Quitor-5, Solor-3), late Middle Horizon (Casa Parroquial, Coyo Oriental, Coyo-3, Solcor-Plaza, Solcor-3, Tchecar), and Late Intermediate Period (Caspana, Quitor-6 Tardío, Toconce, Yaye-1, Yaye-2, Yaye-3, Yaye-4). Carbon isotope data demonstrate a greater range of carbon sources during the late Middle Horizon compared with the Late Intermediate Period; while most individuals consumed largely C3 sources, some late Middle Horizon individuals consumed more C4 sources. Oxygen isotope data demonstrate greater diversity in drinking water sources during the late Middle Horizon compared with the Late Intermediate Period. Water samples were analyzed to provide baseline data on oxygen isotope variability within the Atacama Desert, and demonstrated that oxygen isotope values are indistinguishable in the San Pedro and Loa Rivers. However, oxygen isotope values in water sources in the high-altitude altiplano and coast are distinct from those in the San Pedro and Loa Rivers. In conclusion, instead of utilizing a wider variety of resources after environmental and political changes, individuals exhibited a wider range of paleodietary and paleomobility strategies during the Middle Horizon, a period of environmental and political stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Knudson
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Christina Torres-Rouff
- Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA.,Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
| | - Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serafin S, Lope CP, Uc González E. Bioarchaeological investigation of ancient Maya violence and warfare in inland northwest Yucatan, Mexico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:140-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Serafin
- School of Human; Health and Social Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton QLD 4702 Australia
- School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Department of Chiropractic; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Carlos Peraza Lope
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia-Centro INAH Yucatan; Merida Yucatan 97000 Mexico
| | - Eunice Uc González
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia-Centro INAH Yucatan; Merida Yucatan 97000 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Šlaus M, Novak M, Bedić Ž, Strinović D. Bone fractures as indicators of intentional violence in the eastern adriatic from the antique to the late medieval period (2nd-16th century AD). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:26-38. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Andrushko VA, Torres EC. Skeletal evidence for Inca warfare from the Cuzco region of Peru. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:361-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
|