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Nikitkina AI, Bikmulina PY, Gafarova ER, Kosheleva NV, Efremov YM, Bezrukov EA, Butnaru DV, Dolganova IN, Chernomyrdin NV, Cherkasova OP, Gavdush AA, Timashev PS. Terahertz radiation and the skin: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200356VSSR. [PMID: 33583155 PMCID: PMC7881098 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.043005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Terahertz (THz) radiation has demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications over the past three decades, mainly due to its non-invasive and label-free nature. Among all biological specimens, skin tissue is an optimal sample for the application of THz-based methods because it allows for overcoming some intrinsic limitations of the technique, such as a small penetration depth (0.1 to 0.3 mm for the skin, on average). AIM We summarize the modern research results achieved when THz technology was applied to the skin, considering applications in both imaging/detection and treatment/modulation of the skin constituents. APPROACH We perform a review of literature and analyze the recent research achievements in THz applications for skin diagnosis and investigation. RESULTS The reviewed results demonstrate the possibilities of THz spectroscopy and imaging, both pulsed and continuous, for diagnosis of skin melanoma and non-melanoma cancer, dysplasia, scars, and diabetic condition, mainly based on the analysis of THz optical properties. The possibility of modulating cell activity and treatment of various diseases by THz-wave exposure is shown as well. CONCLUSIONS The rapid development of THz technologies and the obtained research results for skin tissue highlight the potential of THz waves as a research and therapeutic instrument. The perspectives on the use of THz radiation are related to both non-invasive diagnostics and stimulation and control of different processes in a living skin tissue for regeneration and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polina Y. Bikmulina
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Elvira R. Gafarova
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Efremov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Bezrukov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Sechenov University, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N. Dolganova
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Chernomyrdin
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P. Cherkasova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arsenii A. Gavdush
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Department of Polymers and Composites, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow, Russia
- Address all correspondence to Peter S. Timashev,
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Nystrom KC, Tilley L. Mummy studies and the bioarchaeology of care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 25:64-71. [PMID: 30017496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioarchaeology of care is a framework through which researchers can begin to infer the level of care an individual may have required based on the presence of paleopathological evidence. To date, all of the research that has employed the framework has been based on evidence derived from skeletal material. This special issue was organized in order to highlight how the analysis of mummified soft tissue, as well as other sources of data commonly associated with mummified remains, such as coprolites and intestinal contents, has the potential to provide valuable insight into the reconstruction of care in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Nystrom
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at New Paltz, USA.
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Stübling EM, Rehn A, Siebrecht T, Bauckhage Y, Öhrström L, Eppenberger P, Balzer JC, Rühli F, Koch M. Application of a robotic THz imaging system for sub-surface analysis of ancient human remains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3390. [PMID: 30833736 PMCID: PMC6399258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a robotic-based THz imaging system to investigate the sub-surface structure of an artificially mummified ancient Egyptian human left hand. The results obtained are compared to the results of a conventional CT and a micro-CT scan. Using such a robotic THz system promises new insights into the sub-surface structure of human remains. The depth resolution of the THz images exceeds the resolution of a conventional CT scan and is comparable with a micro-CT scan. The advantage of THz measurements over micro-CT scans is the fact that even comparatively large samples, like complete bodies, can be scanned. These would not fit into a conventional micro-CT scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Stübling
- Department of Physics and Material Science Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Arno Rehn
- Department of Physics and Material Science Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Siebrecht
- Department of Physics and Material Science Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Bauckhage
- Center for Optical Technologies, Aalen University, Center for Optical Technologies, Anton Huber Strasse 21, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Lena Öhrström
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Eppenberger
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan C Balzer
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Bismarckstraße 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Koch
- Department of Physics and Material Science Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Romell J, Vågberg W, Romell M, Häggman S, Ikram S, Hertz HM. Soft-Tissue Imaging in a Human Mummy: Propagation-based Phase-Contrast CT. Radiology 2018; 289:670-676. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018180945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Romell
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
| | - William Vågberg
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
| | - Mikael Romell
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
| | - Sofia Häggman
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
| | - Salima Ikram
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
| | - Hans M. Hertz
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (J.R., W.V., H.M.H.); Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Varberg, Varberg, Sweden (M.R.); Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden (S.H.); and Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (S.I.)
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Eppenberger PE, Cavka M, Habicht ME, Galassi FM, Rühli F. Radiological findings in ancient Egyptian canopic jars: comparing three standard clinical imaging modalities (x-rays, CT and MRI). Eur Radiol Exp 2018; 2:12. [PMID: 29951641 PMCID: PMC6008346 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-018-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential and the limitations of standard clinical imaging modalities for the examination of ancient Egyptian canopic jars and the mummified visceral organs (putatively) contained within them. Methods A series of four ancient Egyptian canopic jars was imaged comparing the three standard clinical imaging modalities: x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, imaging-data-based volumetric calculations were performed for quantitative assessment of the jar contents. Results The image contrast of the x-ray images was limited by the thickness and high density of the calcite mineral constituting the examined jars. CT scans showed few artefacts and revealed hyperdense structures of organ-specific morphology, surrounded by a hypodense homogeneous material. The image quality of MRI scans was limited by the low amount of water present in the desiccated jar contents. Nevertheless, areas of pronounced signal intensity coincided well with hyperdense structures previously identified on CT scans. CT-based volumetric calculations revealed holding capacities of the jars of 626–1319 cm3 and content volumes of 206–1035 cm3. Conclusions CT is the modality of choice for non-invasive examination of ancient Egyptian canopic jars. However, despite its limitations, x-ray imaging will often remain the only practicable method for on-site investigations. Overall, the presented radiological findings are more compatible with contained small organ fragments rather than entire mummified organs, as originally expected, with consequent implications for envisioned future sampling for chemical and genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Eppenberger
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mislav Cavka
- 2School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael E Habicht
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,3School of Humanities and Creative Art (Department of Archaeology), Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Francesco M Galassi
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Rühli
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mittleman DM. Twenty years of terahertz imaging [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:9417-9431. [PMID: 29715894 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.009417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The birth of terahertz imaging approximately coincides with the birth of the journal Optics Express. The 20th anniversary of the journal is therefore an opportune moment to consider the state of progress in the field of terahertz imaging. This article discusses some of the compelling reasons that one may wish to form images in the THz range, in order to provide a perspective of how far the field has come since the early demonstrations of the mid-1990's. It then focuses on a few of the more prominent frontiers of current research, highlighting their impacts on both fundamental science and applications.
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7
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Beckett RG. Digital data recording and interpretational standards in mummy science. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2017; 19:135-141. [PMID: 29198395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Beginning during the late19th century, paleoimaging has played an ever-expanding role in mummy science. Increasingly during the 21st century, digital radiographic data collected through imaging efforts have become significant. The rapid influx of imaging data raises questions regarding standardized approaches to both acquisition and interpretation. Reports using digital data presented without contextual considerations commonly lead to interpretational errors. Digital data recording and interpretation require rigorous methodology and standards in order to achieve reproducibility, accuracy and minimization of inter- and intra-observer error. Researchers applying paleoimaging methods in bioarchaeological research must understand the significant limitations inherent in data collection and interpretation from various digital data recording methods. Currently, vast amounts of digital data are being archived, allowing greater potential for hypothesis-based research and informed diagnosis by consensus. Digital databases hold great potential in preparing both radiologists and bioarchaeologists in the appropriate application and interpretation of digital data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Beckett
- Bioanthropology Research Institute West, Quinnipiac University, 530 Quail Run Court, Del Rey Oaks, CA 93940, USA.
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8
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Wanek J, Rühli FJ. Risk to fragmented DNA in dry, wet, and frozen states from computed tomography: a comparative theoretical study. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:229-241. [PMID: 26883247 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography represents the gold standard in forensic and palaeopathological diagnosis. However, the X-rays used may affect the DNA quality through fragmentation and loss of genetic information. Previous work showed that the effects of ionizing radiation on dry DNA are non-significant with P < 10(-8), which cannot be detected by means of polymerase chain reaction methods. In the present paper, complete analytical model that characterizes radiation effects on fragmented DNA in dry, wet, and frozen states is described. Simulation of radiation tracks in water phantom cells was performed using the Geant4-DNA toolkit. Cell hits by electrons with energies between 5 and 20 keV were simulated, and the formation of radiolytic products was assessed at a temperature of 298 K. The diffusion coefficient and the mean square displacement of reactive species were calculated by Stokes-Einstein-Smoluchowski relations at 273 K. Finally, DNA fragment damage was estimated using the density distribution of fragments calculated from atomic force microscopy images. The lowest probability of radiation-induced DNA damage was observed for dry state, with a range from 2.5 × 10(-9) to 7.8 × 10(-12) at 298 K, followed by that for frozen state, with a range from 0.9 to 4 × 10(-7) at 273 K. The highest probability of radiation-induced DNA damage was demonstrated for fragmented DNA in wet state with a range from 2 to 9 × 10(-7) at 298 K. These results significantly improve the interpretation of CT imaging in future studies in forensic and palaeopathological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Wanek
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Jakobus Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rühli FJ, Galassi FM, Haeusler M. Palaeopathology: Current challenges and medical impact. Clin Anat 2016; 29:816-22. [PMID: 26940256 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Palaeopathology is the science which studies ancient human diseases. Throughout its relatively young history it underwent tremendous technological and methodological improvements (from pure morphology and histology to CT scanning) that have constantly reshaped its scientific rationale. Among other achievements, the study of mummies and fossilized hominids has allowed to effectively extract ancient DNA, prove the existence of atherosclerosis in ancient times, demonstrate the presence of disease vectors, better clarify the etiology of infectious diseases otherwise only postulated on the basis of ancient accounts as well as to show the presence of spine pathology in our hominid ancestors. The research levels in this discipline are three: basic research, individual cases, population. The first and the third levels contribute most to the discipline, while the second is the one more appealing to the general public on account of its description of important cases reports. In addition, a recently introduced sub-specialty of palaeopathology, pathography is aiming to use an interdisciplinary approach to find traces of diseases in ancient literary sources and artistic representations. In spite of its discoveries, palaeopathology is not always viewed positively by clinicians because certain old-fashioned techniques are still due to technical restrictions. The authors provide a set of suggestions on how to strengthen the scientific recognition of this subject and explain at length how it could contribute to the progress of medical research. Clin. Anat. 29:816-822, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco M Galassi
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Haeusler
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
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Moissidou D, Day J, Shin DH, Bianucci R. Invasive versus Non Invasive Methods Applied to Mummy Research: Will This Controversy Ever Be Solved? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:192829. [PMID: 26345295 PMCID: PMC4543116 DOI: 10.1155/2015/192829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the application of non invasive techniques to mummified remains have shed new light on past diseases. The virtual inspection of a corpse, which has almost completely replaced classical autopsy, has proven to be important especially when dealing with valuable museum specimens. In spite of some very rewarding results, there are still many open questions. Non invasive techniques provide information on hard and soft tissue pathologies and allow information to be gleaned concerning mummification practices (e.g., ancient Egyptian artificial mummification). Nevertheless, there are other fields of mummy studies in which the results provided by non invasive techniques are not always self-explanatory. Reliance exclusively upon virtual diagnoses can sometimes lead to inconclusive and misleading interpretations. On the other hand, several types of investigation (e.g., histology, paleomicrobiology, and biochemistry), although minimally invasive, require direct contact with the bodies and, for this reason, are often avoided, particularly by museum curators. Here we present an overview of the non invasive and invasive techniques currently used in mummy studies and propose an approach that might solve these conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Moissidou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Jasmine Day
- The Ancient Egypt Society of Western Australia Inc., P.O. Box 103, Ballajura, WA 6066, Australia
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Raffaella Bianucci
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Turin, Corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Faculté de Médecine-Nord, Aix-Marseille Université, 15 boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
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Terahertz Imaging Modalities of Ancient Egyptian Mummified Objects and of a Naturally Mummified Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1135-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zak A, Andersson MA, Bauer M, Matukas J, Lisauskas A, Roskos HG, Stake J. Antenna-integrated 0.6 THz FET direct detectors based on CVD graphene. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5834-5838. [PMID: 25203787 DOI: 10.1021/nl5027309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present terahertz (THz) detectors based on top-gated graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) with integrated split bow-tie antennas. The GFETs were fabricated using graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The THz detectors are capable of room-temperature rectification of a 0.6 THz signal and achieve a maximum optical responsivity better than 14 V/W and minimum optical noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 515 pW/Hz(0.5). Our results are a significant improvement over previous work on graphene direct detectors and are comparable to other established direct detector technologies. This is the first time room-temperature direct detection has been demonstrated using CVD graphene, which introduces the potential for scalable, wafer-level production of graphene detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Zak
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Skryl AS, Jackson JB, Bakunov MI, Menu M, Mourou GA. Terahertz time-domain imaging of hidden defects in wooden artworks: application to a Russian icon painting. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:1033-1038. [PMID: 24663298 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We use terahertz time-domain imaging and time-of-flight tomography to examine subsurface defects in an early-19th-century Russian icon painting. In the transmission geometry, we distinguish between native wood and higher-absorption knotted wood. In reflection, we identify a void in the wood filled with foreign filler material. By using time-of-flight tomographic analysis, we ascertain the depth of burial of the defects. This information helps us to identify the cause of surface faults in the painting, thus allowing the conservators to choose an adequate restoration strategy.
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Wanek J, Speller R, Rühli FJ. Direct action of radiation on mummified cells: modeling of computed tomography by Monte Carlo algorithms. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:397-410. [PMID: 23616199 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray imaging is a nondestructive and preferred method in paleopathology to reconstruct the history of ancient diseases. Sophisticated imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) have become common for the investigation of skeletal disorders in human remains. Researchers have investigated the impact of ionizing radiation on living cells, but never on ancient cells in dry tissue. The effects of CT exposure on ancient cells have not been examined in the past and may be important for subsequent genetic analysis. To remedy this shortcoming, we developed different Monte Carlo models to simulate X-ray irradiation on ancient cells. Effects of mummification were considered by using two sizes of cells and three different phantom tissues, which enclosed the investigated cell cluster. This cluster was positioned at the isocenter of a CT scanner model, where the cell hit probabilities P(0,1,…, n) were calculated according to the Poisson distribution. To study the impact of the dominant physics process, CT scans for X-ray spectra of 80 and 120 kVp were simulated. Comparison between normal and dry tissue phantoms revealed that the probability of unaffected cells increased by 21 % following cell shrinkage for 80 kVp, while for 120 kVp, a further increase of unaffected cells of 23 % was observed. Consequently, cell shrinkage caused by dehydration decreased the impact of X-ray radiation on mummified cells significantly. Moreover, backscattered electrons in cortical bone protected deeper-lying ancient cells from radiation damage at 80 kVp X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Wanek
- Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Čavka M, Petaros A, Boščić D, Kavur L, Janković I, Despot R, Trajković J, Brkljačić B. Scenes from the Past: CT-guided Endoscopic Recovery of a Foreign Object from the Cranial Cavity of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy. Radiographics 2012; 32:2151-7. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.327115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bessou M, Chassagne B, Caumes JP, Pradère C, Maire P, Tondusson M, Abraham E. Three-dimensional terahertz computed tomography of human bones. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:6738-44. [PMID: 23033089 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.006738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional terahertz computed tomography has been used to investigate dried human bones such as a lumbar vertebra, a coxal bone, and a skull, with a direct comparison with standard radiography. In spite of lower spatial resolution compared with x-ray, terahertz imaging clearly discerns a compact bone from a spongy one, with strong terahertz absorption as shown by additional terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryelle Bessou
- PACEA, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199, F-33405 Talence, France
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Abstract
A monochromatic continuous millimeter-wave imaging system coupled with an infrared temperature sensor has been used to investigate artistic objects such as painting artworks or antiquities preserved at the museum of Aquitaine. Especially, 2D and 3D analyses have been performed in order to reveal the internal structure of a nearly 3500-year-old sealed Egyptian jar.
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Caumes JP, Younus A, Salort S, Chassagne B, Recur B, Ziéglé A, Dautant A, Abraham E. Terahertz tomographic imaging of XVIIIth Dynasty Egyptian sealed pottery. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:3604-3608. [PMID: 21743572 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A monochromatic millimeter-wave imaging system coupled with an infrared temperature sensor has been used to investigate historic objects preserved at the Museum of Aquitaine (France). In particular, two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses have been performed in order to reveal the internal structure of nearly 3500-year-old sealed Egyptian jars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Caumes
- ALPhANOV, Centre Technologique Optique et Lasers, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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Medical Imaging: The New Rosetta Stone. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:440-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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