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Harripershad M, Theye CEG, Ridel AF, Liebenberg L. Cranial fluctuating asymmetry and its relationship with non-specific physiological stress indicators in a contemporary South African cadaveric skeletal sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2024; 46:50-61. [PMID: 39079279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological anthropologists frequently explore skeletal asymmetry, together with population health and disease. Given the conflicting findings in existing literature, this study aimed to clarify whether an association exists in a South African sample. MATERIALS Dry bone and cranial micro-focus X-ray Computed Tomography (micro-XCT) scans of 115 South African individuals were assessed. METHODS Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) indices were calculated from interlandmark distances, and the frequency of four types of non-specific signs of physiological stress were documented to explore the relationship between FA and disease. RESULTS Black South Africans did not exhibit a high FA index; however, they had the highest prevalence of non-specific signs of physiological stress. However, no significant correlations were detected between FA indices and pathological lesions. CONCLUSION No correlation was observed between FA and populations from different socio-economic backgrounds. However, individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES) demonstrated a greater prevalence of non-specific signs of physiological stress. SIGNIFICANCE This research suggests that skeletal indicators of stress may be a suitable biological marker for assessing differences in SES among population groups, while indicating that levels of cranial FA is an inadequate biological marker. LIMITATIONS Possible limitations may include measurement error, and the lack of information on the life history and medical records of individuals in this sample. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Future research should include a larger sample with more South African groups, and should evaluate the potential association among age, FA, and expression of skeletal markers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harripershad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - C E G Theye
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - A F Ridel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - L Liebenberg
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
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Tan DW, Gilani SZ, Boutrus M, Alvares GA, Whitehouse AJO, Mian A, Suter D, Maybery MT. Facial asymmetry in parents of children on the autism spectrum. Autism Res 2021; 14:2260-2269. [PMID: 34529361 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Greater facial asymmetry has been consistently found in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to children without ASD. There is substantial evidence that both facial structure and the recurrence of ASD diagnosis are highly heritable within a nuclear family. Furthermore, sub-clinical levels of autistic-like behavioural characteristics have also been reported in first-degree relatives of individuals with ASD, commonly known as the 'broad autism phenotype'. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether a broad autism phenotype expresses as facial asymmetry among 192 biological parents of autistic individuals (134 mothers) compared to those of 163 age-matched adults without a family history of ASD (113 females). Using dense surface-modelling techniques on three dimensional facial images, we found evidence for greater facial asymmetry in parents of autistic individuals compared to age-matched adults in the comparison group (p = 0.046, d = 0.21 [0.002, 0.42]). Considering previous findings and the current results, we conclude that facial asymmetry expressed in the facial morphology of autistic children may be related to heritability factors. LAY ABSTRACT: In a previous study, we showed that autistic children presented with greater facial asymmetry than non-autistic children. In the current study, we examined the amount of facial asymmetry shown on three-dimensional facial images of 192 parents of autistic children compared to a control group consisting of 163 similarly aged adults with no known history of autism. Although parents did show greater levels of facial asymmetry than those in the control group, this effect is statistically small. We concluded that the facial asymmetry previously found in autistic children may be related to genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Weiting Tan
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Syed Zulqarnain Gilani
- School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maryam Boutrus
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gail A Alvares
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ajmal Mian
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Suter
- School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Núñez C, Theofanopoulou C, Senior C, Cambra MR, Usall J, Stephan-Otto C, Brébion G. A large-scale study on the effects of sex on gray matter asymmetry. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:183-193. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Quinto-Sánchez M, Cintas C, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Ramallo V, Acuña-Alonzo V, Adhikari K, Castillo L, Gomez-Valdés J, Everardo P, De Avila F, Hünemeier T, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Fuentes M, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Rosique J, Ruiz-Linares A, González-José R. Socioeconomic Status Is Not Related with Facial Fluctuating Asymmetry: Evidence from Latin-American Populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169287. [PMID: 28060876 PMCID: PMC5218465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of facial asymmetries has been recurrently related with poverty and/or disadvantaged socioeconomic status. Departing from the developmental instability theory, previous approaches attempted to test the statistical relationship between the stress experienced by individuals grown in poor conditions and an increase in facial and corporal asymmetry. Here we aim to further evaluate such hypothesis on a large sample of admixed Latin Americans individuals by exploring if low socioeconomic status individuals tend to exhibit greater facial fluctuating asymmetry values. To do so, we implement Procrustes analysis of variance and Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) to estimate potential associations between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and socioeconomic status. We report significant relationships between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and age, sex, and genetic ancestry, while socioeconomic status failed to exhibit any strong statistical relationship with facial asymmetry. These results are persistent after the effect of heterozygosity (a proxy for genetic ancestry) is controlled in the model. Our results indicate that, at least on the studied sample, there is no relationship between socioeconomic stress (as intended as low socioeconomic status) and facial asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Celia Cintas
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Caio Cesar Silva de Cerqueira
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Superintendência da Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo. Equipe de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Jorge Gomez-Valdés
- Posgrado en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola Everardo
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco De Avila
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo
| | | | | | - Macarena Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Técnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Giovani Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rolando González-José
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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Danel DP, Dziedzic-Danel A, Kleisner K. Does age difference really matter? Facial markers of biological quality and age difference between husband and wife. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:337-47. [PMID: 27238548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Information conveyed by facial attractiveness markers such as averageness, bilateral symmetry, and secondary sexual characteristics may play an important adaptive role in human sexual selection. Nonetheless, mate choice also relies on other non-physical characteristics such as, for instance, an individual's age. Women prefer and enter in relationships with older partners, whereas in men the inverse relation is observed. Surprisingly, the link between facial morphological markers of biological quality on the one hand and age disparity between partners on the other hand has been as yet subject of very little research. This study aims to fill this gap. We had used facial photographs and demographic data of heterosexual marriages. Facial cues of biological quality, such as averageness, bilateral symmetry, and sexual dimorphism, were digitally measured using geometric morphometric methods and then associated with spouses' age difference. It turned out that a greater age disparity between spouses correlates, in both partners, with higher scores in facial measures which indicate partners' biological quality. One exception is female facial masculinity - generally regarded as an unattractive marker of a low biological quality - which, too, is associated with higher spouse age disparity. In general, our results show that facial symmetry, averageness, and secondary sexual characteristics may play a role in age-dependent mate choice. We suggest that in marriages where the wife is considerably younger than the husband, wife's greater facial masculinity may increase her perceived age and with it, her perceived maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Danel
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Podwale 75, 50-449 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - A Dziedzic-Danel
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Waxenbaum EB, Sirak KA. Developmental patterns of bilateral asymmetry in ancestral puebloans. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:421-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin B. Waxenbaum
- Department of Anthropology; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Kendra A. Sirak
- Department of Anthropology; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30322
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Quinto-Sánchez M, Adhikari K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Cintas C, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Ramallo V, Castillo L, Farrera A, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Fuentes M, Everardo P, de Avila F, Gomez-Valdés J, Hünemeier T, Gibbon S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Rosique J, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A, González-José R. Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in Latin American admixed populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:58-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Celia Cintas
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | | | | | - Lucia Castillo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Arodi Farrera
- Posgrado en Antropología; Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; UNAM; México City Mexico
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Williams Arias
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Macarena Fuentes
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Paola Everardo
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Francisco de Avila
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | | | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Shara Gibbon
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; London UK
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud; Facultad de Química; UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
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Farrera A, Villanueva M, Quinto-Sánchez M, González-José R. The relationship between facial shape asymmetry and attractiveness in Mexican students. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:387-96. [PMID: 25400276 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been postulated that symmetric faces are considered more attractive than asymmetric ones because symmetry may signal high quality due to developmental stability. However, other studies showed that both symmetric and slightly asymmetric faces are considered attractive. Here we aim to explore this discrepancy, beginning with the analysis of the normal prevalence of facial symmetry in a population as a necessary first step prior to any attractiveness assessment. METHODS We collected facial landmarks from two-dimensional digital images of a sample of Mexican individuals (280 females and 285 males aged 18-68 years) that were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Then, we chose a subsample of 100 photographs (50 females and 50 males aged 18-27 years) selected to represent a broad range of asymmetrical variation, in order to evaluate attractiveness using a sex-opposite test. Finally, we analyzed the linear correlation between attractiveness and asymmetry. RESULTS We found that every evaluated subject presents some degree of facial asymmetry, and that both fluctuating asymmetry and directional asymmetry were significant (P < 0.0001) components of total facial asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry was slightly associated with age (r = 0.0858, P = 0.0414) and there were no differences between geographical regions (P = 0.413). Attractiveness was not correlated to levels of asymmetry in either sex (males: P = 0.0973; females P = 0.7415). CONCLUSIONS Asymmetry was a prevalent feature in the present sample, and preferences for symmetric faces were not operating in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arodi Farrera
- Departamento de Antropología Física, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México
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Vingilis-Jaremko L, Maurer D. The influence of symmetry on children's judgments of facial attractiveness. Perception 2013; 42:302-20. [PMID: 23837207 DOI: 10.1068/p7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In experiment 1, we examined developmental changes in the influence of symmetry on judgments of attractiveness by showing adults and children pairs of individual faces in which one face was transformed 75% toward perfect symmetry, while the other face was transformed by exaggerating its asymmetries by 75%. Adults and 9-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, rated the more symmetric faces as more attractive than the less symmetric faces, although the effect was stronger in adults than 9-year-olds. The preference for symmetry was stronger for male than female faces, and stronger for adults' than children's faces. In experiment 2, comparisons of the symmetry of the original male and female faces revealed no measured differences but lower ratings by adults of symmetry in the male faces. Overall, the results suggest that the influence of symmetry on attractiveness judgments emerges after the age of 5 years, and matures after the age of 9 years. The stronger effects for adult viewers may reflect an increase in sensitivity to symmetry as experience with faces increases and/or as the visual system matures. As well, attractiveness may become more salient after puberty, so that honest signals of mate quality, such as symmetry, have a stronger effect for adult viewers, especially when judging adult faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vingilis-Jaremko
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main StreetWest, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Bigoni L, Krajíček V, Sládek V, Velemínský P, Velemínská J. Skull shape asymmetry and the socioeconomic structure of an early medieval central european society. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:349-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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