1
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Mota-Rojas D, Pereira AMF, Martínez-Burnes J, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Casas-Alvarado A, Rios-Sandoval J, de Mira Geraldo A, Wang D. Thermal Imaging to Assess the Health Status in Wildlife Animals under Human Care: Limitations and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243558. [PMID: 36552478 PMCID: PMC9774956 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting animal welfare in wildlife species under human care requires the implementation of techniques for continuously monitoring their health. Infrared thermography is a non-invasive tool that uses the radiation emitted from the skin of animals to assess their thermal state. However, there are no established thermal windows in wildlife species because factors such as the thickness or color of the skin, type/length of coat, or presence of fur can influence the readings taken to obtain objective, sensitive values. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the usefulness and application of the ocular, nasal, thoracic, abdominal, and podal anatomical regions as thermal windows for evaluating zoo animals' thermal response and health status. A literature search of the Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed databases was performed to identify relevant studies that used IRT with wild species as a complementary diagnostic tool. Implementing IRT in zoos or conservation centers could also serve as a method for determining and monitoring optimal habitat designs to meet the needs of specific animals. In addition, we analyze the limitations of using IRT with various wildlife species under human care to understand better the differences among animals and the factors that must be considered when using infrared thermography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Rios-Sandoval
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ana de Mira Geraldo
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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Thompson CL, Williams SH, Glander KE, Teaford MF, Vinyard CJ. Getting Humans Off Monkeys' Backs: Using Primate Acclimation as a Guide for Habitat Management Efforts. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:413-424. [PMID: 32470132 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild primates face grave conservation challenges, with habitat loss and climate change projected to cause mass extinctions in the coming decades. As large-bodied Neotropical primates, mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) are predicted to fare poorly under climate change, yet are also known for their resilience in a variety of environments, including highly disturbed habitats. We utilized ecophysiology research on this species to determine the morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms howlers employ to overcome ecological challenges. Our data show that howlers at La Pacifica, Costa Rica are capable of modifying body size. Howlers displayed reduced mass in warmer, drier habitats, seasonal weight changes, frequent within-lifetime weight fluctuations, and gradual increases in body mass over the past four decades. These within-lifetime changes indicate a capacity to modify morphology in a way that can impact animals' energetics and thermodynamics. Howlers are also able to consume foods with a wide variety of food material properties by altering oral processing during feeding. While this capability suggests some capacity to cope with the phenological shifts expected from climate change and increased habitat fragmentation, data on rates of dental microwear warn that these acclimations may also cost dental longevity. Lastly, we found that howlers are able to acclimate to changing thermal pressures. On shorter-term daily scales, howlers use behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, including timing activities to avoid heat stress and utilizing cool microhabitats. At the seasonal scale, animals employ hormonal pathways to influence heat production. These lines of evidence cumulatively indicate that howlers possess morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms to acclimate to environmental challenges. As such, howlers' plasticity may facilitate their resilience to climate change and habitat loss. While habitat loss in the tropics is unlikely to abate, our results point to a potential benefit of active management and selective cultivation to yield large, interconnected forest fragments with targeted phenology that provides both a complex physical structure and a diversity of food sources. These steps could assist howlers in using their natural acclimation potential to survive future conservation threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Susan H Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth E Glander
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark F Teaford
- Department of Basic Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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3
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Cold Discomfort: A Model to Explain Repetitive Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Among Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Chaves ÓM, Fortes VB, Hass GP, Azevedo RB, Stoner KE, Bicca-Marques JC. Flower consumption, ambient temperature and rainfall modulate drinking behavior in a folivorous-frugivorous arboreal mammal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236974. [PMID: 33606693 PMCID: PMC7894884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is vital for the survival of any species because of its key role in most physiological processes. However, little is known about the non-food-related water sources exploited by arboreal mammals, the seasonality of their drinking behavior and its potential drivers, including diet composition, temperature, and rainfall. We investigated this subject in 14 wild groups of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting small, medium, and large Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Brazil. We found a wide variation in the mean rate of drinking among groups (range = 0-16 records/day). Streams (44% of 1,258 records) and treeholes (26%) were the major types of water sources, followed by bromeliads in the canopy (16%), pools (11%), and rivers (3%). The type of source influenced whether howlers used a hand to access the water or not. Drinking tended to be evenly distributed throughout the year, except for a slightly lower number of records in the spring than in the other seasons, but it was unevenly distributed during the day. It increased in the afternoon in all groups, particularly during temperature peaks around 15:00 and 17:00. We found via generalized linear mixed modelling that the daily frequency of drinking was mainly influenced negatively by flower consumption and positively by weekly rainfall and ambient temperature, whereas fragment size and the consumption of fruit and leaves played negligible roles. Overall, we confirm the importance of preformed water in flowers to satisfy the howler's water needs, whereas the influence of the climatic variables is compatible with the 'thermoregulation/dehydration-avoiding hypothesis'. In sum, we found that irrespective of habitat characteristics, brown howlers seem to seek a positive water balance by complementing the water present in the diet with drinking water, even when it is associated with a high predation risk in terrestrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar M. Chaves
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
| | - Vanessa B. Fortes
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P. Hass
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata B. Azevedo
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Kathryn E. Stoner
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Júlio César Bicca-Marques
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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5
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McFarland R, Barrett L, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Porter WP, Young C, Henzi SP. Infrared thermography cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23204. [PMID: 33043502 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological processes that underpin primate performance is key if we are to assess how a primate might respond when navigating new and changing environments. Given the connection between a mammal's ability to thermoregulate and the changing demands of its thermal environment, increasing attention is being devoted to the study of thermoregulatory processes as a means to assess primate performance. Infrared thermography can be used to record the body surface temperatures of free-ranging animals. However, some uncertainty remains as to how these measurements can be used to approximate core body temperature. Here, we use data collected from wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine the relationship between infrared body surface temperature, core body (intra-abdominal) temperature, and local climate, to determine to what extent surface temperatures reflect core body temperature. While we report a positive association between surface and core body temperature-a finding that has previously been used to justify the use of surface temperature measurements as a proxy for core temperature regulation-when we controlled for the effect of the local climate in our analyses, this relationship was no longer observed. That is, body surface temperatures were solely predicted by local climate, and not core body temperatures, suggesting that surface temperatures tell us more about the environment a primate is in, and less about the thermal status of its body core in that environment. Despite the advantages of a noninvasive means to detect and record animal temperatures, infrared thermography alone cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.,Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Jucá T, Boyle S, Cavalcanti G, Cavalcante T, Tomanek P, Clemente S, de Oliveira T, Barnett AA. Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Predation risk is important in influencing animal behaviour. We investigated how the choice of nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites by two species of primates was influenced by the most likely forms of attack (diurnal raptors and nocturnal felids). We recorded vertical and horizontal patterns of occupancy for 47 sleeping and 31 resting sites, as well as the presence of lianas or vines on trees. We compared the heights of trees used as resting or sleeping sites by the monkeys with those of 200 forest trees that the monkeys did not use. Trees used as nocturnal sleeping sites were taller than those used as diurnal resting sites, and taller than trees that the monkeys did not use. However, while trees used as diurnal resting sites were not significantly taller than non-used trees, diurnal resting sites were located on branches closer to the ground, closer to the main trunk of the tree and in trees with more lianas/vines than nocturnal sleeping sites. The differences in site location can be explained by the type of predator most likely to attack at a particular time: raptors in the day and felids at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thays Jucá
- Amazonian Mammals Research Group, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sarah Boyle
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gitana Cavalcanti
- Department of Ecology, Conservation and Wildlife Management, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cavalcante
- Amazonian Mammals Research Group, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Pavel Tomanek
- Department of Animal Science and Ethology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Salatiel Clemente
- Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Acre, Brazil
| | - Tadeu de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Maranhão State University (UEMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Adrian A Barnett
- Amazonian Mammals Research Group, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Zoology Department, Amazonas Federal University (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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7
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Negrey JD, Sandel AA, Langergraber KE. Dominance rank and the presence of sexually receptive females predict feces-measured body temperature in male chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020; 74:5. [PMID: 34079157 PMCID: PMC8168630 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the costs of mating is key for understanding life-history trade-offs. As a reflection of metabolic rate, body temperature is one metric for assaying these costs. However, conventional methods for measuring body temperature are invasive and unsuitable for the study of free-living populations of endangered species, including great apes. A promising proxy for body temperature is fecal temperature, the internal temperature of fecal deposits shortly following defecation. We validated this method with humans, finding that maximum fecal temperature is a reliable proxy for rectal temperature. We then applied this method to wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. We collected and analyzed 101 fecal temperature measurements from 43 adult chimpanzees (male: N = 28; female: N = 15). Chimpanzee fecal temperature ranged from 33.4 to 38.9 °C, with a mean of 35.8 °C. Although fecal temperature was not predicted by sex, age, or ambient temperature, male fecal temperature was 1.1 °C higher on days when sexually receptive females were present and was positively correlated with male dominance rank. Post hoc analyses showed that overall copulation rates, but not aggression rates, were positively correlated with fecal temperature, suggesting that sexual physiology and behavior best explain mating-related temperature variation. Together, these results indicate fecal temperature is a reliable proxy for core body temperature in large-bodied mammals, captures metabolic costs associated with male mating behavior, and represents a valuable noninvasive tool for biological field research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Negrey
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Aaron A. Sandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Kevin E. Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 900 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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8
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McFarland R, Barrett L, Costello M, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Maloney SK, Mitchell D, Henzi PS. Keeping cool in the heat: Behavioral thermoregulation and body temperature patterns in wild vervet monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:407-418. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research UnitUniversity of South Africa Pretoria South Africa
| | - Mary‐Ann Costello
- Central Animal ServicesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Human SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Human SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Peter S. Henzi
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research UnitUniversity of South Africa Pretoria South Africa
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9
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Ceccarelli E, Negrín AR, Coyohua-Fuentes A, Canales-Espinosa D, Dias PAD. An Exploration of the Factors Influencing the Spatial Behavior of Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata). INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Thompson CL, Vinyard CJ. Monkey business: Collaborating to grow an ecological physiology of primates. Am J Primatol 2018; 81:e22934. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMichigan
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11
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The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Thompson CL, Powell BL, Williams SH, Hanya G, Glander KE, Vinyard CJ. Thyroid hormone fluctuations indicate a thermoregulatory function in both a tropical (
Alouatta palliata
) and seasonally cold‐habitat (
Macaca fuscata
) primate. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMichigan
| | | | - Susan H. Williams
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University Heritage College of Osteopathic MedicineAthensOhio
| | - Goro Hanya
- Ecology & Conservation Section, Department of Ecology & Social Behavior, Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
| | - Kenneth E. Glander
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
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13
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Thompson CL, Scheidel C, Glander KE, Williams SH, Vinyard CJ. An assessment of skin temperature gradients in a tropical primate using infrared thermography and subcutaneous implants. J Therm Biol 2017; 63:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Thompson CL, Williams SH, Glander KE, Vinyard CJ. Measuring Microhabitat Temperature in Arboreal Primates: A Comparison of On-Animal and Stationary Approaches. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Barrickman NL, Schreier AL, Glander KE. Testing parallel laser image scaling for remotely measuring body dimensions on mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Am J Primatol 2015; 77:823-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth E. Glander
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
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