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Spengler RN, Kienast F, Roberts P, Boivin N, Begun DR, Ashastina K, Petraglia M. Bearing Fruit: Miocene Apes and Rosaceous Fruit Evolution. BIOLOGICAL THEORY 2023; 18:134-151. [PMID: 37214192 PMCID: PMC10191964 DOI: 10.1007/s13752-022-00413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extinct megafaunal mammals in the Americas are often linked to seed-dispersal mutualisms with large-fruiting tree species, but large-fruiting species in Europe and Asia have received far less attention. Several species of arboreal Maloideae (apples and pears) and Prunoideae (plums and peaches) evolved large fruits starting around nine million years ago, primarily in Eurasia. As evolutionary adaptations for seed dispersal by animals, the size, high sugar content, and bright colorful visual displays of ripeness suggest that mutualism with megafaunal mammals facilitated the evolutionary change. There has been little discussion as to which animals were likely candidate(s) on the late Miocene landscape of Eurasia. We argue that several possible dispersers could have consumed the large fruits, with endozoochoric dispersal usually relying on guilds of species. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the dispersal guild likely included ursids, equids, and elephantids. During the late Miocene, large primates were likely also among the members of this guild, and the potential of a long-held mutualism between the ape and apple clades merits further discussion. If primates were a driving factor in the evolution of this large-fruit seed-dispersal system, it would represent an example of seed-dispersal-based mutualism with hominids millions of years prior to crop domestication or the development of cultural practices, such as farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Spengler
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Kienast
- Senckenberg Research Station of Quaternary, Palaeontology, Weimar, Germany
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kseniia Ashastina
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland Australia
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Terhune CE, Mitchell DR, Cooke SB, Kirchhoff CA, Massey JS. Temporomandibular joint shape in anthropoid primates varies widely and is patterned by size and phylogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2227-2248. [PMID: 35133075 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint is the direct interface between the mandible and the cranium and is critical for transmitting joint reaction forces and determining mandibular range of motion. As a consequence, understanding variation in the morphology of this joint and how it relates to other aspects of craniofacial form is important for better understanding masticatory function. Here, we present a detailed three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of the cranial component of this joint, the glenoid fossa, across a sample of 17 anthropoid primates, and we evaluate covariation between the glenoid and the cranium and mandible. We find high levels of intraspecific variation in glenoid shape that is likely linked to sexual dimorphism and joint remodeling, and we identify differences in mean glenoid shape across taxonomic groups and in relation to size. Analyses of covariation reveal strong relationships between glenoid shape and a variety of aspects of cranial and mandibular form. Our findings suggest that intraspecific variation in glenoid shape in primates could further be reflective of high levels of functional flexibility in the masticatory apparatus, as has also been suggested for primate jaw kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Conversely, interspecific differences likely reflect larger scale differences between species in body size and/or masticatory function. Results of the covariation analyses dovetail with those examining covariation in the cranium of canids and may be indicative of larger patterns across mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhán B Cooke
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire A Kirchhoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason S Massey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ioannidou M, Koufos GD, de Bonis L, Harvati K. 3D geometric morphometrics analysis of mandibular fragments of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late Miocene deposits of Central Macedonia, Greece. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:48-62. [PMID: 36787758 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore mandibular shape differences between Ouranopithecus macedoniensis and a comparative sample of extant great apes using three-dimensional (3D) geometrics morphometrics. Other objectives are to assess mandibular shape variation and homogeneity within Ouranopithecus, explore the effects of size on mandibular shape, and explore the degree of mandibular sexual size dimorphism in Ouranopithecus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The comparative sample comprises digitized mandibles from adult extant great apes. The 3D analysis includes three datasets: one with landmarks registered on the mandibular corpus and symphysis of mandibles preserving both sides, one on hemimandibles only, and one focused on the ramus and gonial area. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted, such as ordination analyses (PCA), intra-specific Procrustes distances pairs, pairwise male-female centroid size differences, and correlation analyses. RESULTS The male and female specimens of Ouranopithecus have mandibular shapes that are quite similar, although differences exist. The Procrustes distances results suggest more shape variation in Ouranopithecus than in the extant great apes. Ouranopithecus shows some similarities in mandibular shape to the larger great apes, Gorilla and Pongo. Moreover, the degree of sexual dimorphism in the small Ouranopithecus sample is greater than any of the great apes. Based on our correlation analyses of principal components (PC) with size, some PCs are significantly correlated with size, with correlation varying from moderate to substantial. DISCUSSION This study attempted to understand better the variation within the mandibles of O. macedoniensis and the expression of sexual dimorphism in this taxon in more detail than has been done previously. The overall mandibular morphology of Ouranopithecus shows some similarities to those of the larger great apes, which likely reflects similarities in size. Compared to Gorilla and Pongo, O. macedoniensis shows an elevated degree of morphological variation, although limitations relating to sample size apply. Sexual dimorphism in the mandibles of O. macedoniensis appears to be relatively high, seemingly greater than in Gorilla and high even in comparison to Pongo, but this again is possibly in part an artifact of a small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Ioannidou
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George D Koufos
- School of Geology, Laboratory of Geology & Paleontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Louis de Bonis
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Evolution, Paléoécosystèmes, Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM) - UMR CNRS 7262, Université des Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG Centre of Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Coiner-Collier S, Vogel ER, Scott RS. Trabecular Anisotropy in the Primate Mandibular Condyle Is Associated with Dietary Toughness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1342-1359. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Robert S. Scott
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
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Terhune CE. Revisiting size and scaling in the anthropoid temporomandibular joint. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:73-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Curth S, Fischer MS, Kupczik K. Can skull form predict the shape of the temporomandibular joint? A study using geometric morphometrics on the skulls of wolves and domestic dogs. Ann Anat 2017; 214:53-62. [PMID: 28865771 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conducts and restrains masticatory movements between the mammalian cranium and the mandible. Through this functional integration, TMJ morphology in wild mammals is strongly correlated with diet, resulting in a wide range of TMJ variations. However, in artificially selected and closely related domestic dogs, dietary specialisations between breeds can be ruled out as a diversifying factor although they display an enormous variation in TMJ morphology. This raises the question of the origin of this variation. Here we hypothesise that, even in the face of reduced functional demands, TMJ shape in dogs can be predicted by skull form; i.e. that the TMJ is still highly integrated in the dog skull. If true, TMJ variation in the dog would be a plain by-product of the enormous cranial variation in dogs and its genetic causes. We addressed this hypothesis using geometric morphometry on a data set of 214 dog and 60 wolf skulls. We digitized 53 three-dimensional landmarks of the skull and the TMJ on CT-based segmentations and compared (1) the variation between domestic dog and wolf TMJs (via principal component analysis) and (2) the pattern of covariation of skull size, flexion and rostrum length with TMJ shape (via regression of centroid size on shape and partial least squares analyses). We show that the TMJ in domestic dogs is significantly more diverse than in wolves: its shape covaries significantly with skull size, flexion and rostrum proportions in patterns which resemble those observed in primates. Similar patterns in canids, which are carnivorous, and primates, which are mostly frugivorous imply the existence of basic TMJ integration patterns which are independent of dietary adaptations. However, only limited amounts of TMJ variation in dogs can be explained by simple covariation with overall skull geometry. This implies that the final TMJ shape is gained partially independently of the rest of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Curth
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Laird MF. Variation in human gape cycle kinematics and occlusal topography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:574-585. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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Knight-Sadler J, Fiorenza L. Tooth Wear Inclination in Great Ape Molars. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:223-236. [DOI: 10.1159/000478775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Menegaz RA, Ravosa MJ. Ontogenetic and functional modularity in the rodent mandible. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:61-72. [PMID: 28774721 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of diets consumed by juvenile individuals are known to affect adult morphological outcomes. However, much of the current experimental knowledge regarding dietary effects on masticatory form is derived from studies in which individuals are fed a non-variable diet for the duration of their postweaning growth period. Thus, it remains unclear how intra-individual variation in diet, due to ontogenetic variation in feeding behaviors or seasonal resource fluctuations, affects the resulting adult morphology. Furthermore, the mandible is composed of multiple developmental and functional subunits, and the extent to which growth and plasticity among these modules is correlated may be misestimated by studies that examine non-variable masticatory function in adults only. To address these gaps in our current knowledge, this study raised Sprague Dawley rats (n=42) in four dietary cohorts from weaning to skeletal maturity. Two cohorts were fed a stable ("annual") diet of either solid or powdered pellets. The other two cohorts were fed a variable ("seasonal") diet consisting of solid/powdered pellets for the first half of the study, followed by a shift to the opposite diet. Results of longitudinal morphometric analyses indicate that variation in the mandibular corpus is more prominent at immature ontogenetic stages, likely due to processes of dental eruption and the growth of tooth roots. Furthermore, adult morphology is influenced by both masticatory function and the ontogenetic timing of this function, e.g., the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet. The morphology of the coronoid process was found to separate cohorts on the basis of their early weanling diet, suggesting that the coronoid process/temporalis muscle module may have an early plasticity window related to high growth rates during this life stage. Conversely, the morphology of the angular process was found to be influenced by the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet at any point during the growth period, but with a tendency to reflect the most recent diet. The prolonged plasticity window of the angular process/pterygomasseteric muscle module may be related to delayed ossification and muscular maturation within this module. The research presented here highlights the importance of more naturalistic models of mammalian feeding, and underscores the need for a better understanding of the processes of both morphological and behavioral maturation that follow weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 221 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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10
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Boughner JC. Implications of Vertebrate Craniodental Evo-Devo for Human Oral Health. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:321-333. [PMID: 28251806 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly processed diets eaten by postindustrial modern human populations coincide with higher frequencies of third molar impaction, malocclusion, and temporomandibular joint disorders that affect millions of people worldwide each year. Current treatments address symptoms, not causes, because the multifactorial etiologies of these three concerns mask which factors incline certain people to malocclusion, impaction, and/or joint issues. Deep scientific curiosity about the origins of jaws and dentitions continues to yield rich insights about the developmental genetic mechanisms that underpin healthy craniodental morphogenesis and integration. Mounting evidence from evolution and development (Evo-Devo) studies suggests that function is another mechanism important to healthy craniodental integration and fit. Starting as early as weaning, softer diets and thus lower bite forces appear to relax or disrupt integration of oral tissues, alter development and growth, and catalyze impaction, malocclusion, and jaw joint disorders. How developing oral tissues respond to bite forces remains poorly understood, but biomechanical feedback seems to alter balances of local bone resorption and deposition at the tooth-bone interface as well as affect tempos and amounts of facial outgrowth. Also, behavioral changes in jaw function and parafunction contribute to degeneration and pain in joint articular cartilages and masticatory muscles. The developmental genetic contribution to craniodental misfits and disorders is undeniable but still unclear; however, at present, human diet and jaw function remain important and much more actionable clinical targets. New Evo-Devo studies are needed to explain how function interfaces with craniodental phenotypic plasticity, variation, and evolvability to yield a spectrum of healthy and mismatched dentitions and jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Meloro C, Cáceres NC, Carotenuto F, Sponchiado J, Melo GL, Passaro F, Raia P. Chewing on the trees: Constraints and adaptation in the evolution of the primate mandible. Evolution 2015; 69:1690-700. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University; James Parsons Building; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Nilton Carlos Cáceres
- Laboratory of Ecology and Biogeography, Department of Biology, CCNE; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria RS 97110-970 Brazil
| | - Francesco Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell´ Ambiente e delle Risorse; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,”; L.go San Marcellino 10 80138 Napoli Italy
| | - Jonas Sponchiado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal; Department of Biology; CCNE; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria RS 97110-970 Brazil
| | - Geruza Leal Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, CCBS; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Cx.P. 549 Campo Grande MS 79.070-900 Brazil
| | - Federico Passaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell´ Ambiente e delle Risorse; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,”; L.go San Marcellino 10 80138 Napoli Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell´ Ambiente e delle Risorse; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,”; L.go San Marcellino 10 80138 Napoli Italy
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Terhune CE, Cooke SB, Otárola-Castillo E. Form and Function in the Platyrrhine Skull: A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Dental and TMJ Morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:29-47. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Siobhán B. Cooke
- Department of Anthropology; Northeastern Illinois University; Chicago Illinois
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group; New York New York
| | - Erik Otárola-Castillo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
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Vogel ER, Zulfa A, Hardus M, Wich SA, Dominy NJ, Taylor AB. Food mechanical properties, feeding ecology, and the mandibular morphology of wild orangutans. J Hum Evol 2014; 75:110-24. [PMID: 25038032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)(0.5) fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a significantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent ∼40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m(-2)). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 131 George Street, Ruth Adams Building Suite 306, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA.
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madeleine Hardus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, 6047 Silsby Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104002, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708-9976, USA
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Yapuncich GS, Boyer DM. Interspecific scaling patterns of talar articular surfaces within primates and their closest living relatives. J Anat 2013; 224:150-72. [PMID: 24219027 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The articular facets of interosseous joints must transmit forces while maintaining relatively low stresses. To prevent overloading, joints that transmit higher forces should therefore have larger facet areas. The relative contributions of body mass and muscle-induced forces to joint stress are unclear, but generate opposing hypotheses. If mass-induced forces dominate, facet area should scale with positive allometry to body mass. Alternatively, muscle-induced forces should cause facets to scale isometrically with body mass. Within primates, both scaling patterns have been reported for articular surfaces of the femoral and humeral heads, but more distal elements are less well studied. Additionally, examination of complex articular surfaces has largely been limited to linear measurements, so that 'true area' remains poorly assessed. To re-assess these scaling relationships, we examine the relationship between body size and articular surface areas of the talus. Area measurements were taken from microCT scan-generated surfaces of all talar facets from a comprehensive sample of extant euarchontan taxa (primates, treeshrews, and colugos). Log-transformed data were regressed on literature-derived log-body mass using reduced major axis and phylogenetic least squares regressions. We examine the scaling patterns of muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) to body mass, as these relationships may complicate each model. Finally, we examine the scaling pattern of hindlimb muscle PCSA to talar articular surface area, a direct test of the effect of mass-induced forces on joint surfaces. Among most groups, there is an overall trend toward positive allometry for articular surfaces. The ectal (= posterior calcaneal) facet scales with positive allometry among all groups except 'sundatherians', strepsirrhines, galagids, and lorisids. The medial tibial facet scales isometrically among all groups except lemuroids. Scaling coefficients are not correlated with sample size, clade inclusivity or behavioral diversity of the sample. Muscle mass scales with slight positive allometry to body mass, and PCSA scales at isometry to body mass. PCSA generally scales with negative allometry to articular surface area, which indicates joint surfaces increase faster than muscles' ability to generate force. We suggest a synthetic model to explain the complex patterns observed for talar articular surface area scaling: whether 'muscles or mass' drive articular facet scaling is probably dependent on the body size range of the sample and the biological role of the facet. The relationship between 'muscle vs. mass' dominance is likely bone- and facet-specific, meaning that some facets should respond primarily to stresses induced by larger body mass, whereas others primarily reflect muscle forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Yapuncich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Anthropology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
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Terhune CE. How Effective Are Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Assessing Functional Shape Variation? An Example From the Great Ape Temporomandibular Joint. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1264-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Community and Family Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
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