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Laffranchi Z, Zingale S, Indra L, Coia V, Salazar García DC, Paladin A, Kaeser MA, Delley G, Szidat S, Lösch S, Zink A, Milella M. Geographic origin, ancestry, and death circumstances at the Cornaux/Les Sauges Iron Age bridge, Switzerland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12180. [PMID: 38886480 PMCID: PMC11183204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cornaux/Les Sauges (Switzerland, Late Iron Age) revealed remnants of a wooden bridge, artifacts, and human and animal skeletal remains. The relationship between the collapsed structure and the skeletal material, whether it indicates a potential accident or cultural practices, remains elusive. We evaluate the most plausible scenario for Cornaux based on osteological, taphonomic, isotopic, and paleogenomic analysis of the recovered individuals. The latter amount to at least 20 individuals, mostly adult males. Perimortem lesions include only blunt force traumas. Radiocarbon data fall between the 3rd and 1st c. BCE, although in some cases predating available dendrochronological estimates from the bridge. Isotopic data highlight five to eight nonlocals. No close genetic relatedness links the analyzed skeletons. Paleogenomic results, the first for Iron Age Switzerland, point to a genetic affinity with other Central and Western European Iron Age groups. The type of skeletal lesions supports an accidental event as the more plausible explanation. Radiocarbon data and the demographic structure of the sample may suggest a sequence of different events possibly including executions and/or sacrifices. Isotopic and paleogenomic data, while not favoring one scenario over the other, do support earlier interpretations of the last centuries BCE in Europe as a dynamic period from a biocultural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Laffranchi
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lara Indra
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Coia
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Domingo C Salazar García
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alice Paladin
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Ludwig. Maximilians- Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Moreno-Ibáñez MÁ, Saladié P, Ramírez-Pedraza I, Díez-Canseco C, Fernández-Marchena JL, Soriano E, Carbonell E, Tornero C. Death in the high mountains: Evidence of interpersonal violence during Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age at Roc de les Orenetes (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24909. [PMID: 38415956 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test a hypothesis on interpersonal violence events during the transition between Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the Eastern Pyrenees, to contextualize it in Western Europe during that period, and to assess if these marks can be differentiated from secondary funerary treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metric and non-metric methods were used to estimate the age-at-death and sex of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries were observed and analyzed with stereomicroscopy and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Among the minimum of 51 individuals documented, at least six people showed evidence of perimortem trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the skeletal sample, but those with violent injuries are predominantly males. Twenty-six bones had 49 injuries, 48 of which involved sharp force trauma on postcranial elements, and one example of blunt force trauma on a cranium. The wounds were mostly located on the upper extremities and ribs, anterior and posterior. Several antemortem lesions were also documented in the assemblage. DISCUSSION The perimortem lesions, together with direct dating, suggest that more than one episode of interpersonal violence took place between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age in northeastern Spain. The features of the sharp force trauma indicate that different weapons were used, including sharp metal objects and lithic projectiles. The Roc de les Orenetes assemblage represents a scenario of recurrent lethal confrontation in a high mountain geographic context, representing the evidence of inferred interpersonal violence located at the highest altitude settings in the Pyrenees, at 1836 meters above sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Moreno-Ibáñez
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Palmira Saladié
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Unit associated to CSIC, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ramírez-Pedraza
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Celia Díez-Canseco
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Fernández-Marchena
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antigua, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Eni Soriano
- Departament of Prehistory, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Edifici B, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eudald Carbonell
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Tornero
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament of Prehistory, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Edifici B, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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3
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Moreno-Ibáñez MÁ, Saladié P, Morales JI, Cebrià A, Fullola JM. Was it an axe or an adze? A cranial trauma case study from the Late Neolithic - Chalcolithic site of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 32:23-30. [PMID: 33276204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reconstruct the etiology of a perimortem injury observed on a Neolithic - Chalcolithic cranium (5060 - 4400 yrs cal. BP). MATERIALS A cranium of an old adult male individual belonging to a collective burial from Cova Foradada site (Calafell, Tarragona, Spain). METHODS The cranium was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically using micro-CT scan. RESULTS The fracture on the right parietal bone presents characteristics of perimortem trauma. The morphology of the point of impact allows for the interpretation of this fracture as a result of impact by an object with a straight and sharp edge. In addition, the same cranium presents two healed antemortem injuries. CONCLUSIONS The object that most likely caused the cranial fracture was a stone adze. The blow occurred from behind the individual, possibly by a right-handed attacker. SIGNIFICANCE The potential to link cranial fractures with specific tools increases our understanding of interpersonal violence during the Neolithic. LIMITATIONS It is not possible to infer if this cranial injury was related to a large-scale intergroup confrontation or an intragroup violent event. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH To investigate additional similar sites in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula to better characterize the fracture pattern caused by stone axes and adzes as well as other objects used as weapons during the Neolithic - Chalcolithic ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Moreno-Ibáñez
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona Educacional, 4 (Edifici W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya, 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Palmira Saladié
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona Educacional, 4 (Edifici W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya, 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain; Unit Associated to CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiología. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, C/ José Gutierrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan I Morales
- SERP, Departament d'Historia i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona. C/ Montealegre 6-8 (Edifici Raval), 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Artur Cebrià
- SERP, Departament d'Historia i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona. C/ Montealegre 6-8 (Edifici Raval), 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Maria Fullola
- SERP, Departament d'Historia i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona. C/ Montealegre 6-8 (Edifici Raval), 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang W, Zhang Q, McSweeney K, Han T, Man X, Yang S, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Wang Q. Violence in the first millennium BCE Eurasian steppe: Cranial trauma in three Turpan Basin populations from Xinjiang, China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:81-94. [PMID: 33305836 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Violence affected daily life in prehistoric societies, especially at conflict zones where different peoples fought over resources and for other reasons. In this study, cranial trauma was analyzed to discuss the pattern of violence experienced by three Bronze to early Iron Age populations (1,000-100 BCE) that belonged to the Subeixi culture. These populations lived in the Turpan Basin, a conflict zone in the middle of the Eurasian Steppe. METHODS The injuries on 129 complete crania unearthed from the Subeixi cemeteries were examined for crude prevalence rate (CPR), trauma type, time of occurrence, possible weapon, and direction of the blow. Thirty-three injuries identified from poorly preserved crania were also included in the analyses except for the CPR. Data was also compared between the samples and with four other populations that had violence-related backgrounds. RESULTS Overall, 16.3% (21/129) of the individuals showed violence-induced traumatic lesions. Results also indicated that most of the injuries were perimortem (81.6%), and that women and children were more involved in conflict than the other comparative populations. Wounds from weapons accounted for 42.1% of the identified cranial injuries. Distribution analysis suggested no dominant handedness of the attackers, and that blows came from all directions including the top (17.1%). Wounds caused by arrowheads and a special type of battle-ax popular in middle and eastern Eurasian Steppe were also recognized. DISCUSSION A comprehensive analysis of the skeletal evidence, historical records, and archeological background would suggest that the raiding to be the most possible conflict pattern reflected by the samples. The attackers were likely to have been nomadic invaders from the steppe (such as the Xiongnu from historical records), who attacked the residents in the basin more likely for their resources rather than territory or labor force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qun Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kathleen McSweeney
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tao Han
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Centre for the Study of Ancient Civilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xingyu Man
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long Wang
- Academy of Turfanology, Turpan, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quanchao Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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5
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Beier J, Anthes N, Wahl J, Harvati K. Prevalence of cranial trauma in Eurasian Upper Paleolithic humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:268-284. [PMID: 33107025 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterizes patterns of cranial trauma prevalence in a large sample of Upper Paleolithic (UP) fossil specimens (40,000-10,000 BP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample comprised 234 individual crania (specimens), representing 1,285 cranial bones (skeletal elements), from 101 Eurasian UP sites. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess trauma prevalence in relation to age-at-death, sex, anatomical distribution, and between pre- and post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples, while accounting for skeletal preservation. RESULTS Models predicted a mean cranial trauma prevalence of 0.07 (95% CI 0.003-0.19) at the level of skeletal elements, and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08-0.48) at the level of specimens, each when 76-100% complete. Trauma prevalence increased with skeletal preservation. Across specimen and skeletal element datasets, trauma prevalence tended to be higher for males, and was consistently higher in the old age group. We found no time-specific trauma prevalence patterns for the two sexes or age cohorts when comparing samples from before and after the LGM. Samples showed higher trauma prevalence in the vault than in the face, with vault remains being affected predominantly in males. DISCUSSION Cranial trauma prevalence in UP humans falls within the variation described for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. According to our current dataset, UP males and females were exposed to slightly different injury risks and trauma distributions, potentially due to different activities or behaviors, yet both sexes exhibit more trauma among the old. Environmental stressors associated with climatic changes of the LGM are not reflected in cranial trauma prevalence. To analyze trauma in incomplete skeletal remains we propose GLMMs as an informative alternative to crude frequency calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Beier
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Milella M, Caspari G, Kapinus Y, Sadykov T, Blochin J, Malyutina A, Keller M, Schlager S, Szidat S, Alterauge A, Lösch S. Troubles in Tuva: Patterns of perimortem trauma in a nomadic community from Southern Siberia (second to fourth c. CE). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:3-19. [PMID: 32935864 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Warfare is assumed to be one of the defining cultural characteristics of steppe nomads in Eastern Eurasia. For the first-centuries CE, a period of political turmoil in Northern China and Southern Siberia, relatively few data are, however, available about the degree and variability of violence in these communities. Here, we provide new data on violence among steppe nomads during the first-centuries CE by analyzing the type, anatomical distribution, and demographic distribution of perimortem trauma at Tunnug1 (Tuva, Southern Siberia-second to fourth c. CE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Perimortem traumas were assessed on 87 individuals representing both sexes and different age classes. The timing of the lesions was assessed based on morphological criteria, including the absence and presence of bone reactive processes and the relative plasticity of the bone at the moment of impact. The distribution by age, sex, and anatomical location of trauma was analyzed by means of logistic models, Fisher's exact tests, and 3D visualizations. RESULTS A total of 130 perimortem traumas, including chop marks, slice marks, penetrating lesions, and blunt traumas were identified on 22 individuals. Chop marks were mostly at the level of the skull and vertebrae and were likely caused by bladed weapons. Slice marks were found on the cervical vertebrae and cranium and may be the result of throat slitting and scalping by means of smaller bladed implements. Traumas were more frequent in males, and their presence is not correlated with age. DISCUSSION This study adds new data to the few available regarding violence among steppe nomadic cultures and provides new insights about the effects of political instability on the life of the people inhabiting Eastern Eurasia during the early centuries CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gino Caspari
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yulija Kapinus
- Volga-Ural Center for Paleoanthropological Research SSSPU, Samara, Russia
| | - Timur Sadykov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jegor Blochin
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malyutina
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marcel Keller
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Schlager
- Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amelie Alterauge
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Alt KW, Tejedor Rodríguez C, Nicklisch N, Roth D, Szécsényi Nagy A, Knipper C, Lindauer S, Held P, de Lagrán ÍGM, Schulz G, Schuerch T, Thieringer F, Brantner P, Brandt G, Israel N, Arcusa Magallón H, Meyer C, Mende BG, Enzmann F, Dresely V, Ramsthaler F, Guillén JIR, Scheurer E, López Montalvo E, Garrido Pena R, Pichler SL, Guerra MAR. A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2131. [PMID: 32034181 PMCID: PMC7005801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W Alt
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez
- Juan de la Cierva-Formación Programme. Institute of Heritage Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (Incpit-CSIC) Spain, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nicole Nicklisch
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria.,State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Halle State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany
| | - David Roth
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Szécsényi Nagy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archaeometrie gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Petra Held
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Íñigo García Martínez de Lagrán
- Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación Programme, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Georg Schulz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schuerch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Thieringer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Brantner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Brandt
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Israel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- OsteoARC - OsteoArchaeological Research Center, Goslar, Germany
| | - Balazs G Mende
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frieder Enzmann
- Computer Tomography Lab of the Institute of Hydrogeochemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Veit Dresely
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Halle State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany
| | - Frank Ramsthaler
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva Scheurer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther López Montalvo
- Chargée de recherche CNRS, Laboratoire TRACES UMR 5608, Université de Toulouse II-Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Rafael Garrido Pena
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Atonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra L Pichler
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel A Rojo Guerra
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain
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8
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Sánchez-Barba Muñoz LP, Vijande Vila E, Rubio Salvador Á, Alemán Aguilera I, Díaz-Zorita Bonilla M, Moreno Márquez A, Domínguez-Bella S, Ramos Muñoz J, Botella López MC. Possible interpersonal violence in the Neolithic necropolis of Campo de Hockey (San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 27:38-45. [PMID: 31557721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To interpret traumatic cranial lesions on two individuals buried at the Neolithic necropolis of Campo de Hockey, Spain. MATERIALS Skeletal remains and grave goods associated with two individuals recovered in good condition from a single grave. METHODS Crania were macroscopically and radiographically analysed. RESULTS Of all the individuals recovered from this site, only two present perimortem skull injuries. Fractures were located on the right side of the skulls, one on the frontal bone and the other on the parietal bone. CONCLUSIONS The individuals present signs of interpersonal violence. In both cases, the injuries are perimortem and may have contributed to the deaths of the individuals. SIGNIFICANCE The identification of interpersonal violence in the two individuals buried in the tomb, alongside the archaeological context of the burials, provides unique insight into Neolithic burial practices in the Iberian Peninsula and the role that paleopathology can play in the recognition of social complexity. LIMITATIONS The skeletal remains of the two individuals were fragmented, rendering the identification of perimortem lesions difficult. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH New imaging techniques, including CT-scan, will provide more detailed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia P Sánchez-Barba Muñoz
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Vijande Vila
- Area of Prehistory, Faculty of Letters, University of Cádiz, Av. Doctor Gómez Ulla s/n, 11001 Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Ángel Rubio Salvador
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Alemán Aguilera
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Marta Díaz-Zorita Bonilla
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Adolfo Moreno Márquez
- Area of Prehistory, Faculty of Letters, University of Cádiz, Av. Doctor Gómez Ulla s/n, 11001 Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Salvador Domínguez-Bella
- Unit of Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Applied to the Historic-Artistic and Monumental Heritage (UGEA-PHAM), Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Av. República Árabe Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José Ramos Muñoz
- Area of Prehistory, Faculty of Letters, University of Cádiz, Av. Doctor Gómez Ulla s/n, 11001 Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Miguel C Botella López
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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9
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Collier L, Primeau C. A tale of two cities: A comparison of urban and rural trauma in Medieval Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 24:175-184. [PMID: 30481700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores the differences in frequency and type of trauma found in two Medieval cemeteries in Denmark, as well as the cultural and community implications of those differences. MATERIALS We examined 235 skeletons from the cemetery at Tjærby (rural) and 170 skeletons from the cemetery at Randers (urban) for trauma from the Medieval period in Denmark, 1050 to 1536 CE. METHODS Trauma was assessed through macroscopic examination and odds ratio and relative risk assessments were run to assess the difference in trauma. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the presence of trauma between the rural and urban cemeteries or between males and females. There were some significant differences in relative risk for trauma between the two cemeteries. CONCLUSIONS The division and variation in trauma between the two cemeteries is most likely related to differences in economy and occupation. SIGNIFICANCE There are relatively few studies that examine the difference in inherent risk of trauma between rural and urban Medieval communities, especially in Denmark. This research also adds to the growing body of literature in paleopathology that uses epidemiology to explore the parallels between patterns of trauma and community lifeways. LIMITATIONS The cemeteries are approximately 5 km distance from each other so similarities in the sample could be a result of location. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH A wider sample of Medieval cemeteries in Denmark needs be added to this analysis to provide a more complete picture of trauma patterns during this time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Collier
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Ave, PTC 300, Conway, AR 72035, USA.
| | - Charlotte Primeau
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Beier J, Anthes N, Wahl J, Harvati K. Similar cranial trauma prevalence among Neanderthals and Upper Palaeolithic modern humans. Nature 2018; 563:686-690. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Delgado-Darias T, Alberto-Barroso V, Velasco-Vázquez J. Violence in paradise: Cranial trauma in the prehispanic population of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:70-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Alberto-Barroso
- Tarha Research Group; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Spain
| | - Javier Velasco-Vázquez
- Historical Sciences Department; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Spain
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12
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Boucherie A, S Jørkov ML, Smith M. Wounded to the bone: Digital microscopic analysis of traumas in a medieval mass grave assemblage (Sandbjerget, Denmark, AD 1300-1350). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2017; 19:66-79. [PMID: 29198401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Battle-related mass burials are considered the most unequivocal evidence of past violence. However, most published studies involve only macroscopic analysis of skeletal remains, commonly arriving only at broad conclusions regarding trauma interpretation. The current study considers a possible avenue for achieving both greater detail and accuracy through digital microscopy. Patterns of injury were investigated among 45 individuals from a Medieval Danish mass grave (Sandbjerget, AD 1300-1350). Injuries were recorded on every anatomical element, except hand and foot bones. Each was photographed and cast, facilitating remote evaluations. Macroscopic analysis was compared with digital microscopy in order to test the relative utility of the latter in characterizing skeletal injuries (mechanism, weapon class, direction, timing of injury). The location of 201 observed injuries, mainly sharp force defects, suggested that many lesions were probably not inflicted by face-to-face opponents. Some microscopic features were indicative of a specific lesion type and weapon class. Digital microscopy was therefore demonstrated to be a complementary tool to macroscopic assessment, enhancing feature observation and quantification and serving to compensate for many of the limitations of macroscopic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boucherie
- Centre de Recherche en Archéologie et Patrimoine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Marie Louise S Jørkov
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Smith
- Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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13
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Geldenhuys EM, Burger EH, Alblas A, Greyling LM, Kotzé SH. The association between healed skeletal fractures indicative of interpersonal violence and alcoholic liver disease in a cadaver cohort from the Western Cape, South Africa. Alcohol 2016; 52:41-48. [PMID: 27139236 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal violence (IPV) and heavy alcohol consumption are major problems in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Cranio-maxillofacial fractures, particularly nasal and zygomatic bone fractures, as well as isolated radial fractures (Colles fractures) and ulnar shaft fractures (parry fractures), are indicative of IPV, while alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the consequence of chronic alcohol abuse. We therefore aim to investigate whether a significant association exists between the prevalence of cranio-maxillofacial fractures and parry fractures and ALD in a Western Cape population. Embalmed cadavers (n = 124) used for medical students' anatomy training at the Division of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University were studied. The cadavers were dissected according to departmental protocol. The liver of each cadaver was investigated for macroscopic pathology lesions. Tissue samples were removed, processed to wax, and sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). All soft tissue was removed from the skulls, radii, and ulnae, which were then investigated for healed skeletal trauma. The results showed 37/124 (29.8%) cadavers had healed cranio-maxillofacial fractures and 24/124 (19.4%) cadavers had morphologic features of ALD. A total of 12/124 (9.7%) cadavers showed signs of both ALD and healed cranio-maxillofacial trauma. More males were affected than females, and left-sided facial fractures were statistically more common compared to the right side. This study illustrated a significant trend between alcohol abuse and cranio-maxillofacial fractures in individuals from communities with a low socio-economic status (SES) where IPV is a major problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje-Márie Geldenhuys
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Elsie H Burger
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Amanda Alblas
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Linda M Greyling
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Sanet H Kotzé
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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14
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Mirazón Lahr M, Rivera F, Power RK, Mounier A, Copsey B, Crivellaro F, Edung JE, Maillo Fernandez JM, Kiarie C, Lawrence J, Leakey A, Mbua E, Miller H, Muigai A, Mukhongo DM, Van Baelen A, Wood R, Schwenninger JL, Grün R, Achyuthan H, Wilshaw A, Foley RA. Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 2016; 529:394-8. [PMID: 26791728 DOI: 10.1038/nature16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nature of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers remains disputed, with arguments in favour and against the existence of warfare before the development of sedentary societies. Here we report on a case of inter-group violence towards a group of hunter-gatherers from Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana, which during the late Pleistocene/early Holocene period extended about 30 km beyond its present-day shore. Ten of the twelve articulated skeletons found at Nataruk show evidence of having died violently at the edge of a lagoon, into which some of the bodies fell. The remains from Nataruk are unique, preserved by the particular conditions of the lagoon with no evidence of deliberate burial. They offer a rare glimpse into the life and death of past foraging people, and evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mirazón Lahr
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.,Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F Rivera
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - R K Power
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - A Mounier
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - B Copsey
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - F Crivellaro
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - J E Edung
- National Museums of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta House, PO Box 152-30500, Lodwar, Kenya
| | - J M Maillo Fernandez
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueologia, UNED, c/ Paseo Senda del Rey, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Kiarie
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Lawrence
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - A Leakey
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E Mbua
- National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - H Miller
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - A Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D M Mukhongo
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - A Van Baelen
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - R Wood
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Building 142, Mills Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - J-L Schwenninger
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - R Grün
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Building 142, Mills Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - H Achyuthan
- Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - A Wilshaw
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| | - R A Foley
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.,Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Assis S, Keenleyside A. Below the Callus Surface: Applying Paleohistological Techniques to Understand the Biology of Bone Healing in Skeletonized Human Remains. Pathobiology 2016; 83:177-95. [DOI: 10.1159/000442472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11217-22. [PMID: 26283359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504365112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflict and warfare are central but also disputed themes in discussions about the European Neolithic. Although a few recent population studies provide broad overviews, only a very limited number of currently known key sites provide precise insights into moments of extreme and mass violence and their impact on Neolithic societies. The massacre sites of Talheim, Germany, and Asparn/Schletz, Austria, have long been the focal points around which hypotheses concerning a final lethal crisis of the first Central European farmers of the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik Culture (LBK) have concentrated. With the recently examined LBK mass grave site of Schöneck-Kilianstädten, Germany, we present new conclusive and indisputable evidence for another massacre, adding new data to the discussion of LBK violence patterns. At least 26 individuals were violently killed by blunt force and arrow injuries before being deposited in a commingled mass grave. Although the absence and possible abduction of younger females has been suggested for other sites previously, a new violence-related pattern was identified here: the intentional and systematic breaking of lower limbs. The abundance of the identified perimortem fractures clearly indicates torture and/or mutilation of the victims. The new evidence presented here for unequivocal lethal violence on a large scale is put into perspective for the Early Neolithic of Central Europe and, in conjunction with previous results, indicates that massacres of entire communities were not isolated occurrences but rather were frequent features of the last phases of the LBK.
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