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Rowbotham SK, Mole CG, Tieppo D, Blaszkowska M, Cordner SM, Blau S. Average thickness of the bones of the human neurocranium: development of reference measurements to assist with blunt force trauma interpretations. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:195-213. [PMID: 35486199 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The accurate interpretation of a blunt force head injury relies on an understanding of the case circumstances (extrinsic variables) and anatomical details of the individual (intrinsic variables). Whilst it is often possible to account for many of these variables, the intrinsic variable of neurocranial thickness is difficult to account for as data for what constitutes 'normal' thickness is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age, sex and ancestry on neurocranial thickness, and develop reference ranges for average neurocranial thickness in the context of those biological variables. Thickness (mm) was measured at 20 points across the frontal, left and right parietals, left and right temporals and occipital bones. Measurements were taken from post-mortem computed tomography scans of 604 individuals. Inferential statistics assessed how age, sex and ancestry affected thickness and descriptive statistics established thickness means. Mean thickness ranged from 2.11 mm (temporal squama) to 19.19 mm (petrous portion). Significant differences were noted in thickness of the frontal and temporal bones when age was considered, all bones when sex was considered and the, right parietal, left and right temporal and occipital bones when ancestry was considered. Furthermore, significant interactions in thickness were seen between age and sex in the frontal bone, ancestry and age in the temporal bone, ancestry and sex in the temporal bone, and age, sex and ancestry in the occipital bone. Given the assorted influence of the biological variables, reference measurement ranges for average thickness incorporated these variables. Such reference measurements allow forensic practitioners to identify when a neurocranial bone is of normal, or abnormal, thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Rowbotham
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia. .,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.
| | - Calvin G Mole
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Diana Tieppo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
| | - Magda Blaszkowska
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen M Cordner
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
| | - Soren Blau
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
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2
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Cruz-Priego GA, Guagnelli MA, Miranda-Lora AL, Lopez-Gonzalez D, Clark P. Bone Age Reading by DXA Images should not Replace Bone Age Reading by X-ray Images. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:456-463. [PMID: 36109296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
X-ray image of the hand is the most used technique to estimate bone age in children. For the analysis of bone mineral density using DXA in children, bone age may help to adjust such measurement in some cases. During image acquisition in DXA, an anteroposterior image of the hand may be acquired and used to evaluate bone age but few studies have evaluated the agreement between conventional X-ray and DXA images. The aim of the study was to determine bone age estimation agreement between conventional X-ray images and DXA in children and adolescents aged 5 to 16 years of age. We performed an analytical cross-sectional study of 711 healthy subjects. Subject´s bone age, both in conventional X-ray, and DXA images were read independently by two expert evaluators blinded for chronological age. Intraobserver and inter-observer reproducibility were evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and the agreement between bone age estimations made by both evaluators was analyzed using ICC and Bland-Altman analysis. General agreement between techniques measured through ICC was 0.99 with a mean difference of 6 months between techniques being older the ages obtained by DXA. The agreement limits were around ±2 years, which means that 95% of all differences between techniques were covered within this range. We found a high level of ICC agreement in bone age readings from X-ray and DXA images although we observed overestimation of bone age measurements in DXA. Differences between techniques were greater in women than in men, especially at the ages corresponding to puberty. Bone age measurement in DXA images appears not to be reliable; hence it should be suggested to perform conventional radiography of the hand to assess bone age taking into account that X-ray images have better resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda-Adriana Cruz-Priego
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel-Angel Guagnelli
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Desiree Lopez-Gonzalez
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Clark
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aging leads to decline in bone mass and quality starting at age 30 in humans. All mammals undergo a basal age-dependent decline in bone mass. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and changes in bone microarchitecture that increases the risk of fracture. About a third of men over the age of 50 years are osteoporotic because they have higher than basal bone loss. In women, there is an additional acute decrement in bone mass, atop the basal rate, associated with loss of ovarian function (menopause) causing osteoporosis in about half of the women. Both genetics and environmental factors such as smoking, chronic infections, diet, microbiome, and metabolic disease can modulate basal age-dependent bone loss and eventual osteoporosis. Here, we review recent studies on the etiology of age-dependent decline in bone mass and propose a mechanism that integrates both genetic and environmental factors. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings support that aging and menopause dysregulate the immune system leading to sterile low-grade inflammation. Both animal models and human studies demonstrate that certain kinds of inflammation, in both men and women, mediate bone loss. Senolytics, meant to block a wide array of age-induced effects by preventing cellular senescence, have been shown to improve bone mass in aged mice. Based on a synthesis of the recent data, we propose that aging activates long-lived tissue resident memory T-cells to become senescent and proinflammatory, leading to bone loss. Targeting this population may represent a promising osteoporosis therapy. Emerging data indicates that there are several mechanisms that lead to sterile low-grade chronic inflammation, inflammaging, that cause age- and estrogen-loss dependent osteoporosis in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., DRC605, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Deborah Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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4
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Bigelow EM, Goulet RW, Ciarelli A, Schlecht SH, Kohn DH, Bredbenner TL, Harlow SD, Karvonen‐Gutierrez CA, Jepsen KJ. Sex and External Size Specific Limitations in Assessing Bone Health From Adult Hand Radiographs. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10653. [PMID: 35991534 PMCID: PMC9382868 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological parameters measured for the second metacarpal from hand radiographs are used clinically for assessing bone health during growth and aging. Understanding how these morphological parameters relate to metacarpal strength and strength at other anatomical sites is critical for providing informed decision-making regarding treatment strategies and effectiveness. The goals of this study were to evaluate the extent to which 11 morphological parameters, nine of which were measured from hand radiographs, relate to experimentally measured whole-bone strength assessed at multiple anatomical sites and to test whether these associations differed between men and women. Bone morphology and strength were assessed for the second and third metacarpals, radial diaphysis, femoral diaphysis, and proximal femur for 28 white male donors (18-89 years old) and 35 white female donors (36-89+ years old). The only morphological parameter to show a significant correlation with strength without a sex-specific effect was cortical area. Dimensionless morphological parameters derived from hand radiographs correlated significantly with strength for females, but few did for males. Males and females showed a significant association between the circularity of the metacarpal cross-section and the outer width measured in the mediolateral direction. This cross-sectional shape variation contributed to systematic bias in estimating strength using cortical area and assuming a circular cross-section. This was confirmed by the observation that use of elliptical formulas reduced the systematic bias associated with using circular approximations for morphology. Thus, cortical area was the best predictor of strength without a sex-specific difference in the correlation but was not without limitations owing to out-of-plane shape variations. The dependence of cross-sectional shape on the outer bone width measured from a hand radiograph may provide a way to further improve bone health assessments and informed decision making for optimizing strength-building and fracture-prevention treatment strategies. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M.R. Bigelow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Robert W. Goulet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Antonio Ciarelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Stephen H. Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - David H. Kohn
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Biological and Materials Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Todd L. Bredbenner
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Sioban D. Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Karl J. Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Ontogenetic Patterning of Human Subchondral Bone Microarchitecture in the Proximal Tibia. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071002. [PMID: 36101383 PMCID: PMC9312028 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution computed tomography images were acquired for 31 proximal human tibiae, age 8 to 37.5 years, from Norris Farms #36 cemetery site (A.D. 1300). Morphometric analysis of subchondral cortical and trabecular bone architecture was performed between and within the tibial condyles. Kruskal−Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to examine the association between region, age, body mass, and each morphometric parameter. The findings indicate that age-related changes in mechanical loading have varied effects on subchondral bone morphology. With age, trabecular microstructure increased in bone volume fraction (p = 0.033) and degree of anisotropy (p = 0.012), and decreased in connectivity density (p = 0.001). In the subchondral cortical plate, there was an increase in thickness (p < 0.001). When comparing condylar regions, only degree of anisotropy differed (p = 0.004) between the medial and lateral condyles. Trabeculae in the medial condyle were more anisotropic than in the lateral region. This research represents an innovative approach to quantifying both cortical and trabecular subchondral bone microarchitecture in archaeological remains.
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Navarro-Pardo E, Suay F, Murphy M. Ageing: Not only an age-related issue. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111568. [PMID: 34536447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the last century have led to an unprecedented increase in life expectancy. These changes open opportunities for humans to grow and develop in healthy and adaptive ways, adding life to years as well as years to life. There are also challenges, however - as we live longer, a greater number of people will experience chronic illness and disability, often linked to lifestyle factors. The current paper advances an argument that there are fundamental biological sex differences which, sometimes directly and sometime mediated by lifestyle factors, underpin the marked differences in morbidity and mortality that we find between the sexes. Furthermore, we argue that it is necessary to consider sex as a key factor in research on healthy ageing, allowing for the possibility that different patterns exist between males and females, and that therefore different approaches and interventions are required to optimise healthy ageing in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Navarro-Pardo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46008, València, Spain
| | - Ferran Suay
- Department of Biopsychology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46008, València, Spain
| | - Mike Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, Ireland.
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7
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Choi Y, Pilton J, Foo T, Malik R, Haase B. Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:401-410. [PMID: 34488232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to create a feline reference database for the length, width and slenderness (length to width ratio) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius and tibia. STUDY DESIGN Radiographs of the radius, tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus were performed in domestic short hair cat cadavers (n = 40). Length and width of the aforementioned bones were measured in mature domestic shorthair cats and bone slenderness (length/width) and index ratios calculated. RESULTS A significant skeletal sex dimorphism exists in cats, with bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius and tibia generally longer and wider in male cats compared with female cats, with differences frequently significant. The most significant difference was identified for the width of Mc5 (p = 0.0008) and the length and width of Mt5 (p = 0.0005). Index ratios for length and width of radius to metacarpal bones, and tibia to metatarsal bones, were not significantly different between male and female cats, except for Mc5. The index ratio for Mc5 was significantly higher in male cats (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The present study provides insights into the normal length and width of distal forelimb and hind limb bones as well as bone index ratios in mature domestic shorthair cats. Using this information, it is now possible to quantitatively assess the relationship between these bones in domestic cats using radiography. This will assist not only with the diagnosis and categorization of skeletal abnormalities but can also guide surgical interventions of metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsir Choi
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna Pilton
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Foo
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Sherwood RJ, Oh HS, Valiathan M, McNulty KP, Duren DL, Knigge RP, Hardin AM, Holzhauser CL, Middleton KM. Bayesian approach to longitudinal craniofacial growth: The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:991-1019. [PMID: 33015973 PMCID: PMC8577187 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early in the 20th century, a series of studies were initiated across North America to investigate and characterize childhood growth. The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study (CGCS) combines craniofacial records from six of those growth studies (15,407 lateral cephalograms from 1,913 individuals; 956 females, 957 males, primarily European descent). Standard cephalometric points collected from the six studies in the CGCS allows direct comparison of craniofacial growth patterns across six North American locations. Three assessors collected all cephalometric points and the coordinates were averaged for each point. Twelve measures were calculated from the averaged coordinates. We implemented a multilevel double logistic equation to estimate growth trajectories fitting each trait separately by sex. Using Bayesian inference, we fit three models for each trait with different random effects structures to compare differences in growth patterns among studies. The models successfully identified important growth milestones (e.g., age at peak growth velocity, age at cessation of growth) for most traits. In a small number of cases, these milestones could not be determined due to truncated age ranges for some studies and slow, steady growth in some measurements. Results demonstrate great similarity among the six growth studies regarding craniofacial growth milestone estimates and the overall shape of the growth curve. These similarities suggest minor variation among studies resulting from differences in protocol, sample, or possible geographic variation. The analyses presented support combining the studies into the CGCS without substantial concerns of bias. The CGCS, therefore, provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine craniofacial growth from childhood into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Sherwood
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hee Soo Oh
- Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California
| | - Manish Valiathan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kieran P. McNulty
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dana L. Duren
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan P. Knigge
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Anna M. Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christina L. Holzhauser
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kevin M. Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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9
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Ahmed AA. Estimation of stature from lower limb anthropometry: new formulae derived from contemporary Arabian males. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1846785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Osipov B, Alaica AK, Pickard C, Garcia‐Donas JG, Márquez‐Grant N, Kranioti EF. The effect of diet and sociopolitical change on physiological stress and behavior in late
Roman‐Early
Byzantine (300–700
AD
) and Islamic (902–1,235
AD
) populations from Ibiza, Spain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:189-213. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Osipov
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California USA
| | - Aleksa K Alaica
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- School of History, Classics and ArchaeologyUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Catriona Pickard
- School of History, Classics and ArchaeologyUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Julieta G Garcia‐Donas
- School of Science and Engineering, Center for Anatomy and Human IdentificationUniversity of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Nicholas Márquez‐Grant
- Cranfield Forensic InstituteCranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom UK
| | - Elena F. Kranioti
- School of History, Classics and ArchaeologyUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Crete Crete Greece
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11
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Adel R, Ahmed HM, Hassan OA, Abdelgawad EA. Is cranial multi-detector computed tomography imaging valuable for stature estimation in Egyptian population? EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objectives
Stature estimation is an initial and essential component of any medico-legal investigations. However, it becomes more challenging when only skull remains are available. So, the goal of this study is to assess stature estimation using cranial multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) images in a sample of the Egyptian population.
Methods
This clinical study was conducted on 150 Egyptian subjects underwent cranium MDCT with age ranged from 21 to 60 years. The measurements used were maximum cranial breadth, minimum frontal breadth, upper facial breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbital height, orbital breadth, parietal chord, bimastoidale, maximum cranial length, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, and basion-prosthion length.
Results
The results revealed that stature and craniofacial measurements of males were significantly higher than those of females, all measurements were significantly positively correlated with stature in pooled cases, but the correlation coefficient differs in separate sex. Simple linear regression for stature estimation showed that the least standard error of estimate (SEE) values for the regression equations obtained when using bizygomatic breadth in pooled cases (7.9 cm) and in males only (5.7 cm), while in females using parietal chord had the least SEE (6.8 cm). Using multiple and stepwise regression analysis reported lower SEE values than simple linear regression analysis.
Conclusion
On the basis of this study, it is concluded that the cranial measurements obtained from MDCT images have limited utility in stature estimation among Egyptians, but could be used as an alternative method in cases where the best predictors, such as long bones, are not available.
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12
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Beresheim AC, Pfeiffer S, Grynpas M. Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs. J Anat 2019; 236:448-462. [PMID: 31729033 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable variation in the gross morphology and tissue properties among the bones of human infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Using 18 known-age individuals (nfemale = 8, nmale = 9, nunknown = 1; birth to 21 years old), from a well-documented cemetery collection, Spitalfields Christ Church, London, UK, this study explores growth-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. Micro-CT scans of mid-shaft middle thoracic ribs are used for quantitative analysis. Results are then compared to previously quantified conventional histomorphometry of the same sample. Total area (Tt.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and the major (Maj.Dm) and minor (Min.Dm) diameters of the rib demonstrate positive correlations with age. Pore density (Po.Dn) increases, but age-related changes to cortical porosity (Ct.Po) appear to be non-linear. Trabecular thickness (Tb.th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increase with age, whereas trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), structural model index (SMI), and connectivity density (Conn.D) decrease with age. Sex-based differences were not identified for any of the variables included in this study. Some samples display clear evidence of diagenetic alteration without corresponding changes in radiopacity, which compromises the reliability of bone mineral density (BMD) data in the study of past populations. Cortical porosity data are not correlated with two-dimensional measures of osteon population density (OPD). This suggests that unfilled resorption spaces contribute more significantly to cortical porosity than do the Haversian canals of secondary osteons. Continued research using complementary imaging techniques and a wide array of histological variables will increase our understanding of age- and sex-specific ontogenetic patterns within and among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beresheim
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Susan Pfeiffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the evidence on the adverse effects of placing dental implants in healthy growing children. STUDY DESIGN A systematic search was conducted in five electronic databases: PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane, EBSCO host, ProQuest. Studies on implants placed in children below the age of 19 years, with loss of tooth either due to trauma or caries were included, whereas, studies on mini implants and implants placed due to congenital absence of teeth were excluded. The articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were analyzed based on the predetermined criteria of success. RESULTS A total of 8 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All the included articles were case reports/series, involving a total of 16 implants (15 maxillary, one mandibular) in 11 adolescents (7 boys and 4 girls). The age of implant placement ranged between ten to 17 years with a mean age of 13.4 years and the follow up period, 4.5 months to 13 years. Pain, paresthesia, mobility or peri-implant radiolucency was not reported in any case report, indicating good integration. Radiographic crestal bone loss, probing depth and implant esthetics were not mentioned. The infraocclusion was not reported in 5 cases (age: 11-17 years, follow up: 4.5 months-two years), however, it was an adverse effect in 6 cases (age: ten-17 years, follow up: three-13 years). CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence to contradict the placement of dental implants in healthy growing children; the only reported adverse event is infraocclusion, the management of which too is discussed. However, as all the data is from case reports, the result should be interpreted with caution. Therefore, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to address this gap in the literature.
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14
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Newman SL, Gowland RL, Caffell AC. North and south: A comprehensive analysis of non‐adult growth and health in the industrial revolution (AD 18th–19th C), England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:104-121. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Newman
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham University Durham United Kingdom
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | | | - Anwen C. Caffell
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham University Durham United Kingdom
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd York United Kingdom
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Hartin SN, Hossain WA, Manzardo AM, Brown S, Fite PJ, Bortolato M, Butler MG. A descriptive study on selected growth parameters and growth hormone receptor gene in healthy young adults from the American Midwest. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:48-53. [PMID: 29459141 PMCID: PMC6064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The first study of growth hormone receptor (GHR) genotypes in healthy young adults in the United States attending a Midwestern university and impact on selected growth parameters. OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of GHR genotypes in a sample of healthy young adults from the United States attending a university in the Midwest and analyze the relationship between GHR genotypes and selected growth parameters. DESIGN Saliva was collected from 459 healthy young adults (237 females, 222 males; age range = 18-25 y) and DNA isolated for genotyping of GHR alleles (fl/fl, fl/d3, or d3/d3). Selected growth parameters were collected and GHR genotype data examined for previously reported associations (e.g., height, weight or bone mass density) or novel findings (e.g., % body water and index finger length). RESULTS We found 219 participants (48%) homozygous for fl/fl, 203 (44%), heterozygous fl/d3 and 37 (8%) homozygous d3/d3. The distribution of GHR genotypes in our participants was consistent with previous reports of non-US populations. Several anthropometric measures differed by sex. The distribution of GHR genotypes did not significantly differ by sex, weight, or other anthropometric measures. However, the fl/d3 genotype was more common among African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS Our study of growth and anthropometric parameters in relationship to GHR genotypes found no association with height, weight, right index finger length, BMI, bone mass density, % body fat or % body water in healthy young adults. We did identify sex differences with increased body fat, decreased bone density, body water and index finger length in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hartin
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Waheeda A Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ann M Manzardo
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shaquanna Brown
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Magan A, Nyati LH, Micklesfield LK, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. Metacarpal Growth During Adolescence in a Longitudinal South African Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1926-1934. [PMID: 28548290 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To monitor the drift of the periosteal and endocortical surfaces during metacarpal growth longitudinally, radiogrammetry was carried out on hand-wrist X-rays of 572 children from the Birth to Twenty Bone Health Cohort annually from ages 9 to 21 years. This is the largest collection of longitudinal X-rays in African children. The second metacarpal bone length, bone width, and medullary width were measured using digital vernier calipers on a total of 4730 X-rays. Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) was used to obtain age at peak metacarpal length velocity (PLV). Bone width and medullary width were modeled using SITAR against both chronological age and age from PLV. In black and white females, tempo and velocity of metacarpal length growth was synchronized. Black males, however, attained PLV 7 months later than white males (p < 0.0001). Compared to white males, black males had a longer second metacarpal (p < 0.05), and greater bone width size (p < 0.02), tempo (p < 0.0009), and velocity (p < 0.0001). Medullary width growth velocity in black participants peaked 2 years prior to attainment of PLV and exceeded that of their white peers (p < 0.0001) in whom it peaked 6 to 12 months post-PLV attainment. Black adolescents therefore had wider bones with relatively thinner cortices and wider medullary cavities than their white peers. Ethnic and sex differences also occurred in the timing of medullary width contraction that accompanied expansion in bone width and cortical thickness. In black males, medullary width contraction commenced approximately 3 years later than in black females, whereas in white males this occurred a year later than in white females. The ethnic and sex differences in bone acquisition reported in this study may differentially affect bone mass in later life. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuyah Magan
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo H Nyati
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John M Pettifor
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, Sakuma A, Ishii N, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Chiba F, Yamaguchi R, Hashimoto M, Hoshioka Y, Iwase H. Stature estimation in a contemporary Japanese population based on clavicular measurements using multidetector computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 275:316.e1-316.e6. [PMID: 28343812 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study was to assess the correlation between stature and clavicular measurements in a contemporary Japanese population using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images, and to establish regression equations for predicting stature. A total of 249 cadavers (131 males, 118 females) underwent postmortem CT scanning and subsequent forensic autopsy between October 2011 and May 2016 in our department. Four clavicular variables (linear distances between the superior margins of the left and right sternal facets to the anterior points of the left and right acromial ends and between the superior margins of the left and right sternal facets to the left and right conoid tubercles) were measured using 3D CT reconstructed images that extracted only bone data. The correlations between stature and each of the clavicular measurements were assessed with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. These clavicular measurements correlated significantly with stature in both sexes. The lowest standard error of estimation value in all, male, and female subjects was 3.62cm (r2=0.836), 3.55cm (r2=0.566), and 3.43cm (r2=0.663), respectively. In conclusion, clavicular measurements obtained from 3D CT images may be useful for stature estimation of Japanese individuals, particularly in cases where better predictors, such as long bones, are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Makino
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hisako Saitoh
- Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Sakuma
- Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Namiko Ishii
- Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Motomura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Rutsuko Yamaguchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Mari Hashimoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yumi Hoshioka
- Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Chiba University Center for Education and Research in Legal Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Ahmed AA. Anthropometric correlations between parts of the upper and lower limb: models for personal identification in a Sudanese population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:257-66. [PMID: 27379609 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of a deceased individual is an essential component of medicolegal practice. However, personal identification based on commingled limbs or parts of limbs, necessary in investigations of mass disasters or some crimes, is a difficult task. Limb measurements have been utilized in the development of biological parameters for personal identification, but the possibility to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs other than hands and feet has not been assessed. The present study proposes an approach to estimate the dimensions of various parts of limbs based on other limb measurements. METHODS The study included 320 Sudanese adults, with equal representation of men and women. Nine limb dimensions were measured (five based on the upper limb, four based on the lower limb), and extensive statistical analysis of the distribution of values was performed. RESULTS The results showed that all of the measured dimensions were sexually dimorphic and that there was a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of various parts of limbs. Regression models (direct and stepwise) were developed to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs based on measurements pertaining to one or more other parts of limbs. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that the dimensions of parts of the upper and lower limb can be estimated from one another. These findings can be used in medicolegal practice and extended to constructive surgery, orthopedics, and prosthesis design for lost limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Ahmed AA, Taha S. Cephalo-facial analysis to estimate stature in a Sudanese population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 20:80-6. [PMID: 27161929 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Medico-legal practitioners are often confronted with dismembered remains from which they need to develop a biological profile to establish identity. Accurate estimation of stature is an initial, crucial component of any meaningful medico-legal evaluation. However, sometimes only cephalo-facial remains are available. The most accurate statistical estimations of biological attributes are based on population-specific standards. Therefore, this study assessed the ability to estimate stature using 15 cephalo-facial measurements in 240 Sudanese adults (120 men, 120 women) aged 18-25years. Stature and cephalo-facial measurements of men were significantly higher than those of women. Most of the measurements were significantly correlated with stature (p<0.05), with better correlations for women than for men. The accuracy of stature estimation using sex-specific simple and stepwise multiple regression equations ranged from ±52.53 to ±60.28mm. This study provides new forensic standards for stature prediction in a Sudanese population. However, the equations should be used with caution in forensic cases when the more reliable body parts (e.g., limbs) are not available for human identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.
| | - Samah Taha
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
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Women Build Long Bones With Less Cortical Mass Relative to Body Size and Bone Size Compared With Men. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2530-9. [PMID: 25690167 PMCID: PMC4488191 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The twofold greater lifetime risk of fracturing a bone for white women compared with white men and black women has been attributed in part to differences in how the skeletal system accumulates bone mass during growth. On average, women build more slender long bones with less cortical area compared with men. Although slender bones are known to have a naturally lower cortical area compared with wider bones, it remains unclear whether the relatively lower cortical area of women is consistent with their increased slenderness or is reduced beyond that expected for the sex-specific differences in bone size and body size. Whether this sexual dimorphism is consistent with ethnic background and is recapitulated in the widely used mouse model also remains unclear. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked (1) do black women build bones with reduced cortical area compared with black men; (2) do white women build bones with reduced cortical area compared with white men; and (3) do female mice build bones with reduced cortical area compared with male mice? METHODS Bone strength and cross-sectional morphology of adult human and mouse bone were calculated from quantitative CT images of the femoral midshaft. The data were tested for normality and regression analyses were used to test for differences in cortical area between men and women after adjusting for body size and bone size by general linear model (GLM). RESULTS Linear regression analysis showed that the femurs of black women had 11% lower cortical area compared with those of black men after adjusting for body size and bone size (women: mean=357.7 mm2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 347.9-367.5 mm2; men: mean=400.1 mm2; 95% CI, 391.5-408.7 mm2; effect size=1.2; p<0.001, GLM). Likewise, the femurs of white women had 12% less cortical area compared with those of white men after adjusting for body size and bone size (women: mean=350.1 mm2; 95% CI, 340.4-359.8 mm2; men: mean=394.3 mm2; 95% CI, 386.5-402.1 mm2; effect size=1.3; p<0.001, GLM). In contrast, female and male femora from recombinant inbred mouse strains showed the opposite trend; femurs from female mice had a 4% larger cortical area compared with those of male mice after adjusting for body size and bone size (female: mean=0.73 mm2; 95% CI, 0.71-0.74 mm2; male: mean=0.70 mm2; 95% CI, 0.68-0.71 mm2; effect size=0.74; p=0.04, GLM). CONCLUSIONS Female femurs are not simply a more slender version of male femurs. Women acquire substantially less mass (cortical area) for their body size and bone size compared with men. Our analysis questions whether mouse long bone is a suitable model to study human sexual dimorphism. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Identifying differences in the way bones are constructed may be clinically important for developing sex-specific diagnostics and treatment strategies to reduce fragility fractures.
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A study of correlations within the dimensions of lower limb parts for personal identification in a Sudanese population. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:541408. [PMID: 25386606 PMCID: PMC4216709 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of an isolated limb or limb parts from different individuals presents a major challenge for medicolegal investigators in establishing identification in cases of wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults because different populations have different sizes and proportions. The measurement of lower limb dimensions showed a high success rate in establishing individual identity in terms of sex and stature in various populations. However, there is a paucity of data concerning the correlation within the lower limb parts. This study aims to assess the existence of relationships within lower limb parts and to develop regression formulae to reconstruct limb parts from one another. The tibial length, bimalleolar breadth, foot length, and foot breadth of 376 right-handed Sudanese adults were measured. The results showed that all variables were significantly larger in males than in females. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found within the lower limb parts. Sex-specific linear equations and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the lower limb parts in the presence of single dimension or multiple dimensions from the same limb. The use of multiple regression equations provided a better reconstruction than simple regression equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Ahmed AA. A study of the anthropometric correlations between upper limb measurements for personal identification in Sudanese population. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 65:489-98. [PMID: 25277498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multiple isolated commingled fleshed limbs or limb parts generates a significant challenge for forensic investigators in wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults in the process of identification. Although upper limb measurements have been used to establish individual identity in terms of sex and stature with high success, there is a scarcity of data concerning the correlations within upper limb parts. Hence, this study aims to assess the relationships within upper limb parts and develop regression formulae to reconstruct the parts from one another. The study participants were 376 Sudanese adults (187 males and 189 females). The results of this study indicated significant sexual dimorphism for all variables. The results indicated a significant correlation within the upper limb parts. Linear and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the upper limb parts in the presence of a single or multiple dimension(s) from the identical limb. Multiple regression equations generated better reconstructions than simple equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Burt LA, Macdonald HM, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Bone microarchitecture and strength of the radius and tibia in a reference population of young adults: an HR-pQCT study. Arch Osteoporos 2014; 9:183. [PMID: 24862979 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-014-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Within a normative youth cohort (16-29 years) bone parameters for males and females remained stable at the radius. At the tibia, a peak was observed for females at 16-19 years, with bone density and strength decreasing by 29 years. PURPOSE To determine if bone microstructural and strength parameters identified by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and finite element analysis (FEA) at the distal radius and tibia, peak within the age range of this youth cohort, and whether the timing of the peaks differ based on sex or skeletal site. METHODS We recruited 251 participants (158 female; 16 to 29 years), grouping them into 5-year age brackets (16-19; 20-24; 25-29 years) assessing microstructural and strength parameters with HR-pQCT and FEA. RESULTS HR-pQCT assessment of males and females (age-matched groups) showed males had higher total area and BMD, trabecular BMD and trabecular number (radius only) cortical thickness and porosity, and failure load, but lower cortical BMD (p < 0.05). Within sex, microstructural and strength parameters remained stable for males, but in females they appeared to peak at 16-19 years at the tibia. Tibia bone strength and trabecular BMD were highest in females 16-19 years (p < 0.05), and tibia cortical porosity was lowest in females 16-19 years (p < 0.001). With the exception of an age-related increase in cortical BMD, all other parameters were stable between 16 and 29 years at the radius for both males and females. We found no peak values for males or females at the radius. At the tibia, a peak was observed for females 16-19 years. CONCLUSION These data provide a population-based assessment of bone microstructural and strength parameters from HR-pQCT and FEA in a youth cohort, showing clear differences in bone quality dependent on sex and skeletal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Burt
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Room HRIC 3C49, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada,
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Marques FA, Lins TC, Lima RM, Fonseca RMC, de França NM, de Oliveira RJ, de Oliveira Cardoso MT, Pereira RW, Pogue R. The exon 3 polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor is a severity-related factor for osteoporosis. Endocrine 2014; 45:487-96. [PMID: 23812803 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the GHR exon 3 fl/d3 polymorphism and body composition traits in Brazilian cohorts of normal post-menarche adolescent girls and in post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis. First, multiplex PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan) were used with 105 DNA samples from the general Brazilian population to validate the SNP rs6873545 as a surrogate marker for the GHR polymorphism. Subsequently, genotyping was carried out to evaluate associations for this polymorphism in 136 post-menarche adolescents and 175 post-menopausal women, who were evaluated for body composition traits such as bone mineral density and fat-free mass. Statistical analysis used an independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test. Significant values were assumed by p < 0.05. Genotyping indicated complete linkage disequilibrium between the GHR polymorphism and the SNP alleles (r(2) = 1.0). Adolescents and healthy post-menopausal women showed no genotype associations for body composition traits or osteoporosis. However, a lower total body bone mineral density was observed in fl/fl post-menopausal women with osteoporosis (p = 0.0004). These results suggest that the SNP rs6873545 can be used as a surrogate for the GHR fl/d3 polymorphism due to linkage disequilibrium in the Brazilian population and that the fl/fl genotype is a severity-related risk factor for osteoporosis, but did not appear to be associated with disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Albuquerque Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil,
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Ruff CB, Garofalo E, Holmes MA. Interpreting skeletal growth in the past from a functional and physiological perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:29-37. [PMID: 23283662 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of juvenile skeletal remains can yield important insights into the health, behavior, and biological relationships of past populations. However, most studies of past skeletal growth have been limited to relatively simple metrics. Considering additional skeletal parameters and taking a broader physiological perspective can provide a more complete assessment of growth patterns and environmental and genetic effects on those patterns. We review here some alternative approaches to ontogenetic studies of archaeological and paleontological skeletal material, including analyses of body size (stature and body mass) and cortical bone structure of long bone diaphyses and the mandibular corpus. Together such analyses can shed new light on both systemic and localized influences on bone growth, and the metabolic and mechanical factors underlying variation in growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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